• International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics Korean Journal of Geophysical Research
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.57-81
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• 1997

Numerical prediction of nocturnal thermal high in summer of the 1995 near Taegu city located in a basin has been carried out by a non-hydrostatic numerical model over complex terrain through one-way double nesting technique in the Z following coordinate system. Under the prevailing westerly winds, vertical turbulent fluxes of momentum and heat over mountains for daytime hours are quite strong with a large magnitude of more than $120W/\textrm{m}^2$, but a small one of $5W/\textrm{m}^2$ at the surface of the basin. Convective boundary layer (CBL) is developed with a thickness of about 600m over the ground in the lee side of Mt. Hyungje, and extends to the edge of inland at the interface of land sea in the east. Sensible heat flux near the surface of the top of the mountain is $50W/\textrm{m}^2$, but its flux in the basin is almost zero. Convergence of sensible heat flux occurs from the ground surface toward the atmosphere in the lower layer, causing the layer over the mountain to be warmed up, but no convergance of the flux over the basin results from the significant mixing of air within the CBL. As horizontal transport of sensible heat flux from the top of the mountain toward over the basin results in the continuous accumulation of heat with time, enhancing air temperature at the surface of the basin, especially Taegu city to be higher than $39.3^{\circ}C$. Since latent heat fluxes are $270W/\textrm{m}^2$ near the top of the mountain and $300W/\textrm{m}^2$ along the slope of the mountain and the basin, evaporation of water vapor from the surface of the basin is much higher than one from the mountain and then, horizontal transport of latent heat flux is from the basin toward the mountain, showing relative humidity of 65 to 75% over the mountain to be much greater than 50% to 55% in the basin. At night, sensible heat fluxes have negative values of $-120W/\textrm{m}^2$ along the slope near the top of the mountain and $-50W/\textrm{m}^2$ at the surface of the basin, which indicate gain of heat from the lower atmosphere. Nighttime radiative cooling produces a shallow nocturnal surface inversion layer with a thickness of about 100m, which is much lower than common surface inversion layer, and lifts extremely heated air masses for daytime hours, namely, a warm pool of $34^{\circ}C$ to be isolated over the ground surface in the basin. As heat transfer from the warm pool in the lower atmosphere toward the ground of the basin occurs, the air near the surface of the basin does not much cool down, resulting in the persistence of high temperature at night, called nocturnal thermal high or tropical night. High relative humidity of 75% is found at the surface of the basin under the moderate wind, while slightly low relative humidity of 60% is along the eastern slope of the high mountain, due to adiabatic heating by the srong downslope wind. Air temperature near the surface of the basin with high moisture in the evening does not get lower than that during the day and the high temperature produces nocturnal warming situation.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.149-154
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• 1971

To elucidate the effects of calcium carbonate applied under upland and flooded conditions on the changes of soil pH, an incubation study of a soil was carried out. The experiment was conducted under the conditions with and without ground rice straw application. The results of the experiment are summarized as follows: 1. The incubation under the upland moisture condition after the application of calcium carbonate raised soil pH as high as calcium hydroxide did, whereas incubation with calos treatment under the flooded condition showed a low pH. 2. Reduction of a soil brought about by the application of ground rice straw has a significant effect on the rise of soil pH. The high pH of a soil thus brought about or raised by the use of lime is gradually reduced as the accumulation of bicarbonate ions and carbon dioxide increases in the soil solution. It may, however, be possible to keep the high pH of a flooded soil by practicing intermittent drainage or cultivation which reduces the content of bicarbonate and $CO_2$ pressure in soil solution. 3. Carbonate and bicarbonate salts which may be produced in flooded and reduced soil increases the buffering capacity of the soil.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.45 no.5
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• pp.430-437
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• 2012

The effects of low temperature and starvation on the physiochemical characteristics of the muscle of the olive flounder Paralichthys olivaceus, were examined. Fish were deprived of feed for 28 days at 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, and $20^{\circ}C$ in order to establish suitable conditions for live fish transportation. Throughout most of the 4 weeks of feed restriction, the physiochemical characteristics of the muscle of olive flounder were found to be dependent on the acclimation temperature. The breaking strength of muscle did not show a significant reduction during feed restriction at 2 and $4^{\circ}C$. With increasing temperatures, however, the breaking strength of muscle differed significantly according to the individual and feed restriction period (P<0.05). The moisture content in muscle acclimated at 10, 12, and $20^{\circ}C$ increased steadily over the feed-restriction period, while the crude lipid content decreased during the same period (P<0.05). At water temperatures above $2-8^{\circ}C$, no significant differences were shown during the same period. After it reached 6, 8, 10, 12, and $20^{\circ}C$, the muscle had an accumulation of lactate, and a loss of ATP. There was no change in the lactate or ATP content during the feed restriction period at 2 and $4^{\circ}C$, although there were differences among the water temperature groups. These results clearly show that temperature can have an important influence on the of muscle of physiochemical characteristics of muscle during live fish transportation.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.42 no.6
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• pp.768-772
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• 2010

In this study, the neuronal cell protective effects of methanol extract from cheonggukjang were evaluated. The proximate composition and total phenolics of the methanol extract were 40.95% crude protein, 22.49% crude fat, 15.99% nitrogen free extract, 7.91% moisture, 6.74% crude ash, 5.92% crude fiber, and 28.43 mg/g of total phenolics. Intracellular ROS accumulation resulting from $H_2O_2$ treatment of PC12 cells was significantly reduced when methanol extract was present in the media compared to PC12 cells treated with $H_2O_2$ only. In a cell viability assay using 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl-tetrazolium-bromide (MTT), the methanol extract showed protective effects against $H_2O_2$-induced neurotoxicity, and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release into the medium was also inhibited. Furthermore, the inhibitory effect of the methanol extract against acetylcholinesterase was dose-dependent.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.33 no.5
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• pp.255-260
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• 2019

Oriental Diagnosis System(ODS) is an artificial intelligence program that utilize entered diagnosis knowledge, determine patient's disease and decide right medicine. The purpose of this study is to find a correlation between pattern Identification in Korean medicine and each sasang types(So-Yang, So-Eum and Tae-Eum) by analyzing ODS diagnosis result. Eventually our study secure availability of using ODS program at clinical training or developing diagnosis program. Subject of this study is 32 students participating in Sasang medical practice(12 subjects were So-Yang, 7 subjects were So-Eum, and 13 subjects were Tae-Eum). We analyze subject's clinical practice result reports by using ODS program and obtained result about pattern Identification. We used SPSS statistics 23 in analyzing the differences of the scores of Eight Principle Pattern Identification, Qi-Blood Pattern Identification, Bing-xie Pattern Identification, and Visceral Pattern Identification in each Sasang types (So-Yang, So-Eum, Tae-Eum). In the case of Heat-moisture, Tae-Eum showed higher score than So-Eum, but So-Yang showed no difference from the other two Sasang types(p<0.05). And in the case of Food-accumulation, Tae-Eum and So-Yang showed significantly higher score than So-Eum(p<0.05). It is hard to generalize the result because subject of this study was not enough. However, we explained correlation between pattern Identification in korean medicine and each sasang types based on quantifiable and objective evidence system. Therefore use of ODS program in student clinical practice training help to understand the relationship and correlation between different pattern Identification and will help standardization of clinical practice education.

• Asian Journal of Turfgrass Science
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.279-286
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• 2009

This study was carried out to utilize the waste heat from office building for turfgrass culture on a roof garden. Heating system had been installed in the middle of soil profile on the turf areas in the garden plots. The results showed that the installation of heating system increased the shoot density, turfgrass quality, coverage rate, and root length compared with the control plots. The surface temperature of heating plots reached at $10.9^{\circ}C$ when the control plot showed $0^{\circ}C$, however, the soil moisture content was decreased 1.9% by the heating system. When the height of the snow accumulation reached over a 15cm, the it took only 4 days to melt out completely, while the height did not changed those period at the control plots. When the water temperature in boiler increased to $60^{\circ}C$ from a proper temperature of $55^{\circ}C$ in turf growth, the desiccation from leaf tip was started to occur caused by drought stress. More detail research should be followed in stress physiology in turf management in roof garden operation.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.29 no.6
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• pp.688-696
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• 2019

This study investigated changes in triglyceride and cholesterol synthesis and tyrosinase activity induced by ice plant (Mesembryanthemum crystallinum L.) extract, which cannot be stored for long periods of time due to its high moisture content when it was fermented to improve its storage stability. The accumulation of triglyceride and cholesterol in HepG2 cells inhibited the accumulation with a relatively large magnitude in n-butanol and aqueous fractions that generally have high polarity, however, changes in inhibition potency due to the fermentation were not significant. As for the effect to inhibit tyrosinase activity, when L-tyrosine was used as a substrate, the inhibitory activity was the highest for the aqueous fraction at $60.58{\pm}4.03%$ and $63.35{\pm}4.35%$, before and after fermentation, respectively, which amounted to 72% of that of the positive control group (arbutin, $100{\mu}g/ml$). In addition, when L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (L-DOPA) was used as a substrate, the inhibitory activity was also found the highest for the aqueous fraction at $56.85{\pm}1.57%$ and $59.38{\pm}1.74%$, before and after fermentation, respectively, which amounted to at least 88% of that in the positive control (kojic acid, $100{\mu}g/ml$). Overall, the activity of the fermented ice plant extract was similar or a little higher compared to that of the one without fermentation, indicating that fermentation can be a good approach to improve the storage stability of the ice plant.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.257-267
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• 1993

Optimum pasture management during the summer season is an important factor to maintain good regrowth and persistence of pasture. The field experiment was carried out to investigate the effects of cutting management on growth and reserve carbohydrates in stubble. and on dry matter yield of orchardgrass dominated pasture during the mid-summer season. Three different cutting times(July 15, 25 and August 5) as a main plot and three cutting heights(3, 6 and 10cm) as a sub plot were disigned with three replications. The experiment was done at pasture of Changsung Agricultural High School in 1988. The results obtained were summarized as follows: 1. Temperature of soil surface and underground in the cutting of July 15 and July 25 was not showed significantly different, because of low intensity of radiation with a run of wet weather, and that of August 5 cutting tends to be lowed in high cutting height during the mid-summer season. 2. Amount of soil moisture against cutting height showed that high cutting had a low content. 3. Growth rate against regrowth of plant height, lear length and leaf area showed to be fast in high cutting. 4. Rapid recovery period of carbohydrate content after cutting and large amount of carbohydrate accumulation were showed in the cutting of July 15 and 25 compared with August 5 cutting in the reserve carbohydrate content against cutting of time and height during the mid-summer season. 5. Dry matter yield of the 4th and 5th cutting showed to be remarkable in July 15 cutting compared to those of July 25 and August 5. From the above results, it is suggested that the 10cm cutting height during the mid-summer season is the most effective for good regrowth, reserve carbohydrates and dry matter yield of orchardgrass.

• Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea
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• v.31 no.1 s.49
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• pp.97-102
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• 2005

One of the key molecules involved in skin moisture is hyaluronan (hyaluronic acid, HA) with its associated water of hydration. The predominant component of the ECM (extracellular matrix) of skin is HA. It Is the primordial and the simplest of the GAGs (glycosaminoglycans), a water-sorbed macromolecule In extracellular matrix, Included between the vital cells of epidermis. In the skin, HA was previously thought to derive extlusively from dermis. But, recent studies revealed that HA could be synthesized in epidermis. Flavonoids are polyphenolic compounds that is found mainly in foods of plant origin. Kaempferol was known to increase glutathione synthesis in human keratinocyte. And quercetin blocked PPAR-meidated keratinocyte differentiation as lipoxygenase inhibitors. In this study, we sought to evaluate the effect of flavonid, kaempferol and quercetin on production HA in keratinocyte. We examined the changes of three human hyaluronan synthase genes (HASI, HAS2, HAS3) expression by semi-quantitative RT-PCR when kaempferol or quercetin was added to cultured human keratinocytes. We found that these flavonoids slightly upregulated HAS2, HAS3 mRNA after 24 h. And we investigated the effect on HA production by ELISA. When we evaluated the level of HA in culture medium after 24 h incubation. We found enhanced accumulation of HA in the culture medium. Although the effects of above flavonoids are less than retinoic acid, the data indicate that kaempferol, quercetin can dose-dependently increase the level of HA in epidermis cell line. It suggested that flavonoid, kaempferol, and quercetin increased production of HA in skin and it helped to elevate skin moisture and improve facial wrinkle.

• Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.42 no.4
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• pp.210-218
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• 2018

Background: Soil respiration (Rs) is a major factor of the absorption and accumulation of carbon through photosynthesis in the ecosystem carbon cycle. This directly affects the amount of net ecosystem productivity, which affects the stability and sustainability of the ecosystem. Understanding the characteristics of Rs is indispensable to scientifically understand the carbon cycle of ecosystems. It is very important to study Rs characteristics through analysis of environmental factors closely related to Rs. Rs is affected by various environmental factors, such as temperature, precipitation, soil moisture, litter supply, organic matter content, dominant plant species, and soil disturbance. This study was conducted to analyze the effects of micro-topographical differences on Rs in forest vegetation by measuring the Rs on the ridge and southern slope sites of the broadly established Quercus mongolica forest in the central Korean area. Method: Rs, Ts, and soil moisture data were collected at the southern slope and ridge of the Q. mongolica forest in the Mt. Jeombong area in order to investigate the effects of topographical differences on Rs. Rs was collected by the closed chamber method, and data collection was performed from May 2011 to October 2013, except Winter seasons from November to April or May. For collecting the raw data of Rs in the field, acrylic collars were placed at the ridge and southern slope of the forest. The accumulated surface litter and the soil organic matter content (SOMC) were measured to a 5 cm depth. Based on these data, the Rs characteristics of the slope and ridge were analyzed. Results: Rs showed a distinct seasonal variation pattern in both the ridge and southern slope sites. In addition, Rs showed a distinct seasonal variation with high and low Ts changes. The average Rs measurements for the two sites, except for the Winter periods that were not measured, were $550.1\;mg\;CO_2m^{-2}h^{-1}$ at the ridge site and $289.4\;mg\;CO_2m^{-2}h^{-1}$ at the southern slope, a difference of 52.6%. There was no significant difference in the Rs difference between slopes except for the first half of 2013, and both sites showed a tendency to increase exponentially as Ts increased. In addition, although the correlation is low, the difference in Rs between sites tended to increase as Ts increased. SMC showed a large fluctuation at the southern slope site relative to the ridge site, as while it was very low in 2013, it was high in 2011 and 2012. The accumulated litter of the soil surface and the SOMC at the depth range of 0~5 cm were $874g\;m^{-2}$ and 23.3% at the ridge site, and $396g\;m^{-2}$ and 19.9% at the southern slope site. Conclusions: In this study, Rs was measured for the ridge and southern slope sites, which have two different results where the surface litter layer is disturbed by strong winds. The southern slope site shows that the litter layer formed in autumn due to strong winds almost disappeared, and while in the ridge site, it became thick due to the transfer of litter from the southern slope site. The mean Rs was about two times higher in the ridge site compared to that in the southern slope site. The Rs difference seems to be due to the difference in the amount of litter accumulated on the soil surface. As a result, the litter layer supplied to the soil surface is disturbed due to the micro-topographical difference, as the slope and the change of the community structure due to the plant season cause heterogeneity of the litter layer development, which in turn affects SMC and Rs. Therefore, it is necessary to introduce and understand these micro-topographical features and mechanisms when quantifying and analyzing the Rs of an ecosystem.