• Journal of English Language & Literature
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• v.57 no.3
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• pp.429-455
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• 2011

Numbers have been regarded as one-sided, and their exactly readings have been understood as the results of scalar implicature. This Neo-Gricean view on numbers becomes less persuasive due to theoretical and experimental counterarguments. In spite of growing evidence for theirtwo-sided readings, numbers are still one-sided in modal sentences. Moreover, the occurrence of a negative operator may worsen the acceptability of modal sentences with numbers. In the framework of Vector Space Semantics, I have derived two-sided readings of numbers with the simple notions of monotonicity of modals and scopal relations between modals and numbers. I have also argued that the awkwardness incurred by negation is the result of a split set of vectors for a number. The incoherent set of vectors is understood as the lack of an ideal behavior, which is against the deontic modality of the sentence.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society for Noise and Vibration Engineering Conference
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• 2001.05a
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• pp.328-334
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• 2001

Up to now. vibration analysis and vibration engineering have been developed, encompassing the aspects of both experimental and analytical techniques. Using experimental modal analysis or modal testing, the mode shapes and frequencies of practical structure can be measured accurately. Curve-Fitting Method is realized through experimental modal identification. In the experimental modal parameter estimation, the estimation of modal damping factor is difficult for complicated and large structure. Also numbers of Selected mode are determined before the procedure. This paper describes the vibration shape of the super-structure model of ship through experimental modal analysis.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• v.76 no.5
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• pp.643-651
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• 2020

Generally, it is necessary to perform transient structural analysis in order to verify and improve the seismic performance of high-rise buildings and bridges against earthquake loads. In this paper, we propose the model order reduction (MOR) method using the Krylov vectors to perform seismic analysis for linear and elastic systems in an efficient way. We then compared the proposed method with the mode superposition method (MSM) by using the limited numbers of modal vectors (or eigenvectors) calculated from the modal analysis. In the calculation, the data of the El Centro earthquake in 1940 were adopted for the seismic loading in the transient analysis. The numerical accuracy and efficiency of the two methods were compared in detail in the case of a simplified high-rise building.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.147-160
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• 2007

In this paper, a dynamic analysis based on the fuzzy set theory is presented as a possible complementary tool to the classical stochastic methods for dynamic analyses. Material parameters of a structure are influenced by uncertainties and therefore they are considered to be fuzzy quantities with given distributions, that means fuzzy numbers with given membership functions. The fuzzy dynamic analysis is conducted with help of fuzzy arithmetic defined on the so-called ${\alpha}$-cuts. The results of the analysis are also obtained in the form of fuzzy numbers, which compared to the stochastic methods is less computationaly expensive while at the same time they still provide information about the distribution of a quantity. This method is demonstrated on an analysis of a two-dimensional frame subjected to possible seismic load, where the uncertain eigenmodes and eigenfrequencies are used in the modal analysis.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• v.88 no.2
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• pp.109-115
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• 2023

In this paper, frequencies of zigzag structure of carbon nanotubes isinvestigated based on Donnell shell theory. These tubes are wrapped with the ring supports in the axial direction. The fundamental frequency curves displayed in article show the dependence of vibrations attributes to zigzag single walled carbon nanotubes. Various zigzag indices are introduced against the variation of length to predict the vibration. Also, the influence of ring supports is sketched with proposed structure for frequency analysis. The frequencies of zigzag tube decreases as the length increases. It is observed that the frequencies decreases with ring support and have higher frequencies without ring. The problem is formulated using Partial Differential Equation. Three expressions of modal deformation displacement functions is used for the elimination of temporal variation to form the solution in the eigen from. For the stability of present study the results are compared with experimentally and numerically in the open text.

• Korean Journal of Ichthyology
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.149-158
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• 1990

The brook lamprey, Lampetra reissneri, was collected from an branch of the Nakdong River (Namwon-gun, Chollabuk-Do) and the Seomjin River (Hadong-Gun, Kyungsangnam-Do) from September, 1989 to April, 1990. Specimens were 95 individuals in number and composed of 21 ammocoetes, 16 metamorphosing animals and 58 adults which do not exceed 200mm in total length. The modal numbers of trunk myomer was 57.5, ranged from 55 to 60. In the dental formula, the supraoral tooth consistently had 2 cusps, and lateral circumorals were 3 in each side with 2 cusps. The infraoral had varying numbers of cusps ranging from 6 to 8. In morphological measurement of adults, prebranchial length was 10.3%, branchial length 9.7%, trunk length 51.3% and tail length 28.3% respectively, in hundreds of total length. No significant differences in morphological characteristics were observed between the two populations studied.

• Smart Structures and Systems
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.389-406
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• 2014

Optimal sensor placement techniques play a significant role in enhancing the quality of modal data during the vibration based health monitoring of civil structures, where many degrees of freedom are available despite a limited number of sensors. The literature has shown a shift in the trends for solving such problems, from expansion or elimination approach to the employment of heuristic algorithms. Although these heuristic algorithms are capable of providing a global optimal solution, their greatest drawback is the requirement of high computational effort. Because a highly efficient optimisation method is crucial for better accuracy and wider use, this paper presents an improved simulated annealing (SA) algorithm to solve the sensor placement problem. The algorithm is developed based on the sensor locations' coordinate system to allow for the searching in additional dimensions and to increase SA's random search performance while minimising the computation efforts. The proposed method is tested on a numerical slab model that consists of two hundred sensor location candidates using three types of objective functions; the determinant of the Fisher information matrix (FIM), modal assurance criterion (MAC), and mean square error (MSE) of mode shapes. Detailed study on the effects of the sensor numbers and cooling factors on the performance of the algorithm are also investigated. The results indicate that the proposed method outperforms conventional SA and Genetic Algorithm (GA) in the search for optimal sensor placement.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• v.28 no.5
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• pp.571-585
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• 2008

The purpose of this study is to investigate the linear earthquake behavior of the frame structures including subsoil with different stiffening members and to compare the results of each frame considered. These comparisons are made separately for displacement, bending moments and axial forces for frames with different storey and bay numbers for the time history and the modal analyses. The results of both methods are also compared. The results of the frames with subsoil are also compared with the results of the frames without subsoil. It is concluded that all stiffening members considered in this study decrease the lateral displacement of the frame and the bending moment of the columns and increase the axial force in the columns and that configuration of the bracing members come out to be an important parameter in braced frames since the frames with the same type of bracing give different results depending on configuration. It is also concluded that, in general, the absolute maximum displacements of the frames modeled with subsoil are larger than those of the frames modeled without subsoil.

• Journal of Aquaculture
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.77-81
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• 1998

Cytogenetic analyses were carried out with induced hybrid between common carp (Cyprinus carpio) female and crucian carp (Carassius auratus) male. The erythrocytic measurement revealed that cellular and nuclear size of induced hybrids were intermediate between those of paremtal species. The modal chromosome numbers of common carp, crucian carp and its hybid were same as 2n=100. The DNA content of induced hybrids determined based on flow cytometry was 3.7pg/cell which corresponding to intermediate value between the carp (3.6ph/cell) and crucian carp (3.8pg/cell)

• Journal of Korean Society of Industrial and Systems Engineering
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• v.36 no.3
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• pp.63-70
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• 2013

Many real world optimization problems are discrete and multi-valued. Meta heuristics including Genetic Algorithm and Particle Swarm Optimization have been effectively used to solve these multi-valued optimization problems. However, extensive comparative study on the performance of these algorithms is still required. In this study, performance of these algorithms is evaluated with multi-modal and multi-dimensional test functions. From the experimental results, it is shown that Discrete Particle Swarm Optimization (DPSO) provides better and more reliable solutions among the considered algorithms. Also, additional experiments shows that solution quality of DPSO is not lowered significantly when bit size representing a solution increases. It means that bit representation of multi-valued discrete numbers provides reliable solutions instead of becoming barrier to performance of DPSO.