• Atmosphere
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.481-495
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• 2011

This study is performed to consider the threshold values of heavy rain warning in Korea using 98 surface meteorological station data and 590 Automatic Weather System stations (AWSs), damage data of National Emergency Management Agency for the period of 2005 to 2009. It is in need to arrange new criteria for heavy rain considering concept of rainfall intensity and rainfall damage to reflect the changed characteristics of rainfall according to the climate change. Rainfall values from the most frequent rainfall damage are at 30 mm/1 hr, 60 mm/3 hr, 70 mm/6 hr, and 110 mm/12 hr, respectively. The cumulative probability of damage occurrences of one in two due to heavy rain shows up at 20 mm/1 hr, 50 mm/3 hr, 80 mm/6 hr, and 110 mm/12 hr, respectively. When the relationship between threshold values of heavy rain warning and the possibility of rainfall damage is investigated, rainfall values for high connectivity between heavy rain warning criteria and the possibility of rainfall damage appear at 30 mm/1 hr, 50 mm/3 hr, 80 mm/6 hr, and 100 m/12 hr, respectively. It is proper to adopt the daily maximum precipitation intensity of 6 and 12 hours, because 6 hours rainfall might be include the concept of rainfall intensity for very-short-term and short-term unexpectedly happened rainfall and 12 hours rainfall could maintain the connectivity of the previous heavy rain warning system and represent long-term continuously happened rainfall. The optimum combinations of criteria for heavy rain warning of 6 and 12 hours are 80 mm/6 hr or 100 mm/12 hr, and 70 mm/6 hr or 110 mm/12 hr.

• Korean Journal of Ichthyology
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.33-37
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• 2000

A total of 28 Laemonema nana larvae, 1.4~10.5 BL (body length), were collected by bongo net and trawl-shaped fish larvae net in the coastal area of Cheju Island during 1998~1999. This species was found in around sea of Cheju Island, Korea Strait and southwestern East Sea. This paper describes morphological features of these specimens throughout their development. 1) The soft ray of fin appeared at about 4.5 mm BL and attained to a fixed number at about 6.8 mm BL. 2) There were two large pigments in the head of larvae less than 4 mm BL. 3) A large pigment in the middle of tail appeared at about 2 mm BL was spread to the caudal peduncle at about 9 mm BL. 4) Two large pigment in the base of anal fin appeared at about 2 mm BL were spread out 2/3 of anal fin to caudal fin at about 9 mm BL. 5) A new Korean name "Chal-Bun-Su-Yum-Dae-Gu" is proposed for this species.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Service
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.208-226
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• 1994

From January to December 1993, 3,385 bulk milk samples were collected from 293 herds in Inchon area. Standard plate counts(SPC) and somatic cell counts(SCC) were performed by the method of milk collection, the situation of raising management and monthly. The results obtained are summarized as follows : 1, Annual average SPC and SCC were respectively 638,000 cfu /mm and 647,000 cells /mm. SPC showed an abrupt decrease from January-1,088,000 cfu /mm to December-279,000 cfu /mm, but SCC showed a slow change from January-1,017,000 cells /mm to December -673,000 cells /mm 2. Variation on milk quality(annual average SPC) was shown a wide difference between everyday collection-575,000 cfu /mm and every other day collection-1,243,000 cfu /mm ac-cording to frequency of milk collection from dairy farms. However, there was a little difference In SCC. 3. In the raising scale, average SPC were the lowest in 16~25mi1king cows, and average SCC were the lowest in above 25milking cows. 4. According to types of milking machine, average SPC and SCC of dairy farms that are equipped with pipeline system were respectively 361,000 cfu /mm and 591,000 cells /mm. Those of dairy farms with bucket system were 549,000 cfu /me and 559,000 cells /mm. 5. In the types of management, average SPC an SCC of dairy farms with hired herdsman were 288,000 cfu /mm and 559,000 cells /mm. Those of dairy farms with self-management were 526,000 cfu /mm and 568,000 cells /mm.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• v.50 no.1
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• pp.30-35
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• 2011

Objective : Morphometric data for the sympathetic ganglia (SG) of the upper thoracic spine was investigated to identify the exact location of the SG in order to reduce normal tissue injury in the thoracic cavity during thoracoscopic sympathectomy. Methods : In 46 specimens from 23 formalin-fixed adult cadavers, the authors measured the shortest distance from the medial margin of the T1, T2 and T3 SG to the most prominent point and medial margin of the corresponding rib heads, and to the lateral margin of the longus colli muscle. In addition, the distance between the most prominent point of the rib head and the lateral margin of longus colli muscle and the width of each SG were measured. Results : The shortest distance from the medial margin of the SG to the prominent point of corresponding rib head was on average 1.9 mm on T1, 4.2 mm, and 4.1 mm on T2, T3. The distance from the medial margin of the SG to the medial margin of the corresponding rib head was 4.2 mm on T1, 5.9 mm, and 6.3 mm on T2, T3. The mean distance from the medial margin of the SG to the lateral margin of the longus colli muscle was 6.7 mm on T1, 8.8 mm, 9.9 and mm on T2, T3. The mean distance between the prominent point of the rib head and the lateral margin of the longus colli muscle was 4.8 mm on T1, 4.6 mm, and 5.9 mm on T2, T3. The mean width of SG was 6.1 mm on T1, 4.1 mm, and 3.1 mm on T2, T3. Conclusion : We present morphometric data to assist in surgical planning and the localization of the upper thoracic SG during thoracoscopic sympathectomy.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Hazard Mitigation
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• v.9 no.6
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• pp.17-30
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• 2009

In this study, the existence of possible deterministic longterm trend of precipitation amount, monthly maximum precipitation, rain day, the number of rain day greater than 20mm, 30mm, and 80mm was analyzed using the Mann-Kendall rank test and the data from 62 stations between 1905 and 2004 in South Korea. Results indicate that the annual and monthly rainfall amount increases and the number of rain days which have more than 80mm rainfall a day, increases. However the number of rain days decreases. Also, monthly trend analysis of precipitation amount and monthly maximum precipitation increases in Jan., May, Jun., Jul., Aug., and Sep. and they decrease in Mar., Apr., Oct., Nov., and Dec. Monthly trend of the number of rain day greater than 20mm, 30mm, and 80mm increases in Jun., Jul., Aug., and Sep. However results of Mann-Kedall test demonstrated that the ratio of stations, which have meaningful longterm trend in the significance level of 90% and 95%, is very low. It means that the random variability of the analyzed precipitation related data is much greater than their linear increment.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.165-177
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• 1994

To investigate the depth of the root concavity and root surface area of the maxillary first premolar, 40 maxillary first premolars were used. All the teeth which extracted because of advanced periodontal disease and orthodontic treatment procedure, were sectioned every 1.5mm from cementoenameljunction to the apex with hard tissue microtome. Each sectioned root was taken photograph with slide film, and projected for measuring with a calibrated digital Curvi-Meter. The root surface area, percentage of the RSA and the linear variation of the RSA were calibrated for each 1.5mm section. Linear variation of the depth of root concavity was measured on mesial and distal root surface for each section using computer-aided digitizer. The results were as follows. 1. The total mean root length of maxillary first premolar was 13.48mm. Mean buccal root length of 2-rooted tooth was 12.59mm, mean palatal root length was 12.73mm, and mean root length of single rooted tooth was 13.78mm. 2. The total mean root surface area of maxillary first premolar was $194.17mm^2$, mean root surface area for 2-rooted tooth was $205.97mm^2$ and mean root surface area for single rooted tooth was $188.49mm^2$. 3. It was 59.93% of the total root surface area that the area from CEJ to coronal 6mm. And, the coronal half of the root length accounted for approximately 71.76% of the total root surface area. 4. Most deepest concavity of the mesial root surface was 0.65mm at apical 3.0mm, 4.5mm level in maxillary first premolar. And, that of the distal root surface was 0.37mm at apical 4.5mm level. 5. All of the maxillary first premolar had mesial root surface concavity. This mesial root surface concavity appeared to be more pronounced in 2-rooted tooth than single rooted tooth.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.34 no.6
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• pp.577-583
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• 2001

The digestive enzyme activities such as $\alpha-amylase$, trypsin and pepsin from the laboratory-reared river puffer Takifugu obscurus were measured from the time course of 1 day until the 65 day after hatching. In the case of $\alpha-amylase$, it was showed minimum activity of 0.0493 U/mg at the total length (TL) 10 mm, and showed maximum activity of 0.1480 U/mg at 19 mmTL. Trypsin and pepsin were showed their maximum activities of 0.0264, 0.0258 U/mg and 0.0178, 0.0201 U/mg when the total length of 16 and 24 mm, and represented remarkable correlations between the changes of enzyme activity and growth rate. The ontogenetic variations of digestive enzymes were represented clearly different patterns; i.e, the pepsin showed higher activity when the periods of larva ($4\~5\;mmTL$) and juvenile II ($19\~24\;mmTL$), however, the trypsin represented maximum activity at the stages of juvenile I ($11\~16\;mmTL$) and young fish (27 mmTL), respectively.

• Korean Journal of Ichthyology
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.1-9
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• 1996

Egg and larval stages of the rockfish, Sebastes thompsoni and S. pachycephalus pachycephalus, are described and illustrared. The size of these eggs when released were 1.27~1.33mm in S. thompsoni and 1.39~1.52mm in S. pachycephalus pachycephalus. The size of these hatching larvae when released were 3.02~3.12mm TL (total length) in S. thompsoni and 4.83~5.17mm in S. pachycephalus pachycephalus. Notochord flexion occured 7.56~8.00mm TL (17~20 days after hatching) in S. thompsorzi and 5.43~5.56mm in S. pachycephalus pachycephalus. Preflexion and flexion larvae (averaged 3.97~7.78mm TL) of S. thompsoni were distinguished from related species by pigmentation of the dorsal and ventral midlines of the tail. Larvae of S. pachycephalus pachycephalus were distinguished from related species by pigmentation of the dorsal and ventral midlines of the trunk. Transformation occured 14.22~15.86mm TL in S. pachycephalus pachycephalus.

• Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
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• 2010.05a
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• pp.1986-1990
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• 2010

최근 기상이변의 영향으로 강우량의 변화가 심해지고 있으며 지역별 계절별로 그 편차가 커지고 있다. 이는 수자원 이용의 측면에서 개발과 이용 및 관리에 많은 어려움을 주고 있으며 향후 변화하는 수자원 이용량에 대응하기 위해서는 변화하는 강우에 대한 지표수 및 지하수 등의 수자원확보량 분석이 필요하다. 지표수의 경우 기후변화에 의한 영양에 대하여 많은 연구들이 이루어 지고 있으나 지하수는 많은 곳에서 이용되고 일부 도서 및 해안지역에서는 유일한 수자원 공급책으로 이용되고 있음에도 불구하고 이에 대한 연구가 미흡한 실정이다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 부산광역시 수영구를 포함하는 광역 지하수유역에 47년간의 강우량 자료를 10%, 20% 증감시켜 지하수함양량을 산정하고 강우량 증감에 따른 변화 특성을 분석하였다. 대상지역의 지하수함양량은 실제 강우 시에는 1970년에 408.9mm로 가장 크게 나타났고 1988년에 73.8mm로 가장 작게 나타났으며 평균 215.4mm로 나타났다. 강우 10% 증가 시에는 1972년에 466.4mm로 가장 크게 나타났고 1988년에 97.8mm로 가장 작게 나타났으며 평균 248.5mm로 나타났다. 강우 20% 증가 시에는 1970년에 512.0mm로 가장 크게 나타났고 1988년에 115.1mm로 가장 작게 나타났으며 평균 280.8mm로 나타났다. 강우 10% 감소 시에는 1970년에 358.6mm로 가장 크게 나타났고 1988년에 57.7mm로 가장 적게 나타났으며 평균 182.0mm로 나타났다. 강우 20% 감소 시에는 1970년에 308.9mm로 가장 크게 나타났고 1988년에 42.0mm로 가장 작게 나타났으며 평균 149.4mm로 나타났다. 실제 강우량에 대비한 10%와 20% 강우 증감시의 지하수함양량 변화율을 살펴보면 강우 10% 증감 시는 약 1~3%의 변화율을 보였으며 강우 20% 증감 시는 약 3~6%의 변화율을 보였다. 또한 모든 강우 증감 상태에서 전체적으로 변화율이 감소하는 추세를 나타냈으며 도시화가 급격하게 이루어진 1985년을 기준으로 이후 변화율이 큰 폭으로 감소하는 것을 알 수 있었다.

• Journal of radiological science and technology
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.11-19
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• 2003

chest Indirect radiography were taken at 44 medical facilities in Seoul area. The results were as follows: 1. The average tube voltage was 98.2 kVp in case of 100 mm film and 91.3 kVp in case of 70 mm film. 2. The average tube current was 18.1 mAs in case of 100 mm film and 42.5 mAs in case of 70 mm film. 3. In the physical evaluation of chest Indirect radiographs, the density in case of 100 mm film was similar to that in case of 70 mm film. 4. In the visual evaluation of chest Indirect radiographs, the score of identification in case of 100 mm film was higher than that in case of 70 mm film. 5. The average dose of radiation into the skin was 1.38 mGy in case of 100mm film and 4.59 mGy in case of 70 mm film. In conclusion, the image quality of chests was excellent and the dose of radiation into the skin decreased in case of 100 mm film.