• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
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• v.32 no.3
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• pp.357-360
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• 2021

Emulsions were prepared using a mixture of bio-oil obtained from the pyrolysis of sawdust in an N₂ environment and Quercus mongolica in a CH₄ environment for both non-catalytic and catalytic cases. Both prepared emulsions were examined by measuring the physical stability and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The emulsion with HLB 5.8 (Span 80 and Atlox 4916) for the ratio of bio-oil (B-oil and C-oil): surfactant: diesel = 10% : 3% : 87% showed stability for 15 days. Combining oils produced in N₂ and CH₄ environments could be a potential solution for generating high-quality emulsions with a high heating value.

• Korean Journal of Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration Engineering
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.73-79
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• 2011

A portion of oil for lubrication of compressor flows together with refrigerant in the refrigeration system. If the oil discharge from a compressor is increased in the refrigeration system, not only pressure drop is increased in other components, such as evaporator and gas cooler, but also heat transfer coefficient in the heat exchangers is decreased. Oil discharge rate from a compressor may strongly depend on operating conditions of a compressor. In this study, one stage single rotary compressor is employed for measuring oil circulation ratio(OCR). Carbon dioxide and PAG oil are used as refrigerant and lubricant. Using a U-tube densimeter, mixture density is measured. Oil circulation ratio(OCR) can be estimated by measured mixture density. The results obtained indicate that the oil circulation ratio(OCR) is increased as the suction temperature or compressor operating frequency is increased. Oil circulation ratio(OCR) correlation of the compressor is also suggested.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.198-204
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• 1994

This study was carried out to investigate the effect of the feeding mixture of linesed oil, rich in n-3 PUFA and the sunflower seed oil, rich in n-6 PUFA on the lipid metabolism in the dietary hypprlidemic rats. After male Sprague-Dawley rats were induced hyperlipidemia by feeding the diet containing lard, butter, and cholesterol for 3 weeks, then they were fed with the diet containing lard 3.0% and butter 12.0% for control, the mixture in different proportion of both linseed oil and sunflower seed oil, and antihyperlipidemic durgs for 2 weeks. Analysis of the lipid component and the fatty acid composition of the liver showed following results. Concentration s of the total cholesterol and phospholipid in liver were significantly higher in group 2 (olive oil 12.0%) and lower in the other groups than in the control group, especially lower in groups 3 (cholestyramine 2.0%) and 9 (sunflower seed oil 12.0%) . Concentration of triglyceride was lower in the other groups except group 4 (liparoid), especially lowe rin group 9 than in the control group. In the fatty acid composition of liver lipids, C18:2 was the major fatty acid. Contents of n-6 PUFA increased , while those of n-3 PUFA decreased in groups composition of the test lipids. From the data on concentration s of total cholesterol. Phospholipid and triglyceride in liver, we concluded that the feeding mixed with 3.0% lard and 12.0 % sunflower seed oil were most effective for the improvement of the live lipids. The fatty acid composition in liver lipids were affected by the fatty acid composition of the test lipids.

• Tribology and Lubricants
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• v.32 no.6
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• pp.183-188
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• 2016

Engine oil plays an important role in the mechanical lubrication and cooling of a vehicle engine. Recently, engine development has focused on the adoption of gasoline direct injection (GDI) and turbocharging methodology to achieve high-power and high-speed performance. However, oil dilution is a problem for GDI engines. Oil dilution occurs owing to high-pressure fuel injection into the combustion chamber when the engine is cold. The chemical components of engine oil are currently developed to accommodate gasoline fuel; however, bio-alcohol mixtures have become a recent trend in fuel development. Bio-alcohol fuels are alternatives to fossil fuels that can reduce vehicle emissions levels and greenhouse gas pollution. Therefore, the chemical components of engine oil should be improved to accommodate bio-alcohol fuels. This study employs a 2.0 L turbo-gas direct injection (T-GDI) engine in an experiment that dilutes oil with fuel. The experiment utilizes a variety of fuels, including sub-octane gasoline fuel (E0) and a bio-alcohol fuel mixture (Ethanol E3~E7). The results show that the lowest amount of oil dilution occurs when using E3 fuel. Analyzing the diluted engine oil by measuring density and moisture with respect to kinematic viscosity shows that the lowest values of these parameters occur when testing E3 fuel. The reason is confirmed to influence the vapor pressure of the low concentration bio-alcohol-fuel mixture.

• Journal of Marine Bioscience and Biotechnology
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• v.1 no.4
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• pp.311-316
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• 2006

Enzymatic ethanolysis of fish oil with immobilized lipase was investigated for reducing the free fatty acid contents and enhancing the function of fish oil. Ethanolysis reactions were carried out in erlenmeyer flask (25ml) containing a mixture of squid viscera oil and 99.9% ethanol using 1% (based on w/w squid viscera oil) immobilized lipase. The reaction mixtures were incubated at $50^{\circ}C$ and shaken at 100rpm. Ethanol was added into the mixture by stepwise addition method of Shinmada[9]. Measurement of free fatty acid molar amounts was studied by Acid Value. Tendency of oil variation during transesterification was studied by TLC method. Enzymatic ethanolysis composed diglyceride, monoglyceride and fatty acid ethyl ester with reducing free fatty acid contents. Also, selective ethanolysis by Lipozyme TL-IM and Lipozyme RM-IM mostly did not react at the sn-2 position of squid viscera oil. Lipozyme RM-IM was more suitable enzyme to reduce the free fatty acid contents by ethanolysis than Lipozyme TL-IM. Squid viscera oil was transformed into suitable properties (5 in Acid Value) for functional fish oil production.

• Proceedings of the SAREK Conference
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• 2007.11a
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• pp.646-651
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• 2007

This study has been conducted to select the suitable refrigeration oil for a $CO_2$ refrigeration system. The oil return is one of the most important characteristics for refrigeration oils. PAG and POE oils are considered as a test fluids in this study. An evaporator model is employed to simulate the evaporator of a $CO_2$ refrigeration system. Oil return characteristics has been investigated for $CO_2$/PAG and $CO_2$/POE mixtures in the range of oil concentration 0 to 5 weight-percent and the mixture temperature range of $0^{\circ}C$ to $15^{\circ}C$. The results obtained indicate that oil return is decreased with an increase in the oil concentration and mixture temperature for both POE and PAG oils. It is also found that POE oil is seen to be superior than PAG oil in terms of oil return in an evaporator of a $CO_2$ refrigeration system.

• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.437-444
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• 2010

Dry Process(natural drying, hot-air drying, oil fry drying), optimized mixture ratio and the condition of carbonization was carried out in order to improve the product durability develop eco-friendly solid fuel mixing food waste and paper sludge. As a result of the experiment, oil fry drying process was the fastest method for drying food waste and paper sludge mixture that contains 80% water inside, and the optimized mixture ratio to minimize the generating concentration of chlorine gas against caloric value of mixture ratio was 7:3. Additionally proper temperature of product carbonization was about $200^{\circ}C$ and shown increasing product durability through the carbonization. Therefore, the pelletized solid fuel be shaped diameter around 0.5cm, length 2cm under which was pulverized and molded using 7:3 mixture of food waste, and paper sludge was the eco-friendly solid fuel possible to be industrialized which is consist of chlorine concentration of below 2.0wt% and the lowest caloric value of over 5,000kcal/kg. In conclusion, this developing manufacturing process of the solid fuel can be interpreted to contribute alternative energy development in accordance with low carbon and green growth era.

• Korean Journal of Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration Engineering
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• v.20 no.11
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• pp.733-738
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• 2008

Due to environmental concerns $CO_2$ has been reintroduced as a potential candidate to replace HFCs in refrigeration systems. Oils are always required in a vapor-compression cycle, and thus it is necessary to precisely estimate the thermodynamic mixture properties of $CO_2$-lubricant oil. In the present study, the density and the viscosity of the mixture was calculated by the Redlich and Kwong type EoS and the modified Peng and Robinson type viscosity EoS, respectively. The viscosity model was based on the similarity between P-v-T and T-$\mu$-P relationships. The predicted results were compared with the experimental data of Pens ado et al. whose test conditions were 100$\sim$650 bar of pressure and 303 K$\sim$353 K of temperature with the $CO_2$-POEs mixtures under 92.2 wt.% and 83.3 wt.% of $CO_2$ concentration. The mean deviations of the mixture density were 7.93% and 8.32% for 92.2 wt.% and 83.3 wt.% of $CO_2$ concentration, respectively. Concerning the viscosity, the mean deviations were 4% and 10% for 92.2 wt.% and 83.3 wt.% of $CO_2$ concentration under the Pensado et al.'s test conditions.

• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• v.22 no.6
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• pp.1063-1072
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• 2000

Kinetic tests on pyrolysis of the mixture of waste automobile lubricating oil and polystyrene were carried out with thermogravimetric technique at the heating rates of 0.5, 1.0, $2.0^{\circ}C/min$ in a stirred batch reactor. The activation energy and the reaction order were determined at conversions of 1 to 100% using differential method. The mixture of waste automobile lubricating oil and polystyrene was pyrolyzed at lower temperature rather than waste automobile lubricating oil and polystyrene. respectively. Also, the thermal decomposition took place in two broad reaction steps. The pyrolyzed oil of mixture represented high selectivity of styrene monomer and dimer like that of polystyrene pyrolyzed products.

• Tribology and Lubricants
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• v.31 no.3
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• pp.86-94
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• 2015

We perform lacquer formation experiments with various combinations of marine fuel oils and lubricant oils. We also investigate the influences of base number (BN) in lubricant oil and sulfur content in fuel oil. A dissolution test with 10% dilute sulfuric acid and pull-off force test are accomplished to distinguish whether the residual layers are lacquering or not. The lacquering layers are dissolved by dilute sulfuric acid and have a strong pull-off force. Moreover, the calcium content detected in the residual layers is compared by energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy (EDS). More calcium is detected in the lacquer layers than in other residual layers. Distillate fuels containing low sulfur levels are more prone to lacquering when mixed with lubricant oil with a high BN. On the other hand, residual fuels with a high sulfur content do not form lacquer. We investigate the effect of mixture volume ratio. The mixture with higher fuel oil content is more prone to generate lacquer. These experiments indicate that a lubricant with an appropriate BN should be used to prevent lacquer forming on the surfaces such as cylinder liners depending on the sulfur content of fuel oil.