• Journal of the Korea Organic Resources Recycling Association
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.45-53
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• 2010

Feeding rate and growth rate of earthworm population on the variously pretreated spent materials of the agaric-mushroom cultivation were investigated. When the spent mushroom substrates with different aging periods were supplied to earthworm, feeding rate and growth rate of earthworm population on spent mushroom substrates aged less than 10 days were higher than that on spent mushroom substrates aged more than 20 days. Feeding rate and growth rate were not increased when the spent mushroom substrate mixed with vermicasts or nitrogenous fertilizer was supplied. Feeding rate and growth rate on the ground mushroom substrate were higher than that on the non-ground mushroom substrate. Especially when the ground mushroom substrate was mixed with rice bran and supplied to earthworms, growth rate was much higher than that on the non-ground spent mushroom substrate; it increased 1.85 times.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.52 no.2
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• pp.176-182
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• 2007

Under the conditions of the least inputs such as no-chemical fertilizer, no-chemical insecticide, and no-weeding, this experiment was carried out to examine the effect of mixed-seeding date on growth of hairy vetch and radish, and on the status of weed occurrence. Radish was severely damaged by insects during the whole growth period. Many summer annual weeds emerged and grew vigorously when the seeding date was August 14, but rarely emerged when the seeding date was August 28. Most growth parameters of hairy vetch and radish were higher when the seeding date was August 14, compared to those of the seeding dates of August 21 and August 28. For the mixed seeding of hairy vetch and radish under the conditions of the least inputs, the seeding date during the middle of August could be recommended.

• Journal of the Korea Organic Resources Recycling Association
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• v.27 no.3
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• pp.41-48
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• 2019

Mixed expeller cake has been one of soil management to improve crop productivity and soil fertility. But, there was a little information on optimum mixed expeller cake application for chinese cabbage. So, in this study, we were evaluated the preplant optimum application rate of mixed expeller cake(MEC) in chinese cabbage cultivation at field. Treatments consist of control, inorganic fertilizer($N-P_2O_5-K_2O$ : $320-78-198kg\;ha^{-1}$), MEC(50, 100, 150% on preplant application standard $110kg\;ha^{-1}$ as N, topdressing : $210kg\;ha^{-1}$ as N). In results, growth characteristics was not significantly different. But, yield was increased when application rate was increased. And MEC 150% treatment showed similar yield as inorganic treatment. There was no significant difference in soil pH, OM, $Av.P_2O_5$, $NH_4-N$ and Ex.K. But, soil EC and $NO_3-N$ were increased when MEC level increased. As a results, MEC 150% can be proposed as preplant optimum application rate of MEC from this study. But abuse of MEC and long-term using caused about salt accumulation in soil.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.45 no.6
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• pp.1032-1036
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• 2012

A bulking agent is an essential material for composting of high-moisture livestock manure such as pig slurry. Sawdust has been used as the most popular bulking agent but resources are limited in Korea. In this study, the feasibility of rice hull as a bulking agent was examined for composting of solid pig manure. The solid pig manure was mixed with 15% sawdust (PM+SD15), 15% rice hull (PM+RH15), 10% sawdust and 5% rice hull (PM+SD10+RH5), and 5% sawdust and 10% rice hull (PM+SD5+RH10) based on fresh weight. These mixtures were composted for 35 days. The average temperature of the composting file for 35 days was higher in PM+SD10+RH5 and PM+SD5+RH10 than in PM+SD15 and PM+RH15. The mass loss of PM+SD10+RH5 and PM+SD5+RH10 were 36.7 and 36.4%, respectively, which were higher than that of PM+SD15 and PM+RH15. After composting, organic matter content and organic matter/nitrogen ratio in all treatments met the official standards of commercial fertilizers. We concluded that rice hull may be a good bulking agent for pig manure composting when it is used in mixture with sawdust.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.44 no.6
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• pp.1220-1225
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• 2011

Anaerobic decomposition of organic materials in flooded rice fields produces methane ($CH_4$) gas, which escapes to the atmosphere primarily by transport through organs of the rice plants such as arenchyma etc., Although the annual amount of methane emitted from a given area is influenced by cultivation periods of rice and organic/inorganic amendments etc., soil type also affects methane emission from paddy soil during a rice cultivation. A field experiment was conducted to evaluate effects of soil type on $CH_4$ emission in two paddy soils. One is a red-yellow soil classified as a Hwadong series (fine, mixed, mesic family of Aquic Hapludalfs), and the other is a gley soil classified as a Shinheung series (fine loamy, mixed, nonacid, mesic family of Aeric Fluvaquentic Endoaquepts). During a flooded periods, redox potentials of red-yellow soil were significantly higher than gley soil. $CH_4$ emission in red-yellow soil ($0.21kg\;ha^{-1}\;day^{-1}$) was lower than that in gley soil ($5.25kg\;ha^{-1}\;day^{-1}$). In the condition of different soil types, $CH_4$ emissions were mainly influenced by the content of total free metal oxides in paddy soil. The results strongly imply that iron- or manganese-oxides of well ordered crystalline forms in soil such as goethite and hematite influenced on a $CH_4$ emission, which is crucial role as a $CH_4$ oxidizers in paddy soil during a rice cultivation.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.37 no.3
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• pp.160-165
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• 2018

BACKGROUND: Mixed cropping of legume and grass was effective system in view point of providing organic matter and nitrogen or reducing the nitrogen starvation of following crop. The relation of the change of N and P constituents depending on the cropping types and those effects on the growth and nutrient uptake of the following crop were observed. METHODS AND RESULTS: Three cropping types, hairy vetch mono cropping, barley mono cropping, and mixed cropping of hairy vetch and barley were applied. Soil properties, growth characteristics, and nitrogen production of green manure crops were observed. In additions, the effect of cropping types on the growth pattern of corn as the following crop was observed. In the mixed cropping system, creeping type hairy vetch climbed to the erect type barely for light utilization resulting in improvement of light interception rate and higher LAI (Leaf Area Index) than in mono cropping. Mixed cropping showed higher biomass production and soil nitrogen availability among the cropping types, indicating relatively much more nutrient supply and higher yield production of following crop. CONCLUSION: Mixed cropping showed relatively higher LAI (dry matter) mainly because of intense competition for light utilization usually after flowering stage. Mixed cropping also showed relatively higher yield of corn, the following crop rather than other types, mainly due to the more biomass production potential and higher N and P production ability. Therefore, mixed cropping was adaptable method to reduce or replace chemical fertilizer application for environmentally-friendly agriculture.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.31 no.4
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• pp.460-467
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• 2022

The purpose of this study is to enhance utilization of the waste nutrient solution (WNS) disposed at the hydroponic greenhouse. Several sets of testing were conducted to examine the effects of WNS: (a) a fertilizer effect, (b) soil column leaching, and (c) crop cultivation. The fertilizer effect test was applied in young radish cultivation by examining the growth characteristics of young radish and soil based on inorganic nitrogen according to the soil treatment of the nitrogen fertilizer (NF) and the WNS. The fertilizer effects and crop cultivation test were conducted with five treatments (A-E): A, non-treatment (water); B, 100% of NF; C, 70% of NF + 30% of WNS; D, 50% of NF + 50% of WNS; and E, 30% of NF + 70% of WNS. The soil column leaching test was conducted with three treatments: non-treatment (water), 100% of NF, 50% of WNS + 50% of NF. As a result, the chemical properties of the WNS were pH 6.0, EC 2.4dS·m^-1, total phosphorus (T-P) 28mg·L^-1, ammonium nitrogen (NH₄-N) 5.0mg·L^-1, and nitrate nitrogen (NO₃-N) 301mg·L^-1. The chemical properties of the soil were pH 5.51, EC 0.31dS/m, organic matter 2.08g·kg^-1, NO₃-N 9.64mg·kg^-1, and NH₄-N 3.20mg·kg^-1. The results of fertilizer effects showed that the ratio of 50% or less of NF and 50% or more of WNS was high in young radish growth. There was no statistically significant difference between the soil chemistry in the C-E treatments where WNS was mixed with NF and the B treatment where only NF was applied. As a result of the soil column leaching test, there was no significant difference in the concentrations of NO₃ and NH₄ in the treatment of 100% of NF and 50% of NF + 50% of WNS. The study indicates, if the mixed fertilizer of WNS and NF is applied in the soil cultivation of young radish, it will reduce the use of NF and environmental pollution. This also helps reduce production costs on farmers and increase the yield of young radish.

• Journal of the Korea Organic Resources Recycling Association
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.1-12
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• 1998

To examine the possibility of protein recycling of shaving scraps containing chromium generated from manufacturing process of leather, the optimum hydrolysis conditions and the withdrawal methods of low molecular weight protein for using the liquid fertilizer sources by investigation of solubilities of hydrolyzed protein, inorganic nutrients contents and molecular weight distributions of hydrolyzed protein from shaving scraps treated with mixed alkaline inducing agents and mixed alkaline proteolytic enzymes including MgO were investigated. In hydrolysis of shaving scraps treated with mixed alkaline inducing agents, the solubility of shaving scraps were clearly different with 65~85% according to the sorts of the inducing agents, and the degree of hydrolysis was high in the order of NaOH, $Ca(OH)_2$ and KOH. The average molecular weights of withdrawal hydrolyzed protein were 10, 40 and 80 KD treated with NaOH, $Ca(OH)_2$ and KOH, respectively. And the chromium contents was about 15 ppm. In hydrolysis of shaving scraps treated with mixed alkaline proteolytic enzymes, the bility of shaving scraps were high in the order of alcalase, esperase and savinase. In c of treating 0.5% alcalase, the low molecular weight of hydrolyzed protein could be withdrawn. The solubility of the hydrolyzed protein was about 85%, the average molecular weight of the protein was below 1 KD and chrome content of the protein was below 10 ppm.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.34 no.2
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• pp.105-109
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• 2001

Poorly drained coarse textured paddy soils has harmful substances(e.g. $Fe^{2+}$, $H_2S$, organic acid etc.) due to reduction condition, and lower soil temperature during early stage of rice crop. The roots of the rice plant usually were distributed in the surface layer, and prone to lodged. To solve the problems, the study was carried out in the typical poorly drained, sandy loam textured paddy soils during 1997-1998. Coated urea and urea fertilizers were applied on the surface and whole layer mixed respectively. Yield of the surface fertilization of coated urea had increasing tendency but not significant. Advantages of this experiment was saving of about 30% of nitrogen fertilizer and top dressing labour, which would reduce possibility of water pollution.

• Journal of Animal Environmental Science
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.41-44
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• 2006

Broiler manure has much nutrient that can be used as the organic fertilizer to enhance the fertility of soil. However, if it is used directly without biodegradation of organic materials and destruction of weed seed and harmful bacteria, it can produce the generation of weed and disease of plant. Composting of manure is a biodegradation of organic materials into inorganic materials and humus. To proceed biodegradation of manure effectively and enhance the composting performance, optimum environmental condition for microbial growing should be maintained. Environmental variables which can influence the growing activity of microbes are moisture content, pH, porosity, C/N of the composting materials and oxygen supply quantity. Oxygen and porosity are usually supplied by aeration or mixing of materials. This study was intended to investigate the effect of mixing frequency on the composting performance. Mixing of composting materials was performed by turning the bioreactor up and down by hand without any mechanical energy. The broiler manure was captured from the greenhouse type broiler ham as the compounds of broiler manure and rice-hulls, which were used as the base materials. To compost the compounds of broiler manure and rice-hulls, dairy manure was mixed to get appropriate characteristics of composting material. Composting temperature over $55^{\circ}C$ for killing pathogen and weed seed was maintained for longer period with increase of mixing frequency.