• Journal of the Korea Organic Resources Recycling Association
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.77-85
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• 2020

This study analyzes the effects of mixed fermented organic fertilizer on chinese cabbage growth and soil properties in order to investigate the nutritional effects of organic fertilizers, which are developed as an alternative fertilizer for imported castor oil cake. In this study, four treatments were set up: 100% and 200% rate of nitrogen application (320 kg ha-1 for Chinese cabbage) on mixed fermented organic fertilizer A(FA) and mixed fermented organic fertilizer B(FB), respectively, 100% rates of the mixed expeller cake (MEC) fertilizer, and the untreated control. Results revealed that the growth and yield of Chinese cabbage increased as more fermented organic fertilizer was used. However, while there were no significant differences in growth characteristics between treatments of 100% rate of mixed fermented organic fertilizer and 100% rate of MEC, the impacts on yields resulted similar. The nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) of Chinese cabbage was measured a range of 20-31% depending on the response to treatment. The 100% FA showed the same as NUE and nitrogen absorption with 100% rate of MEC. Regarding soil properties after cultivation, there were no significant differences among the effects of fertilizers in pH, EC, soil organic matter, and available phosphate. However, the content of exchangeable cations(K, Ca, Mg) was higher in areas treated with mixed fermented organic fertilizer than in untreated areas. Furthermore, the bacterial population density in the soil was higher in areas treated with mixed fermented organic fertilizer than in untreated areas and increased as more mixed fermented organic fertilizer was used. There were no significant differences in the population density of actinomycetes and fungi when fertilizer was applied to the soil. These results also show that FA, as a alternative organic fertilizer for imported castor oil cake, has similar nutritional effects as that of MEC. Therefore, further research the appropriate amounts of fertilizer is required to achieve economical and eco-friendly nutrient management.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Culture
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.1-41
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• 1990

To analyze dialy meal of royal meal, studied Bankwa Sang(Fruit Table) were on record Wonheng Ulmyo Jungri Euigwae (1795). Historic book 'Jungri Euigwae' described the king's visit to his father's royal tomb 'Hyun Neung Won', during the domain of Cheung Jo, the 22nd king of Choson Dynasty. The results obtained from this study areas follows. The fruit table, which similar in concept to desert in the west but quite different in service, was prepared for a guest. The table consisted of two kinds of trays, on which serveral kinds of fruit were stacked to a height of between 4 chon (4寸 : about 12 cm) and 1 chuk(1尺 : about 30.3 cm) according to Korean measurement system. The table was decorated with beautiful artificial flowers made of paper and silk. The number of sets to be arranged on the table were different according to the royal status of the eater: 12 sets-25 sets for king's mother, 7 sets-11 sets for the king. Soy sauce mixed with vinegar and pine-nu meal, mustard were ruled out from kind of sets. Kinds of dishes served with a meal generally were noodles (麵), soup (湯), fried fish (煎油花), fried meats and vegetables (花陽灸), slices of raw fish (魚膾), minced raw meat (肉膾), slices of boiled beef (片肉), stew (蒸), rice cake (餠), sweet rice dish (藥飯), patterned savory cake (茶食), fried cake made of wheat flour, honey and oil (藥果), fried glutinous rice cake (强精), various fruits preserved in honey (正果), sugar candies (各色糖), fruits (果物) honey (淸), soy sauce mixed with vinegar and pine-nut meal (醋醬), mustard (莽子).

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Crop Science Conference
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• 2005.04a
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• pp.96-97
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• 2005

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Crop Science Conference
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• 2005.04a
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• pp.94-95
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• 2005

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.49 no.3
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• pp.397-405
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• 2022

Castor oil cake is widely used as a raw material for organic fertilizers (OF) in Korea. Compared to other fertilizer raw materials, it is highly dependent on imports. In terms of replacing raw materials, dehydrated food waste powder (FDP) and castor oil cake have similar nutritional content, and if 30% is replaced, about 20% of the raw material cost can be saved. However, few studies on the effects on crop growth and soil properties when organic fertilizer and dry food waste powder are mixed and applied to the soil have been reported. The effects of an organic fertilizer made by mixing the commercial available organic fertilizer with dehydrated food waste (OF + FDP) on soil properties and the growth of two types of leafy vegetables (lettuce and young radish) were evaluated and compared with the performance of OF. The fresh weights of lettuce and young radish were the highest with OF amendment and stood at 114.3 and 119.0 g·plant^-1, respectively. These were followed by OF + FDP amendment, which produced 103.1 and 109.6 g·plant^-1, respectively. Compared to the control, OF and OF + FDP increased the lettuce fresh weights by about 69% and 52%, respectively, while the fresh weights of the radish were increased by about 223% and 207%, respectively. The soil pH, EC, total carbon content, and organic matter content in OF and OF + FDP increased. The mixture of dehydrated food waste powder and organic fertilizers is expected to improve soil quality and facilitate stable production of crops and contribute to the substitution of imported organic fertilizer raw materials.

• Journal of the Korea Organic Resources Recycling Association
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.49-57
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• 2017

The consumption of KimChi, which Korean are a favorite food, has dramatically increased by changes of life style and waste as by-products in KimChi factory. This study was conducted to evaluate an effect of compost of caster oil cake (COC) mixed with waste from KimChi factory (KWF) and its growth effect of lettuce. Treatments were consisted of 4 treatments as COC compost (60% COC+40% sawdust) as control, control+35% KWF (K-1), control+50% KWF (K-2), and control+65% KWF (K-3). Temperature, pH, O.M. and microbial phase of COC composts blended various ratios of KWF or free were unaffected. It was appeared that nitrogen content of KWF treatments was higher, but the ratio of organic matter and nitrogen was lower than the control. Although KWF treatments were acceptable compost under the guideline of Korean, NaCl content of K-3 was 1.91%, and it was very higher than that of others. In comparison with fresh weight and dry weight of lettuce, K-1 and K-3 were similar to control. These results indicated that the waste from KimChi factory was possible to use the composting raw blended materials below 35% mixtures.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.53 no.4
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• pp.353-358
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• 2008

The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of black polyethylene film mulching and soil conditioners on the growth, yield, and flavonoids biosynthesis of mungbeans. The seedling stand rate, plant height, and pods per plant were 98%, 61 cm, and 15.1, respectively, when the mungbean grown black polyethylene film mulches. They were greater than these results when the without mulches was applied by 13%, 9 cm, and 1.8, respectively. Mungbean grown with black polyethylene film mulches ($243\;kg{\cdot}10a^{-1}$) exhibited 38% more seed yield than without mulches ($176\;kg{\cdot}10a^{-1}$). However, no significant difference in contents of vitexin and isovitexin of mungbeans between with black polyethylene film mulches and without mulches was observed. Among soil conditioners, standard fertilizer+oil cake and standard fertilizer+mineral powders increased number of pods. The standard fertilizer+oil cake showed the highest seed yield (119%) of mungbean when it mixed with standard fertilizers, and followed by mineral powders (115%). The mixed combinations of oil cake or mineral powders also seem to have affected the biosynthesis of vitexin and isovitexin, whose content in mungbeans was significantly more.

• Journal of the Korea Organic Resources Recycling Association
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.27-36
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• 2020

This study investigates the changes in inorganic composition and the microbial counts during the process of fermentation of mixed domestic organic resources for the development of alternatives for imported oil cake, and examines the characteristics of mixed fermentation organic fertilizer (MFOF). The effect of the MFOF on the lettuce growth is investigated in order to evaluate the possibility of replacing the existing mixed oil cake with the MFOF. Six kinds of domestic by-product resources, which are rice bran, distiller's dried grains, sesame meal, fish meal, and spent mushroom substrate, are mixed by mixing ratio and the composition was analyzed during the fermentation process for 90 days under moisture content 30% and sealed condition. During the 90 days of fermentation, the pH change of the MFOF was little, and the moisture content was maintained at 34-35% until the 60^th day of fermentation, and then decreased to 30-31% on the 90^th day. Total nitrogen content remained unchanged during the fermentation period, but total carbon content showed a significant difference on the 21^st day of fermentation. It was confirmed that the content of fertilizer composition (nitrogen, phosphate, and potash) of the MFOF was 8.7% or more, which is suitable for the minimum amount standard of the main nutrients to be contained in the organic fertilizer. During the fermentation process of organic fertilizer, the density of bacteria and actinomycetes increased until 60 days and 30 days, respectively, and thereafter little changes were shown, and fungal population showed an increasing trend. As a result of lettuce cultivation test in the greenhouse by applying the MFOF, the growth and yield were comparable to that of using the existing mixed oil cake fertilizer when 100% was applied based on crop standard nitrogen fertilizer level. The use of mixed fermentation organic fertilizer made with domestic by-product resources can be used for use in farms in the future and is expected to contribute to the stable production of environment friendly agricultural products.

• Journal of the Korea Organic Resources Recycling Association
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• v.31 no.3
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• pp.83-91
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• 2023

This study investigate growth responses of Chinese cabbage and nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) to application of fermented organic fertilizer produced from domestic organic resources for developing alternative materials instead of imported castor oil meal. Two types of fermented fertilizers (Fermented Organic Fertilizer A (OFA) and Fermented Organic Fertilizer B (OFB)) were produced by mixing distillers dried grains 30%, sesame cake 30%, rice bran 20% and fish meal 20% under different fermentation conditions. Treatment consisted of OFA is fermented for 21 days on plastic greenhouse, OFB is fermented for 5 days on 40℃, and MOF (Mixed Organic Fertilizer) is a fertilizer made with castor bean as the main ingredient. OFA, OFB and MOF were applied at the rate of 320 kg N/ha. Chinese cabbages were cultivated from Aug. to Nov. in 2022. Growth and yield of Chinese cabbage were no significant differences among all treatments except control (non-fertilized, NF). However, NUE of Chinese cabbage was higher the fermented fertilizer treatment (OFB: 81.4%, OFA: 79.1%) than the MOF (65.3%). It was observed that urease activity in the fermented fertilizer treatment was significantly higher than the MOF. This result confirmed that fermented fertilizers have similar effect on growth and yield with the MOF and could improve the NUE of crop.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Culture
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• v.11 no.5
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• pp.651-661
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• 1996

Algeria is located at the Mediterranean coast of north Africa, 90% of its population is concentrated in the coastal area which is mainly devoted to agriculture. Highland steppe and vast desert climate have determined its food culture. Long arab domination has influenced food of Algeria which has also undergone certain impact of Spanish, Turkish and French occupation. A variety of agricultural products, vegetables, fruits, spices and herbs have determined cooking method and food combination of Algeria. It use neither pork nor alcohol. Its main food consists of bread made from wheat flour and couscous cooked with semoule, Mechuwi, roast lamb and chorba, mixed soup are also typical foods of this region. For climatic reason lamb and chicken are prefered. Energy efficient method is applied to cooking through using oil for saute and water for boiling. Under european influence, Algerian salad used dressing for leaf vegetables, root and other kind vegetables were boiled. Serving with cake and cookies as dessert may possibly be the influence from the French occupation. The cake and cookie are made of wheat flour or other grain flour and take a specific form to be fried sweet with honey. Herbs and spices are widely used in cooking which are easily cultivated in household: mint, basil, rosemary, bayleaf, thyme, sage, fennel, marjoram, coriander, celery. Garlic, onion, piment, red pepper, cinammon are also widely used in an ordinary cooking. Reasonable food combination and economic cooking method could be subject of Algerian food study.