• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
• /
• 제15권4호
• /
• pp.903-908
• /
• 2005

Inoculation of the carrier-based mixed bioinoculants af N-fixer (Azospirillum lipoferum strain Az204/Rhizobium strain BMBS P47) and phosphate-solubilizing bacterium (Bacillus megaterium var phosphaticum strain Pb 1) promoted growth and yield of pearl millet and blackgram under pot-culture conditions. The mixed inoculant of Az204 and Pb 1 enhanced germination, seedling vigor, plant height, and seed weight, and resulted in $6\%$ increase in grain yield of pearl millet. Likewise, the mixed inoculant of BMBS P47 and Pb1 increased growth, nodulation, and yield in blackgram. The rhizosphere soil enzyme activities, including nitrogenase, urease, and phosphatase, in both pearl millet and blackgram were significantly increased by the inoculation of the mixed inoculant, compared to that of the individual inoculants. The results clearly indicate the beneficial effect of co-culturing the N-fixer and P-solubilizer in inoculants production.

• Animal Bioscience
• /
• 제36권5호
• /
• pp.720-730
• /
• 2023

Objective: This study investigated the effects of corn silage as a source of microbial inoculant containing antifungal and carboxylesterase-producing bacteria on fermentation, aerobic stability, and nutrient digestibility of fermented total mixed ration (FTMR) with different energy levels. Methods: Corn silage was used as a bacterial source by ensiling for 72 d with an inoculant mixture of Lactobacillus brevis 5M2 and L. buchneri 6M1 at a 1:1 ratio. The corn silage without or with inoculant (CON vs MIX) was mixed with the other ingredients to formulate for low and high energy diets (LOW vs HIGH) for Hanwoo steers. All diets were ensiled into 20 L mini silo (5 kg) for 40 d in quadruplicate. Results: The MIX diets had lower (p<0.05) acid detergent fiber with higher (p<0.05) in vitro digestibilities of dry matter and neutral detergent fiber compared to the CON diets. In terms of fermentation characteristics, the MIX diets had higher (p<0.05) acetate than the CON diets. The MIX diets had extended (p<0.05) lactic acid bacteria growth at 4 to 7 d of aerobic exposure and showed lower (p<0.05) yeast growth at 7 d of aerobic exposure than the CON diets. In terms of rumen fermentation, the MIX diets had higher (p<0.05) total fermentable fraction and total volatile fatty acid, with lower (p<0.05) pH than those of CON diets. The interaction (p = 0.036) between inoculant and diet level was only found in the immediately fermentable fraction, which inoculant was only effective on LOW diets. Conclusion: Application of corn silage with inoculant on FTMR presented an antifungal effect by inhibiting yeast at aerobic exposure and a carboxylesterase effect by improving nutrient digestibility. It also indicated that fermented feedstuffs could be used as microbial source for FTMR. Generally, the interaction between inoculant and diet level had less effect on this FTMR study.

• 한국환경과학회지
• /
• 제27권5호
• /
• pp.333-340
• /
• 2018

This study aimed to estimate the effect of inoculant application level on chemical composition and bacterial count of fermented chestnut meal (FCM), and its rumen fermentation characteristics. The inoculant contained Lactobacillus acidophilus ($1.2{\times}10^{10}cfu/g$), Bacillus subtilis ($2.1{\times}10^{10}cfu/g$), and Saccharomyces cerevisiae ($2.3{\times}10^{10}cfu/g$). The chestnut meal mixed with molasses, double distilled water, and inoculant at 1 kg, 3 g, 480 mL, and 20 mL ratio for the basal chestnut meal diet. The double distilled water from basal chestnut meal diet was substituted with bacterial inoculant at a level of 0 (Control), 20 (Medium), and 40 mL (High) in the experimental diets. The mixed experimental diets were incubated at $39^{\circ}C$ for 7, 14, and 21 days, respectively. On 7 days of FCM incubation, the contents of crude protein (CP) (quadratic, P=0.043) and neutral detergent fiber (quadratic, P=0.071) decreased by increases of inoculant application levels, whereas bacterial count (quadratic, P=0.065) and rumen $NH_3-N$ (linear, P=0.063) increased. By increases of inoculant application levels on 14 days of FCM incubation, the increases were found on dry matter (DM) (quadratic, P=0.085), CP (quadratic, P=0.059), acid detergent fiber (quadratic, P=0.056), in vitro DM digestibility (linear, P=0.002), rumen total volatile fatty acid (VFA) (linear, P=0.057), and rumen iso-butyrate (linear, P=0.054). However, the decreases were found on bacterial count (linear, P=0.002), propionate (linear, P=0.099), and butyrate (quadratic, P=0.082). On 21 days of FCM incubation, in vitro DM digestibility (linear, P=0.002) and total VFA (linear, P=0.001) increased by increases of inoculant application levels, whereas the contents of CP (quadratic, P=0.034) and neutral detergent fiber (quadratic, P=0.047) decreased. These results indicate that the FCM with a medium level of inoculant application and 14 of fermentation had beneficial effects by increasing DM digestibility and rumen total VFA content, without altering bacterial count.

• 한국초지조사료학회지
• /
• 제39권3호
• /
• pp.132-140
• /
• 2019

Fermented total mixed ration (TMR) is a novel feed for ruminants in South Korea. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) on the quality of TMR and in vitro ruminal fermentation. Strains of three LAB spp. (Lactobacillus plantarum, L. brevis, L. mucosae) were used in fermentation of TMR. Inoculations with the three LAB spp. lowered pH and increased concentrations of lactic acid, acetic acid, and total organic acid compared to non-LAB inoculated control (only addition of an equivalent amount of water) (p<0.05). Bacterial composition indicated that aerobic bacteria and LAB were higher. However, E. coli were lower in the fermented TMR than those in the control treatment (p<0.05). Among the treatments, L. brevis treatment had the highest concentration of total organic acid without fungus detection. Gas production, pH, and ammonia-nitrogen during ruminal in vitro incubation did not differ throughout incubation. However, ruminal total VFA concentration was higher (p<0.05) in the LAB spp. treatments than the control treatment at 48 hours. Overall, the use of L. brevis as an inoculant for fermentation of high moisture. TMR could inhibit fungi growth and promote lactic fermentation, and enhance digestion in the rumen.

• 한국초지조사료학회지
• /
• 제40권3호
• /
• pp.131-137
• /
• 2020

The present study investigated effects of antifungal and carboxylesterase inoculant on rumen fermentation with different rumen pH. Corn silage was treated without inoculant (CON) and with a mixed Lactobacillus brevis 5M2 and L. buchneri 6M1 (MIX). Rumen fluid was collected from two cannulated Hanwoo heifers before morning feeding (high rumen pH at 6.70) and 3 h after feeding (low rumen pH at 6.20). Dried corn silage was incubated in the rumen buffer (rumen fluid + anaerobic culture medium at 1:2 ratio) for 48 h at 39℃. Eight replications for each treatment were used along with two blanks. Both in a high and a low rumen pH, MIX silages presented higher (p<0.05) the immediately degradable fraction, the potentially degradable fraction, total degradable fraction, and total volatile fatty acid (VFA) than those of CON silages. Incubated corn silages in a low rumen pH presented lower (p<0.05) total degradable fraction, ammonia-N, total VFA (p=0.061), and other VFA profiles except acetate and propionate, than those in a high rumen pH. The present study concluded that application of antifungal and carboxylesterase inoculant on corn silage could improve degradation kinetics and fermentation indices in the rumen with high and low pH conditions.

• 한국토양비료학회지
• /
• 제26권4호
• /
• pp.265-270
• /
• 1993

우리나라 토양에서 분리(分離)된 수종(數種) YCK균주(菌株)의 경합여건(競合與件)에 따른 공중실소고정(空中室素固定) 즉 공생효과(共生效果) 변화양상을 조사코자, 우리나라 장백(長白)콩과 미국(美國)의 Clark콩에 대하여 YCK균주(菌株)를 단독(單獨) 및 USDA균주(菌株)와 혼합접종(混合接種)한 결과는 다음과 같았다. 1. YCK균주(菌株)들은 단독접종시(單獨接種時) 보다 USDA균주(菌株) 특히 USDA 110균주(菌株)와 혼합접종(混合接種)했을 때 공생효과(共生效果)의 증가 경향을 보였다. 2. YCK균주(菌株)와 USDA균주(菌株)의 혼합접종(混合接種) 조합별(組合別) 공생효과(共生效果) 경향은 대두품종에 따라 상이하였다. 3. YCK균주(菌株)들은 근류형성경함력(根瘤形成競含力)에 있어서 USDA110균주(菌株)보다 우수하였으나 USDA 127균주(菌株)보다는 저조하였다. 4. 공시(供試)된 YCK균주중(菌株中) 우리나라 장백(長白)콩에서 공생효과(共生效果)가 우수하였던 것은 단독접종시(單獨接種時) YCK 213, YCK균주(菌株)와 혼합접종시(混合接種時)는 YCK 141균주(菌株)였다 5. YCK균주(菌株)들는 USDA 123균주(菌株)와 혼합접종(混合接種)했을 때 근류형성상(根瘤形成上)의 길항작용(拮抗作用)을 보였다.

• 한국초지조사료학회지
• /
• 제27권3호
• /
• pp.197-208
• /
• 2007

본 연구의 목적은 TMR 제조 시 물을 첨가하여 수분 함량을 높여줄 경우 수분 함량(15, 35, 50%)과 발효제(Lactobacillus plantarum) 첨가유무에 따라 저장방법(자연노출과 밀봉보관) 경과시간별(자연노출 : 0, 6, 12, 24, 48, 72시간, 밀봉보관 : 0, 2, 6, 10, 14, 18일) 사료가치 변화를 조사할 목적으로 실시하였으며 그 결과는 다음과 같다. 자연노출 상태로 저장한 경우, 수분 함량이 적을수록 외관상태가 양호하였으며 수분 함량이 높을수록 곰팡이가 생기는 시기가 빨라짐을 알 수 있었다. 시료의 냄새도 수분함량별, 발효제 첨가유무별로 달랐는데 물만 첨가하여 수분 함량을 35%와 50%로 맞춘 시료는 자연노출 24시간째에 시큼한 냄새가 나기 시작하였으나 같은 수분 함량의 시료에 발효제를 첨가한 시료에서는 발효에 의한 냄새로 시큼한 냄새가 나지 않았고 오히려 발효로 인해 향긋한 냄새가 났다. 발효제를 첨가하지 않은 시료에서는 자연노출 후 6시간이 경과하면서 지속적으로 내부온도가 상승하는 경향을 나타내고 있으며, 발효제를 첨가한 수분 함량 50% 시료에서는 자연노출 6시간부터 지속적으로 온도가 상승하는 경향을 나타낸 반면, 발효제를 첨가한 수분 35% 시료는 자연노출 48시간부터 온도가 급격히 상승함을 보이고 있다. 발효제를 첨가한 시료를 자연노출 시 수분 함량에 따른 경과시간별 pH 변화를 보면, 수분 15%에서는 경과시간에 따른 변화가 적었으나 수분 35%와 50% 시료는 각각 12시간째와 24시간째부터 pH가 급격하게 증가 하였다. 자연노출 시 같은 수분 함량의 TMR 시료에서 발효제를 첨가한 것은 6시간까지는 암모니아 발생이 낮아지다가 6시간 이후부터 암모니아 농도가 증가하는 경향을 나타낸 반면, 발효제를 첨가하지 않은 것은 12시간 이후에 암모니아 농도가 증가하는 경향을 나타내었다. 자연노출 시 영양소 함량 변화는 경과시간이 진행됨에 따라 수분의 증발로 인해 영양소 함량이 증가하는 경향을 나타내었으며, 밀봉보관 시에도 같은 경향을 나타내었다. 이상과 같은 결과를 종합해 보면, TMR 제조 시 수분함량을 조절하기 위하여 물을 첨가시킬 때 물만 첨가하는 것보다는 물에 발효제(Lactobacillus plantarum)를 섞어 주는 것이 경과시간에 따른 TMR의 사료가치 저하를 방지할 수가 있을 것으로 사료되었다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• 제26권2호
• /
• pp.195-201
• /
• 2013

A lab-scale ensiling study was carried out to investigate the fermentation quality of water hyacinth (WH) supplemented with molasses, rice bran, as an absorbent, and an inoculant in the form of fermented vegetable juice and their combinations. After wilting the water hyacinths for 7 h to a dry matter (DM) content of 240 to 250 g/kg, the following treatments were applied: i) Control (C), WH only; ii) WH with sugarcane molasses at 40 g/kg WH (CM); iii) WH inoculated with fermented vegetable juice at 10 ml/kg WH (CI); iv) CM and CI (CMI) combined; v) WH with 150 g rice bran/kg WH (CA); vi) CA and CI combined (CAI); vii) CA and CM combined (CAM); and viii) CA, CM and CI combined (CAMI). After application of additives, the differently treated forages were mixed and ensiled in triplicates in 1,500-ml polyethylene jars. After ensiling for 3 d, pH values in all treatments, except C and CI, had decreased to approximately 4.0 and remained low till 14 d. After 56 d, pH had increased between 0.4 to 0.9 pH-units compared to those at 14 d. The ammonia nitrogen ($NH_3$-N) concentration ranged from an acceptable level in treatment CM (8 g/kg N) to a high $NH_3$-N value in treatment CMI (16 g/kg N). Lactic acid formation was higher in CI than in all other treatments. Butyric acid contents, which indicate badly fermented silages, were low in all silages (<2 g/kg DM). There were two-way interactions (p-values from <0.001 to 0.045) for almost all fermentation end-products and pH, except for the molasses${\times}$inoculant interaction on $NH_3$-N (p = 0.26). Significant 3-way interactions were found on all observed variables except for weight losses of silages. It is concluded that conserving wilted WH as silage for ruminants may be improved by the addition of molasses or rice bran.

• 한국초지조사료학회지
• /
• 제44권1호
• /
• pp.50-57
• /
• 2024

Silage inoculants, crucial in modern silage production, comprise beneficial microorganisms, primarily lactic acid bacteria (LAB), strategically applied to forage material during ensiling. This study aimed to compare the effectiveness of various inoculants produced by different companies. Five treatments were evaluated, including a control group: T1 (Lactobacillus plantarum), T2 (Lactobacillus plantarum + Pediococcus pentosaceus), T3 (Lactobacillus plantarum + Pediococcus pentosaceus + Lactobacillus buchneri), T4 (Lactobacillus plantarum + Lactobacillus acidophilus + Lactobacillus bulgaricus), and T5 (Lactobacillus plantarum + Pediococcus pentosaceus + Enterococcus faecium). Italian ryegrass was harvested at the heading stage and treated with these silage inoculants. Samples were collected over a 60-day ensiling period. Co-inoculation with L. plantarum and P. pentosaceus (T2) resulted in significantly higher CP compared to the control group co-inoculation exhibited with resulted in Lactobacillus plantarum and Pediococcus pentosaceus in the T2 treatment exhibited higher CP content of 106.35 g/kg dry matter (DM). The T3 treatment, which included heterofermentative bacterial strains such as Lactobacillus buchneri, exhibited an increase in acetic acid concentration (11.15 g/kg DM). In the T4 treatment group, which utilized a mixed culture of Lactobacillus acidophilus and Lactobacillus bulgaricus, the NH₃-N/TN content was observed to be the lowest (20.52 g/kg DM). The T5 containing Enterococcus faecium had the highest RFV (123) after 60 days. Expanding upon these findings, the study underscores not only the beneficial effects of particular inoculant treatments on silage quality but also underscores the potential of customized inoculation strategies in maximizing nutrient retention and overall silage preservation.

• Animal Bioscience
• /
• 제35권9호
• /
• pp.1379-1389
• /
• 2022

Objective: This study identified the major lactic acid bacteria (LAB) strains from different fermented total mixed rations (FTMRs) via metataxonomic analysis and evaluated the ability of their standard strain as ensiling inoculants for corn stover silage. Methods: The bacterial composition of eight FTMRs were analyzed by 16S rDNA sequencing. Corn stover was ensiled without LAB inoculation (control) or with 1×10⁶ cfu/g LAB standard strain (Lactobacillus vaginalis, Lactobacillus reuteri, Lactobacillus helveticus, or Lactobacillus paralimentarius) selected from the FTMRs or 10 g/t commercial silage inoculant (CSI) around 25℃ for 56 days. For each inoculation, a portion of the silage was sampled to analyze ensiling characteristics at time intervals of 0, 1, 3, 7, 14, 28, and 56 days, gas production (GP), microbial crude protein and volatile fatty acids as the measurements of rumen fermentation characteristics were evaluated in vitro with the silages of 56 days after 72 h incubation. Results: Lactobacillus covered >85% relative abundance of all FTMRs, in which L. pontis, L. vaginalis, L. reuteri, L. helveticus, and L. paralimentarius showed >4% in specific FTMRs. CSI, L. helveticus, and L. paralimentarius accelerated the decline of silage pH. Silage inoculated with L. paralimentarius and CSI produced more lactic acid the early 14 days. Silage inoculated with L. paralimentarius produced less acetic acid and butyric acid. For the in vitro rumen fermentation, silage inoculated with CSI produced more potential GP, isobutyric acid, and isovaleric acid; silage inoculated with L. helveticus produced more potential GP and isovaleric acid, silage inoculated with L. paralimentarius or L. reuteri produced more potential GP only. Conclusion: The standard strain L. paralimentarius (DSM 13238) is a promising ensiling inoculant for corn stover silage. The findings provide clues on strategies to select LAB to improve the quality of silage.