• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제32권11호
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• pp.1705-1714
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• 2019

Objective: Reducing roughage feeding without negatively affecting rumen health is of interest in ruminant nutrition. We investigated the effects of roughage sources and concentrate types on growth performance, ruminal fermentation, and blood metabolite levels in growing cattle. Methods: In this 24-week trial, 24 Hanwoo cattle ($224{\pm}24.7kg$) were fed similar nitrous and energy levels of total mixed ration formulated using two kinds of roughage (timothy hay and ryegrass straw) and two types of concentrate mixes (high starch [HS] and high fiber [HF]). The treatments were arranged in a $2{\times}2$ factorial, consisting of 32% timothy-68% HS, 24% timothy-76% HF, 24% ryegrass-76% HS, and 17% ryegrass-83% HF. Daily feed intakes were measured. Every four weeks, blood were sampled, and body weight was measured before morning feeding. Every eight weeks, rumen fluid was collected using a stomach tube over five consecutive days. Results: The mean dry matter intake (7.33 kg) and average daily gain (1,033 g) did not differ among treatments. However, significant interactions between roughage source and concentrate type were observed for the rumen and blood parameters (p<0.05). Total volatile fatty acid concentration was highest (p<0.05) in timothy-HF-fed calves. With ryegrass as the roughage source, decreasing the roughage inclusion rate increased the molar proportion of propionate and decreased the acetate-to-propionate ratio; the opposite was observed with timothy as the roughage source. Similarly, the effects of concentrate types on plasma total protein, alanine transaminase, Ca, inorganic P, total cholesterol, triglycerides, and creatinine concentrations differed with roughage source (p<0.05). Conclusion: Decreasing the dietary roughage inclusion rate by replacing forage neutral detergent fiber with that from non-roughage fiber source might be a feasible feeding practice in growing cattle. A combination of low-quality roughage with a high fiber concentrate might be economically beneficial.

• 한국초지조사료학회지
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• 제38권4호
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• pp.260-265
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• 2018

TMR 급여와 분리급여가 반추위 메탄발생량 변화에 미치는 효과를 연구한 사례가 많지 않다. 본 실험은 1일 실험사료를 체중의 1.8%(실험 1) 그리고 2.4%(실험 2) 수준에서 급여하면서 triplicated $2{\times}2$ Latin square design을 이용하여 실험을 수행하였다. 각 실험에는 6마리의 Holstein steer를 이용하였고 2개의 군으로 나누어 각각 TMR 급여 또는 분리급여를 하였다. 공시 사료의 농후사료와 조사료 비율은 73% 그리고 27%이었다. 두 실험 모두 사료급여 방식 간의 1일 메탄발생량 차이가 없었다. 현재까지 보고된 국내 연구와 본 연구에서 얻어진 개체 별 1일 건물섭취량과 1일 메탄발생량과의 관계를 분석한 결과, 메탄발생량 $(g/d)=11.5({\pm}1.3){\times}$ 건물섭취량(kg/d) + 14.2, $R^2=0.73$, p<0.001의 회귀식을 유도하였다.

• Animal Bioscience
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• 제35권2호
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• pp.217-223
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• 2022

Objective: The aim of this study was to determine the effects of feeding starch sugar byproducts (SSBs) on in situ disappearance rate, performance, and carcass characteristics of Hanwoo steers in the late finishing stage. Methods: To determine the in situ disappearance rate, nylon bags filled with 5 g of SSB were inserted into the ventral sac of two cannulated Holsteins cows and incubated for 0, 2, 4, 8, 16, 24, and 48 h. A total of 30 Hanwoo steers were fed the experimental diets, which were basal diet (control) and 7% SSB on an as-fed basis (4.35% dry matter [DM]), formulated according to requirements of the Korean Feeding Standard for Hanwoo. The experiment was conducted over 80 days using a completely randomized block design. Results: Soluble fraction a of DM and organic matter (OM) was 44.20% and 64.60% DM, fraction b was 23.00% and 19.40% DM, and c values (the rate of degradation of fraction b) were 0.04 and 0.04/h, respectively. The effective degradability of DM at rumen solid outflow rates of 0.02, 0.05, and 0.08/h was 59.83, 54.75, and 52.16, respectively, and for OM was 77.78, 73.52, and 71.34, respectively. Initial and final body weight, average daily gain, DM intake, and gain:feed did not differ significantly between control and SSB groups during the entire experimental period. Carcass traits of Hanwoo steers with SSB supplementation were not significantly different between treatments except for dressing percentage, which was greater with SSB treatment. The content of saturated fatty acid (SFA) was greater and that of unsaturated fatty acids (UFA) was lower in the SSB group than in the control group. The ratio of UFA to SFA was significantly lower in the SSB group than in the control group. Conclusion: A total mixed ration containing less than 4.0% DM of SSBs can be used in Hanwoo steers without a decrease in productivity and carcass traits.

• Animal Bioscience
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• 제36권11호
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• pp.1666-1684
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• 2023

Objective: Our objective was to examine the relationships of supplemental rumen-protected lysine (RPL) or lysine + methionine (RPLM) on lactational performance, plasma amino acids (AA) concentration, and nitrogen use efficiency of lactating dairy cows by using a meta-analysis approach. Methods: A total of 56 articles comprising 77 experiments with either RPL or RPLM supplementation were selected and analyzed using a mixed model methodology by considering the treatments and other potential covariates as fixed effects and different experiments as random effects. Results: In early lactating cows, milk yield was linearly increased by RPL (β₁ = 0.013; p<0.001) and RPLM (β₁ = 0.014; p<0.028) but 3.5% fat-corrected milk (FCM) and energy-corrected milk (ECM) (kg/d) was increased by only RPL. RPL and RPLM did not affect dry matter intake (DMI) but positively increased (p<0.05) dairy efficiency (Milk yield/DMI and ECM/DMI). As a percentage, milk fat, protein, and lactose were unchanged by RPL or RPLM but the yield of all components was increased (p<0.05) by feeding RPL while only milk protein was increased by feeding RPLM. Plasma Lys concentration was linearly increased (p<0.05) with increasing supplemental RPL while plasma Met increased (p<0.05) by RPLM supplementation. The increase in plasma Lys had a strong linear relationship (R² = 0.693 in the RPL dataset and R² = 0.769 in the RPLM dataset) on milk protein synthesis (g/d) during early lactation. Nitrogen metabolism parameters were not affected by feeding RPL or RPLM, either top-dress or when supplemented to deficient diets. Lactation performance did not differ between AA-deficient or AA-adequate diets in response to RPL or RPLM supplementation. Conclusion: RPL or RPLM showed a positive linear relationship on the lactational performance of dairy cows whereas greater improvement effects were observed during early lactation. Supplementing RPL or RPLM is recommended on deficient-AA diet but not on adequate-AA diet.

• 한국가금학회지
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• 제29권3호
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• pp.195-204
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• 2002

산란계에 대한 오전사료와 오후사료의 영양수준 및 급여방법이 산란능력과 경제성에 미치는 영향을 구명하기 위해 2개의 실험을 실시하였는데, 실험 1에서는 ISA Broun 갈색산란계 384수를 4처리 3반복, 반복당 32수씩을 공시하여 28~38주령에 2주간의 예비사양기간을 거쳐 본 시험 8주간 실시하였다. 대조구(C)는 관행적인 산란계 단일 배합사료를 급여하였고, 시험구들(T1, T2 및 T3)은 고에너지-고단백질-저 Ca의 오전사료와 저에너지-저단백질-고Ca의 오후사료를 별도로 급여하였다. 실험 2는 “ISA Brown” 갈색 산란계 384수를 3처리 4반복, 반복당 32수씩을 공시하여 48 ~ 58주령에 2주간의 예비사양기간을 거쳐 본 시험 8주간 실시하였다. 대조구(C)는 관행적인 산란계 단일 배합사료를 급여하였고, T1은 고에너지-고단백질-저Ca의 오전사료와 저에너지-저단백질-고Ca의 오후사료를 별도로 급여하였고, T2는 오전사료를 분말로 하고 오후사료를 펠렛으로 가공하여 50：50으로 혼합급여 하였다. 실험 1에서 헨데이 산란율과 평균난중 및 1일 1수당사료 섭취량은 대조구와 시험구들(T1-T3)간에 유의적인 차이가 없었다. 1일 1수당 ME, CP 섭취량 및 사료비는 대조구에 비해 시험구들(T1-T3)이 유의적으로 적었고(P<0.05), 시험구들간에는 오후사료의 ME및 CP 수준이 감소하고 Ca수준이 높아질수록 감소하는 경향이 있었다. 산란 개당 및 산란 kg당 사료, ME CP요구량과 사료비도 모두 대조구에 비해 시험구(T1-T3)들이 유의적으로 적었으며(P<0.05), 시험구들 간에는 오후사료의 Ca함량이 대조구에 비해 4배가 많은 73처리가 사료요구량에서 71과 72보다 많았고(P<0.05), 오후사료의 ME와 CP수준이 감소하고 Ca수준이 증가할수록 감소하는 경향을 보였다. 계란의 비중과 난각강도 및 난각후도 등 난각질은 모두 대조구에 비해 시험구(71-73)들이 유의적으로 향상되었고(P<0.05),오후사료의 Ca수준이 증가할수록 향상되는 경향을 보였다. 실험 2에서 헨데이 산란율은 처리간에 유의적인 차이가 없었으나, 평균난중과 1일 1수당 사료섭취량은 대조구에 비해 오전사료와 오후사료의 별도급여구(T1)와 혼합급여구(T2)가 감소하는 경향을 보였다(P<0.05). 1일 1수당 ME, CP섭취량 및 사료비는 모두 대조구에 비해 T1과 T2구가 유의적으로 감소하였고(P<0.05), T1과 T2간에는 유의차가 없었다. 산란 개당 ME와 CP요구량 및 사료비는 모두 대조구에 비해 T1과 T2구가 유의적으로 감소하였으나(P<0.05), 산란kg 당 사료, ME, CP요구량 및 사료비는 모두 처리간에 유의적인 차이가 없었다. 계란의 비중과 난각후도는 대조구에 비해 T1과 T2구가 유의적으로 향상되었고(P<0.05), 난각강도는 처리간에 유의적인 차이가 없었으나, T1과 T2구가 대조구보다 향상되는 경향을 보였다. 본 시험 결과 오전용 사료는 관행적인 산란계 배합사료에서 Ca공급제를 제외한 것을 급여하고, 오후용 사료는 Ca공급제를 3배 첨가한 T2처리로 15:00~16:00시에 교체급여를 하면 사료섭취량 감소와 사료비 절감면에서 바람직할 것으로 사료되며, 고에너지-고단백질-저Ca의 분말사료와 저에너지-저단백질-고Ca의 펠렛사료를 혼합급여하면 산란계의 사료섭취 량과 사료비를 절감할 수 있었으며, 오전사료와 오후사료 별도급여의 번거로움을 피할 수 있는 사양체계로 기대가 되나 보다 더 많은 연구가 필요하다.

• 한국양식학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국양식학회 2003년도 추계학술발표대회 논문요약집
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• pp.145-145
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• 2003

To evaluate the effect of PAHs on fertilization and larval development of the Pacific oyster, Crassostrea gigas via in vivo exposure for 30 days. Conditioned C. gigas adult brood stock was taken from oyster farm in May 2003 and raised in flow through tank at 20-22$^{\circ}C$ with feeding equivalently mixed marine microalgae: Chaetoceros simplex, C. gracilis, Isochrysis galbana and Tetrasemis tetrathele. The oysters were exposed to PAHs cocktail at 200ppb (10 species) until they are fully riped with an untreated group. Motility of sperm, Fertilization and The percent of D-shaped larvae was measured under microscope (Olympus BX-50). Fertilization capability using dry sperm and eggs from both non- and PAHs treated brood stocks was significantly reduced at the treated group (P<0.01). In addition to the origin effect, it was obvious that fertilization of eggs from both group were adversely suppressed in consistent with PAHs level (P<0.01). The percent of D-shaped larvae in treated group was significantly reduced comparing to non-treated. The percent was adversely correlated with PAHs level, which was more significantly reduced in treated group. Therefore, it was obvious that PAHs exposure on the Pacific oyster has adverse affects on the sperm as well as larvae in both maternal and acute source.

• Membrane and Water Treatment
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• 제2권3호
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• pp.147-158
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• 2011

Membrane distillation process was used for desalination of hot (333 K) geothermal water, which was applied in the plant producing heating water. The investigated water contained 120 g salts/$dm^3$, mainly NaCl. The mineral composition was studied using an ion chromatography method. The obtained rejection of solutes was closed to 100%, but the small amounts of $NH_3$ also diffused through the membrane together with water vapour. However, the composition of obtained distillate allowed to use it as a makeup water in the heating water system. The geothermal water under study was concentrated from 120 to 286 g NaCl/$dm^3$. This increase in the solution concentration caused the permeate flux decline by a 10-20%. The geothermal water contained sulphates, which was subjected to two-fold concentration to achieve the concentration 2.4-2.6 g $SO{_4}{^{2-}}/dm^3$ and the sulphates then crystallized in the form of calcium sulphate. As a results, an intensive membranes scaling and the permeate flux decline was observed. The XRD analysis indicated that beside the gypsum also the NaCl crystallites were deposited on the membrane surfaces. The fresh geothermal water dissolved the mixed $CaSO_4$ and NaCl deposit from the membrane surface. This property can be utilized for self-cleaning of MD modules. Using a batch feeding of MD installation, the concentration of geothermal water was carried out over 800 h, without significant performance losses.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제30권6호
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• pp.811-818
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• 2017

Objective: This experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of fungal treated oil palm fronds (FTOPF) on performance, carcass traits, meat quality, and muscle chemical composition. Methods: Eighteen growing crossbred male goats (Thai Native${\times}$Anglo Nubian) with $18.7{\pm}2.0kg$ of initial body weight (BW) were stratified and blocked by BW in a randomized complete block design. Three diets containing 30% of oil palm fronds (OPF) either untreated (UOPF) or treated with Lentinussajor-caju (FTOPF) with or without urea (FTOPFU) were used as roughage sources in total mixed rations (TMRs). The diets were offered ad libitum and weight gain was determined. At the end of the experimental period, the harvest data and carcass characteristics of the goats were recorded, and muscular longissimus dorsi composition was determined. Results: No significant effect of fungal treated (FT) inclusion was observed in any of the feed intake, growth performance, and carcass characteristics. Likewise, no apparent effects on carcass composition and muscle chemical composition were detected in this study, except for hind leg and chump were affected (p<0.05) by FT inclusion. Conclusion: In conclusion, feeding of fungal (Lentinussajor-caju) treated oil palm frond in TMR diet did not affect performance and carcass characteristics in finishing goats.

• Biotechnology and Bioprocess Engineering:BBE
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• 제9권4호
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• pp.326-329
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• 2004

Corynebacterium acetoacidophilum RYU3161 was cultivated in a L-histidine-limited fed-batch culture. To investigate the effect of cell growth on the L-proline production, 5 L fed-batch culture was performed using an exponential feeding rate to obtain the specific growth rates $(\mu)$ of 0.04, 0.06, 0.08, and 0.1 $h_1$. The results show that the highest production of L-proline was obtained at $\mu$ = 0.04 $h_1$. The specific L-proline production rate $(Q_p)$ increased pro-portionally as a function of the specific growth rate, but decreased after it revealed the maxi-mum value at $\mu$ = 0.08 $h_1$. Thus, the highest productivity of L-proline was 1.66 g $L^-^1 h^-^1$ at $\mu$ = 0.08 $h_1$. The results show that the production of L-proline in C. acetoacidophilum RYU3161 has mixed growth-associated characteristics.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제3권1호
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• pp.7-11
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• 1974

Wistar Strain male rats were divided into four different diet groups and the control group was fed on seven percent casein diet (C), the second with a mixture of 80% of rice and 20% of buckwheat (RW), the third with rice only (R), and the fourth with a mixture of rice and buckwheat of equal nitrogen level (RWS). Each diet group consisted of six rats was fed for three weeks by the adlibitum feeding method. The results of the experiment, i, e, the growth gain and change in the level of branch-amino acids in the plasma determined by the micro-bioassay method were as follows. 1. The group C showed the largest growth gain and the rest did in the order of RW group, R group, and RWS group. 2. It was shown that rats fed on diet of higher protein score tend to have higher level of free branch-amino acids in the plasma. 3. Thus, the protein score may be estimated based on the level of the free branch-amino acids in the plasma.