• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.32 no.11
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• pp.1705-1714
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• 2019

Objective: Reducing roughage feeding without negatively affecting rumen health is of interest in ruminant nutrition. We investigated the effects of roughage sources and concentrate types on growth performance, ruminal fermentation, and blood metabolite levels in growing cattle. Methods: In this 24-week trial, 24 Hanwoo cattle ($224{\pm}24.7kg$) were fed similar nitrous and energy levels of total mixed ration formulated using two kinds of roughage (timothy hay and ryegrass straw) and two types of concentrate mixes (high starch [HS] and high fiber [HF]). The treatments were arranged in a $2{\times}2$ factorial, consisting of 32% timothy-68% HS, 24% timothy-76% HF, 24% ryegrass-76% HS, and 17% ryegrass-83% HF. Daily feed intakes were measured. Every four weeks, blood were sampled, and body weight was measured before morning feeding. Every eight weeks, rumen fluid was collected using a stomach tube over five consecutive days. Results: The mean dry matter intake (7.33 kg) and average daily gain (1,033 g) did not differ among treatments. However, significant interactions between roughage source and concentrate type were observed for the rumen and blood parameters (p<0.05). Total volatile fatty acid concentration was highest (p<0.05) in timothy-HF-fed calves. With ryegrass as the roughage source, decreasing the roughage inclusion rate increased the molar proportion of propionate and decreased the acetate-to-propionate ratio; the opposite was observed with timothy as the roughage source. Similarly, the effects of concentrate types on plasma total protein, alanine transaminase, Ca, inorganic P, total cholesterol, triglycerides, and creatinine concentrations differed with roughage source (p<0.05). Conclusion: Decreasing the dietary roughage inclusion rate by replacing forage neutral detergent fiber with that from non-roughage fiber source might be a feasible feeding practice in growing cattle. A combination of low-quality roughage with a high fiber concentrate might be economically beneficial.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.38 no.4
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• pp.260-265
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• 2018

Limited researches are available to demonstrate the effect of TMR (Total Mixed Ration) and SF (Separate feeding) system on ruminal methane production. Two experiments were performed at two different levels of daily feed intake (1.8 and 2.4% of BW) to investigate methane production by using a triplicated $2{\times}2$ Latin square design. Each experiment was conducted using six Holstein steers. Animals were provided either TMR or SF containing 73% concentrate and 27% forage, with the same ration of same ingredients. No differences in daily methane productions (MP) and per dry matter intake (DMI) were observed in both experiments. Relationship for daily methane production on DMI was $MP(g/d)=11.5({\pm}1.3){\times}DMI(kg/d)+14.2$, $R_2=0.73$, p<0.001.

• Animal Bioscience
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• v.35 no.2
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• pp.217-223
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• 2022

Objective: The aim of this study was to determine the effects of feeding starch sugar byproducts (SSBs) on in situ disappearance rate, performance, and carcass characteristics of Hanwoo steers in the late finishing stage. Methods: To determine the in situ disappearance rate, nylon bags filled with 5 g of SSB were inserted into the ventral sac of two cannulated Holsteins cows and incubated for 0, 2, 4, 8, 16, 24, and 48 h. A total of 30 Hanwoo steers were fed the experimental diets, which were basal diet (control) and 7% SSB on an as-fed basis (4.35% dry matter [DM]), formulated according to requirements of the Korean Feeding Standard for Hanwoo. The experiment was conducted over 80 days using a completely randomized block design. Results: Soluble fraction a of DM and organic matter (OM) was 44.20% and 64.60% DM, fraction b was 23.00% and 19.40% DM, and c values (the rate of degradation of fraction b) were 0.04 and 0.04/h, respectively. The effective degradability of DM at rumen solid outflow rates of 0.02, 0.05, and 0.08/h was 59.83, 54.75, and 52.16, respectively, and for OM was 77.78, 73.52, and 71.34, respectively. Initial and final body weight, average daily gain, DM intake, and gain:feed did not differ significantly between control and SSB groups during the entire experimental period. Carcass traits of Hanwoo steers with SSB supplementation were not significantly different between treatments except for dressing percentage, which was greater with SSB treatment. The content of saturated fatty acid (SFA) was greater and that of unsaturated fatty acids (UFA) was lower in the SSB group than in the control group. The ratio of UFA to SFA was significantly lower in the SSB group than in the control group. Conclusion: A total mixed ration containing less than 4.0% DM of SSBs can be used in Hanwoo steers without a decrease in productivity and carcass traits.

• Animal Bioscience
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• v.36 no.11
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• pp.1666-1684
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• 2023

Objective: Our objective was to examine the relationships of supplemental rumen-protected lysine (RPL) or lysine + methionine (RPLM) on lactational performance, plasma amino acids (AA) concentration, and nitrogen use efficiency of lactating dairy cows by using a meta-analysis approach. Methods: A total of 56 articles comprising 77 experiments with either RPL or RPLM supplementation were selected and analyzed using a mixed model methodology by considering the treatments and other potential covariates as fixed effects and different experiments as random effects. Results: In early lactating cows, milk yield was linearly increased by RPL (β₁ = 0.013; p<0.001) and RPLM (β₁ = 0.014; p<0.028) but 3.5% fat-corrected milk (FCM) and energy-corrected milk (ECM) (kg/d) was increased by only RPL. RPL and RPLM did not affect dry matter intake (DMI) but positively increased (p<0.05) dairy efficiency (Milk yield/DMI and ECM/DMI). As a percentage, milk fat, protein, and lactose were unchanged by RPL or RPLM but the yield of all components was increased (p<0.05) by feeding RPL while only milk protein was increased by feeding RPLM. Plasma Lys concentration was linearly increased (p<0.05) with increasing supplemental RPL while plasma Met increased (p<0.05) by RPLM supplementation. The increase in plasma Lys had a strong linear relationship (R² = 0.693 in the RPL dataset and R² = 0.769 in the RPLM dataset) on milk protein synthesis (g/d) during early lactation. Nitrogen metabolism parameters were not affected by feeding RPL or RPLM, either top-dress or when supplemented to deficient diets. Lactation performance did not differ between AA-deficient or AA-adequate diets in response to RPL or RPLM supplementation. Conclusion: RPL or RPLM showed a positive linear relationship on the lactational performance of dairy cows whereas greater improvement effects were observed during early lactation. Supplementing RPL or RPLM is recommended on deficient-AA diet but not on adequate-AA diet.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.195-204
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• 2002

Two experiments were conducted to study the effects of nutrient level and feeding method of split diets for a.m. and p.m. on laying hen performance, feed cost and eggshell quality. In experiment 1, 384 ISA Brown layers of 30∼38wk of age were assigned to four treatments which comprise of three replicates each containing 32 birds. The control(C) was fed a conventional single diet throughout the day and split diet groups(T1, T2 and T3) were offered high energy/protein-low Ca diets, and low energy/protein-high Ca diets in a.m.(04:00∼15:00) and p.m.(15:00∼21:00), respectively. In the split diet groups, daily ME and CP consumption, and feed cost were significantly reduced(P<0.05) compared to the C, while the hen-day egg production, average egg weight and daily feed intake were not different among treatments. Due to the reduced daily ME and CP intakes and feed cost, the conversions of feed, ME, CP and feed cost required per day and per kg egg mass were also significantly improved(P<0.05) in the split diet groups. Eggshell qualities (egg specific gravity, egg breaking strength and eggshell thickness) were improved(P<0.05) by split diet feeding. As the Ca level of the p.m. diet increased. In Experiment 2, 384 ISA Brown layers of 50∼58 wk of age were used in three treatments and each treatment was represented by four replicates each containing 32 birds. The control(C) was fed a conventional single diet throughout the day and split diet group(T1) was offered high energy/protein-low Ca diets, and low energy/protein-high Ca diets in a.m.(04:00∼l5:00) and p.m.(15:00∼21:00), respectively. T2 group was fed the diet mixed (50:50) with the a.m. diets in mash and p.m. diet in pellet used T1 group. In T1 and T2 groups, daily feed intake and average egg weight were significantly reduced(P<0.05) compared to the C, while the hen-day egg production was not influenced by the feeding system. Daily ME and CP consumption, and feed cost were reduced(p.0.05), and the conversions of ME, CP and feed cost required per egg were also significantly improved(P<0.05) in T1 and T2, while the conversions of feed, ME, CP and feed cost required per kg egg mass were not different to the C. Eggshell qualities of T1 and T2 were improved(P<0.05) compared to the others. It was concluded the feed and nutrients consumption, feed cost per day or per kg egg mass could be reduced by introducing split diets for a.m. and p.m. and the feeding method of mixed diet of split diets were also convenient and effective for sparing feed cost and improvement of eggshell quality.

• Proceedings of the Korean Aquaculture Society Conference
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• 2003.10a
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• pp.145-145
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• 2003

To evaluate the effect of PAHs on fertilization and larval development of the Pacific oyster, Crassostrea gigas via in vivo exposure for 30 days. Conditioned C. gigas adult brood stock was taken from oyster farm in May 2003 and raised in flow through tank at 20-22$^{\circ}C$ with feeding equivalently mixed marine microalgae: Chaetoceros simplex, C. gracilis, Isochrysis galbana and Tetrasemis tetrathele. The oysters were exposed to PAHs cocktail at 200ppb (10 species) until they are fully riped with an untreated group. Motility of sperm, Fertilization and The percent of D-shaped larvae was measured under microscope (Olympus BX-50). Fertilization capability using dry sperm and eggs from both non- and PAHs treated brood stocks was significantly reduced at the treated group (P<0.01). In addition to the origin effect, it was obvious that fertilization of eggs from both group were adversely suppressed in consistent with PAHs level (P<0.01). The percent of D-shaped larvae in treated group was significantly reduced comparing to non-treated. The percent was adversely correlated with PAHs level, which was more significantly reduced in treated group. Therefore, it was obvious that PAHs exposure on the Pacific oyster has adverse affects on the sperm as well as larvae in both maternal and acute source.

• Membrane and Water Treatment
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• v.2 no.3
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• pp.147-158
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• 2011

Membrane distillation process was used for desalination of hot (333 K) geothermal water, which was applied in the plant producing heating water. The investigated water contained 120 g salts/$dm^3$, mainly NaCl. The mineral composition was studied using an ion chromatography method. The obtained rejection of solutes was closed to 100%, but the small amounts of $NH_3$ also diffused through the membrane together with water vapour. However, the composition of obtained distillate allowed to use it as a makeup water in the heating water system. The geothermal water under study was concentrated from 120 to 286 g NaCl/$dm^3$. This increase in the solution concentration caused the permeate flux decline by a 10-20%. The geothermal water contained sulphates, which was subjected to two-fold concentration to achieve the concentration 2.4-2.6 g $SO{_4}{^{2-}}/dm^3$ and the sulphates then crystallized in the form of calcium sulphate. As a results, an intensive membranes scaling and the permeate flux decline was observed. The XRD analysis indicated that beside the gypsum also the NaCl crystallites were deposited on the membrane surfaces. The fresh geothermal water dissolved the mixed $CaSO_4$ and NaCl deposit from the membrane surface. This property can be utilized for self-cleaning of MD modules. Using a batch feeding of MD installation, the concentration of geothermal water was carried out over 800 h, without significant performance losses.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.30 no.6
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• pp.811-818
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• 2017

Objective: This experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of fungal treated oil palm fronds (FTOPF) on performance, carcass traits, meat quality, and muscle chemical composition. Methods: Eighteen growing crossbred male goats (Thai Native${\times}$Anglo Nubian) with $18.7{\pm}2.0kg$ of initial body weight (BW) were stratified and blocked by BW in a randomized complete block design. Three diets containing 30% of oil palm fronds (OPF) either untreated (UOPF) or treated with Lentinussajor-caju (FTOPF) with or without urea (FTOPFU) were used as roughage sources in total mixed rations (TMRs). The diets were offered ad libitum and weight gain was determined. At the end of the experimental period, the harvest data and carcass characteristics of the goats were recorded, and muscular longissimus dorsi composition was determined. Results: No significant effect of fungal treated (FT) inclusion was observed in any of the feed intake, growth performance, and carcass characteristics. Likewise, no apparent effects on carcass composition and muscle chemical composition were detected in this study, except for hind leg and chump were affected (p<0.05) by FT inclusion. Conclusion: In conclusion, feeding of fungal (Lentinussajor-caju) treated oil palm frond in TMR diet did not affect performance and carcass characteristics in finishing goats.

• Biotechnology and Bioprocess Engineering:BBE
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• v.9 no.4
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• pp.326-329
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• 2004

Corynebacterium acetoacidophilum RYU3161 was cultivated in a L-histidine-limited fed-batch culture. To investigate the effect of cell growth on the L-proline production, 5 L fed-batch culture was performed using an exponential feeding rate to obtain the specific growth rates $(\mu)$ of 0.04, 0.06, 0.08, and 0.1 $h_1$. The results show that the highest production of L-proline was obtained at $\mu$ = 0.04 $h_1$. The specific L-proline production rate $(Q_p)$ increased pro-portionally as a function of the specific growth rate, but decreased after it revealed the maxi-mum value at $\mu$ = 0.08 $h_1$. Thus, the highest productivity of L-proline was 1.66 g $L^-^1 h^-^1$ at $\mu$ = 0.08 $h_1$. The results show that the production of L-proline in C. acetoacidophilum RYU3161 has mixed growth-associated characteristics.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.7-11
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• 1974

Wistar Strain male rats were divided into four different diet groups and the control group was fed on seven percent casein diet (C), the second with a mixture of 80% of rice and 20% of buckwheat (RW), the third with rice only (R), and the fourth with a mixture of rice and buckwheat of equal nitrogen level (RWS). Each diet group consisted of six rats was fed for three weeks by the adlibitum feeding method. The results of the experiment, i, e, the growth gain and change in the level of branch-amino acids in the plasma determined by the micro-bioassay method were as follows. 1. The group C showed the largest growth gain and the rest did in the order of RW group, R group, and RWS group. 2. It was shown that rats fed on diet of higher protein score tend to have higher level of free branch-amino acids in the plasma. 3. Thus, the protein score may be estimated based on the level of the free branch-amino acids in the plasma.