• 한국안전학회지
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• 제25권6호
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• pp.128-136
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• 2010

In according with concrete structural design standard, it is common designing flexure reinforcement concrete to induce tension failure. So reinforcing ratio is limited to inducing tension failure. And maximum reinforcing ratio is regulated to protecting concrete compression strength caused by over reinforced building. Minimum reinforcing ratio is also limited in designing standard to protecting brittle failure as extremely using less reinforcing bar. But in minimum reinforcing ratio it is extremely conservative or it is sometimes impossible to induce stable tension-failure because they are depending on yield failure and experienced method and concrete designing standard strength. Therefore the purpose of the present paper is to evaluate the flexural behavior of minimum steel ratio of reinforced concrete of beams and to propose the guide-line of equation of minimum steel ratio by performing static flexural test of 16 beams according to size effect, number of steel, yielding stress of steel, and concrete compressive strength which are presumed effective variables. From experimental results, the equation of minimum steel ratio was newly proposed considered size effect.

• Computers and Concrete
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• 제8권4호
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• pp.445-463
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• 2011

In the design of reinforced concrete (RC) beams, apart from providing adequate strength, it is also necessary to provide a minimum deformability even for beams not located in seismic regions. In most RC design codes, this is achieved by restricting the maximum tension steel ratio or neutral axis depth. However, this empirical deemed-to-satisfy method, which was developed based on beams made of normal-strength concrete (NSC) and normal-strength steel (NSS), would not provide a consistent deformability to beams made of high-strength concrete (HSC) and/or high-strength steel (HSS). More critically, HSC beams would have much lower deformability than that provided previously to NSC beams. To ensure that a consistent deformability is provided to all RC beams, it is proposed herein to set an absolute minimum rotation capacity to all RC beams in the design. Based on this requirement, the respective maximum limits of tension steel ratio and neutral axis depth for different concrete and steel yield strengths are derived based on a formula developed by the authors. Finally for incorporation into design codes, simplified guidelines for designing RC beams having the proposed minimum deformability are developed.

• Advances in Computational Design
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• 제3권1호
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• pp.49-69
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• 2018

This paper shows an optimal design for reinforced concrete rectangular combined footings based on a criterion of minimum cost. The classical design method for reinforced concrete rectangular combined footings is: First, a dimension is proposed that should comply with the allowable stresses (Minimum stress should be equal or greater than zero, and maximum stress must be equal or less than the allowable capacity withstand by the soil); subsequently, the effective depth is obtained due to the maximum moment and this effective depth is checked against the bending shear and the punching shear until, it complies with these conditions, and then the steel reinforcement is obtained, but this is not guaranteed that obtained cost is a minimum cost. A numerical experimentation shows the model capability to estimate the minimum cost design of the materials used for a rectangular combined footing that supports two columns under an axial load and moments in two directions at each column in accordance to the building code requirements for structural concrete and commentary (ACI 318S-14). Numerical experimentation is developed by modifying the values of the rectangular combined footing to from "d" (Effective depth), "b" (Short dimension), "a" (Greater dimension), "${\rho}_{P1}$" (Ratio of reinforcement steel under column 1), "${\rho}_{P2}$" (Ratio of reinforcement steel under column 2), "${\rho}_{yLB}$" (Ratio of longitudinal reinforcement steel in the bottom), "${\rho}_{yLT}$" (Ratio of longitudinal reinforcement steel at the top). Results show that the optimal design is more economical and more precise with respect to the classical design. Therefore, the optimal design presented in this paper should be used to obtain the minimum cost design for reinforced concrete rectangular combined footings.

• 한국구조물진단유지관리공학회 논문집
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• 제21권3호
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• pp.35-44
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• 2017

본 연구에서는 국내 콘크리트구조기준(2012)에서 규정하고 있는 최소철근량 이하로 보강된 보에 강섬유를 혼입한 강섬유보강철근콘크리트보의 휨파괴 실험을 수행하였다. 실험변수는 철근비와 강섬유의 혼입량으로 하였다. 철근보강비는 최소철근량의 44%, 66%, 78%와 100%로 하였으며, 강섬유의 혼입량은 0.25%, 0.50%, 0.75% 및 1.00%이다. 실험결과, 강섬유는 균열저항성능을 크게 개선시키는 것으로 확인되었다. 또한, 하중저항성능의 관점에서 강섬유는 항복하중의 증가에 기여하지만 극한하중의 증가에는 거의 기여하지 못하는 것을 확인하였다. 강섬유로 인한 항복하중의 증가량은 철근 감소로 인한 항복하중의 감소량에 비하여 미미한 것으로 나타났다. 최소철근보에서 강섬유의 사용은 오히려 연성을 크게 감소시키는 것으로 확인되었다. 따라서 최소철근 휨부재에 강섬유를 사용하기 위해서는 연성도 확보를 위하여 철근비를 증가시켜야 하는 것으로 확인되었다.

• 한국콘크리트학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국콘크리트학회 2000년도 봄 학술발표회 논문집
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• pp.485-490
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• 2000

This paper describes the application of discretized continuum-type optimality criteria (DCOC) for minimum-cost design of the reinforced concrete frame structures consisting of beams and columns. The cost of construction as objective function which includes the costs of concrete, reinforced steel and formwork is minimized. The design constraints include limits on the maximum deflection at a prescribed node, bending and shear strengths in beams, uniaxial bending strength of columns according to design codes(CEB/FIP, 1990). In the first stage, only beams with uniform cross-sectional parameters per span are considered. But the steel ratio is allowed to vary freely. The cross-sectional parameters and steel ratio in each column are assumed to be uniform for practical reasons. Optimality criteria is given based on the well known Kuhn-Tucker necessary conditions, followed by an iterative procedure for designs when the design variables are the depth and the steel ratio. The versatility of the DCOC technique has been demonstrated by considering numerical examples which have one-bay four-storey frame.

• 콘크리트학회논문집
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• 제27권5호
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• pp.501-510
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• 2015

최근 프리캐스트 콘크리트에 현장타설 콘크리트를 타설하는 복합화 공법의 사용이 증가하고 있다. 강섬유 콘크리트는 습식공법에서는 시공성 문제로 적용이 어렵지만, 공장에서 선 제작이 이뤄지는 프리캐스트 부재에는 충분히 사용 가능하다. 강섬유 콘크리트가 복합화 공법에 사용되면 서로 재료적 특성이 다른 강섬유 콘크리트와 일반 콘크리트 합성단면의 전단강도 산정법이 문제가 되고 있다. 하지만 현행 기준은 명확한 기준을 제시하지 못하고 있는 실정이다. 따라서 강섬유 콘크리트가 사용된 합성 부재의 전단강도 실험을 통해 강섬유 콘크리트가 합성단면의 전단강도에 미치는 영향을 살펴보았다. 실험 변수로는 합성단면적비와 전단철근비를 고려하였다. 실험결과를 살펴보면, 강섬유가 인장대에 보강된 경우 강섬유 보강 단면적에 비례하여 전단강도가 증가하였다. 하지만 강섬유의 영향으로 인해 계면에서 수평전단파괴가 쉽게 발생하기 때문에 최소 수평전단철근이 반드시 필요하다.

• 한국콘크리트학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국콘크리트학회 1999년도 학회창립 10주년 기념 1999년도 가을 학술발표회 논문집
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• pp.517-520
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• 1999

In this study, the problem of strengthening of reinforced concrete (RC) columns by a central steel section with minimum amount is taken up. For this purpose, RC columns with central reinforcing elements such as a steel bar, a steel H section and a steel pipe were taken up. To certify the effect of this way of reinforcing, experimental study using specimens of RC columns of shear span ratio of 2.5 was carried out. The variables which are considered to affect the behavior of RC columns subjected to axial load and cyclic shear load are the magnitude of axial load, tie ratio and main bar ratio. As the results of this study, the effect of a central reinforcing element for making higher the earthquake resistant properties of RC columns were observed.

• Computers and Concrete
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• 제14권3호
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• pp.327-345
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• 2014

This paper presents the application of multi-gene genetic programming (MGP) technique for modeling the bond strength of ribbed steel bars in concrete. In this regard, the experimental data of 264 splice beam tests from different technical papers were used for training, validating and testing the model. Seven basic parameters affecting on the bond strength of steel bars were selected as input parameters. These parameters are diameter, relative rib area and yield strength of steel bar, minimum concrete cover to bar diameter ratio, splice length to bar diameter ratio, concrete compressive strength and transverse reinforcement index. The results show that the proposed MGP model can be alternative approach for predicting the bond strength of ribbed steel bars in concrete. Moreover, the performance of the developed model was compared with the building codes' empirical equations for a complete comparison. The study concludes that the proposed MGP model predicts the bond strength of ribbed steel bars better than the existing building codes' equations. Using the proposed MGP model and building codes' equations, a parametric study was also conducted to investigate the trend of the input variables on the bond strength of ribbed steel bars in concrete.

• 한국콘크리트학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국콘크리트학회 1992년도 가을 학술발표회 논문집
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• pp.82-87
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• 1992

In this thesis, the fatigue tests were performed on a series of SFRC (steel fiber reinforced concrete)to investigate the flexural tensile behavior of SFRC varying with the steel fiber contents and the steel fiber aspect ratios. Beam specimens of 10$\times$10$\times$60cm are used. the specimen series are classified according to the steel fiber contents varying 0.5. 1.0, 1.5%, and to the steel fiber aspect ratios varying 60, 80, 100. The three point loading system was used in the fatigue tests. The minimum value of repeated loading was fixed at 10.0kgf and maximum value was 75% to static ultimate strength for periodically using concrete strain gages located at the lower end of the mid-span, and the stress-strain curves were drawn for each specimens, respectively. From the tests result, it was found that the larger steel fiber content and the smaller the steel fiber aspect ratio is , the tensile strain of SFRC under fatigue load proportionally increases. By the regression analysis on these results, the empirical formulae to predict the tensile strain of SFRC were suggested. In comparison of the tensile elastic modulus under fatigue load, it was also found that the larger steel fiber content and the smaller steel fiber aspect ratio is , the smaller decreasing rate of the stiffness of SFRC under fatigue load decreased.

• 콘크리트학회논문집
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• 제26권2호
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• pp.181-188
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• 2014

이 연구에서는 기존의 가상고정점 모델을 통한 단일 현장타설말뚝 설계를 보완하고자, 등가 지반면 스프링 모델을 바탕으로 한 기둥과 말뚝의 상호작용을 고려한 해석법을 제시하였으며, 이를 토대로 주요 영향인자에 따라 말뚝의 최소철근비 적용성을 분석하였다. 나아가, 기둥과 말뚝 조건을 고려하여 말뚝에 철근비별 적용 가능한 한계깊이를 제안하였다. 이 연구 결과, 기둥-말뚝의 상호작용을 고려한 해석은 가상고정점 모델 해석에서 전체 모델링 해석으로 넘어가는 중간단계의 비교적 정확하고 경제적인 설계법임을 알 수 있었으며, 이 해석법을 통해 최소철근비 적용성을 평가한 결과, 말뚝의 최대 휨모멘트는 말뚝재료의 균열모멘트 이내에서 모두 발생하는 것으로 나타나 말뚝에는 최소철근비(0.4%)를 적용하여도 만족하는 것을 알 수 있었다. 이를 토대로, 현장사례를 통해 철근비별 적용 가능한 한계깊이($L_{As=x%}$)를 제안하였으며, 정규화된 철근비별 적용 가능한 한계깊이 ($L_{As=x%}/L_P$)는 정규화된 말뚝길이($L_P/D_P$)에 따라 선형적으로 감소하여 일정한 값에서 수렴함을 알 수 있었다.