• Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea
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• v.46 no.2
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• pp.159-166
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• 2020

Propolis is a sticky resinous substance that is formed by the combination of honeybee secretions and resin of plants, which serves to protect from bacteria and viruses. This study aims to evaluate the efficacy of propolis extract from Korea (KPE), China (CPE), and Brazil (BPE) through antioxidant, antibacterial, whitening, and anti-inflammatory tests, and to examine their potential as cosmetic materials. KPE, CPE, and BPE showed significant antioxidant activities on flavonoid/polyphenol content and free radical scavenging activity. The antibacterial effect of propolis on skin flora was determined by measuring the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC). KPE showed better antibacterial efficacy than CPE and BPE in C. acnes (KPE, CPE, and BPE: (62.5, 250, and 500) ㎍/mL, respectively). Furthermore, KPE inhibited the melanin synthesis in human epidermal melanocytes and production of nitric oxide and PGE₂ induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in mouse macrophages, which showed better than did CPE or BPE. Taken together, the propolis extracts can be applied to antioxidant, antibacterial, and anti-inflammatory ingredient for cosmetics, while KPE showed superior potential in antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, and whitening efficacies.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.30 no.3
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• pp.172-177
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• 2013

The aim of this study was to evaluate the in vivo and in vitro efficacy of enrofloxacin-silver sulfadiazine (Baytril$^{(R)}$ otic, Bayer, USA) for the treatment of otitis externa in dogs. Twenty-four dogs with otitis externa were included in this double-blinded, randomized study. The experimental group was treated with the Baytril$^{(R)}$ otic and the distilled water was applied to the control group. Both groups were administered each solution twice daily for 7 days and next 7 days off treatment. On days 0, 7 and 14, clinical signs, bacteriological and fungal counts were graded using semi-quantitative scales, respectively. For the evaluation of in vitro efficacy of Baytril$^{(R)}$ otic, we also performed Minimal Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) test by agar dilution method against Staphylococcus pseudintermedius, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Malassezia pachydermatis. In the experimental group, the sum of clinical scores was decreased 81.0% and microbial scores were significantly reduced 87.0% at days 14, compared with day 0. The results of MIC testing were showed the concentration of enrofloxacin and silver sulfadiazine in Baytril$^{(R)}$ otic is high enough to kill for 3 infectious agents. No adverse reactions were observed in any of the dogs during this study. These results suggest that Baytril$^{(R)}$ otic are efficient and safe treatment for canine otitis externa.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.18 no.6
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• pp.389-397
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• 2010

This work was to improve antimicrobial activities of horseradish by encapsulated with edible biopolymers such as lecithin and gelatin since it has been difficult to directly use horseradish extracts into foods and food containers due to its strong and undesirable flavors. It was shown that most of the nanoparticles containing the extracts were well formed in round shape with below 400 nm diameter as well as fairly stable and less odd flavors in various pH ranges by measuring zeta potentials. The encapsulation efficiencies of nanoparticles were estimated as 66.6% and 53.4% for lecithin and gelatin, respectively. Minimal Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) of both nanoparticles against G(+), Listeria monocytogenes and G(-), Salmonella typhimurium were also measured as 79 ppm based on AIT concentrations in the extracts, whose activities were about 65% higher than the case of adding crude extract. It was also found that the nanoparticles efficiently penetrated into the cell membrane and started to destruct the cells after 6 hours cultivation under Transmision Electron Microscopy observation. These results prove that the nano-encapsulation of the horseradish extracts can be employed to directly treat into the foods and food containers for antimicrobial purposes with the aids of aerosolization system, by using small amounts of the extracts and having less flavors due to masking effects of nanoparticles.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.35 no.8
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• pp.973-978
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• 2006

This study was conducted to investigate the solubility, antioxidative and antimicrobial activity of the freeze dried chitosan-ascorbate (CAs) and chitosan-acetate (CAc). In the results of solubility, CAs was soluble over 0.5% in distilled water, vinegar, green tea, soju (distilled liquor), beer and red wine, while it was not soluble in soy sauce, soy milk, milk, orange juice, coffee, sesame oil, soy milk and soybean oil. The solubility of CAc in the liquid foods was similar to those of CAs, but it was soluble less than 0.1% in beer, and formed curd in red wine. Electron donating activity, antioxidative activity and SOD activity of CAs were 48.2, 90.6 and 67.5%, respectively, while the activities of the CAc were 0, 40.0 and 10.0%, respectively. The minimal inhibitory concentrations of CAs and CAc were $200\;{\mu}g/disc$ against Bacillus circulans, Bacillus brevis, Bacillus licheniformis, Bacillus arabitane and Bacillus sterothermophillus, $400\;{\mu}g/disc$ against Escherichia coli O157, Listeria monocytogenous, Bacillus cereus and Bacillus subtilis. There was no significant difference in Hunter's L* value between CAs and CAc $(81.95{\sim}82.97)$, but Hunter's a* and b* values of the CAs was higher than those of CAc. While sour and bitter tastes of CAs were lower than those of CAc, there was no significant difference in astringent taste. From these results, it suggested that CAs has more extensive utility in liquid foods with antimicrobial and antioxidant activity as well as sensory quality compared to CAc.

• Biomedical Science Letters
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.135-145
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• 1999

A total of 45 Staphylococcus aureus strains from clinical samples were tested for the biochemical test and antibiotic susceptibility test. Forty-five S. aureus strains were subjected to the molecular epidemiological study by susceptiblity test, antibiogram, bacteriophage typing, polymerase chain reaction and mec-associated hypervariable region gene in order to detect of mecA gene which was one of the structural gene related to antibiotic resistant expression factors. Three of 15 mecA-negative S. aureus isolates were classified as oxacillin resistant despite borderline minimal inhibitory concentration values. Methicillin susceptiblities were completely consistent with PCR results for these strains. On the other hand, 4 of 30 mecA-positive isolates yielded results in the oxacillin and methicillin susceptibility tests which were discrepant from those of PCR analysis. Except for SA6, the methicillin resistant S. aureus strains tested were highly resistant to penicillin, oxacillin, gentamicin, and chloramphenicol. In the phage typing, 27 strains were typable. The Iytic group III was as many as 12 strains, and 7 of 12 were 75/83A/84 type. In the PCR of specific mecA gene probe with chromosomal DNA of 30 methicillin resistant S. aureus, the amplified DNA band of 533 bp was confirmed in 30 strains and not in methicillin sensitive S. aureus. The single amplified band of hypervariable region related to mec was investigated in all of 30 methicillin resistant S. aureus, but in methicillin sensitive S. aureus it was amplified. The size of PCR products was between 200 bp and 600 Up. Four units was directly repeated.

• Journal of Yeungnam Medical Science
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.53-62
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• 1991

Experiments were performed in mice(Balb/C) to support the basic efficacy of the human immunoglobulin (IgG) preparation. The antibacterial activity of IgG purified from human sera was examined with or without the quinolone agent, ciprofloxacin(CPFX), against Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolated from clinical specimens. Results were as follows: Antibacterial activities in terms of the percentage of survivors, after administration of Ps. aeruginosa into mouse intraperitoneal cavity were in the following order, single IgG group, CPFX administration after IgG pretreatment group, IgG and CPFX combined administration group and CPFX alone group. The number of living bacteria was monitored in blood and liver tissue of mice infected with Ps. aeriginosa and treated by IgG administration. The increase of living bacteria in liver was more drastic than that in blood. Leukocytosis was observed in mice injected with IgG, excluding those only with ciprofloxacin, after 8 hours of administration to see a decrease to normal number of bacteria after 18 hours. No significant difference was noticed between pretreatment group and post treatment group. In vitro susceptibility test of IgG against Ps. aeruginosa, minimal inhibitory concentration(MIC) was $250{\mu}g/ml$, resistant to IgG, regardless of a combined administration with CPFX. In vitro test revealed that the IgG itself did not have anti-Ps. aeruginosa activity.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.10 no.4
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• pp.569-573
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• 2003

To determine the antimicrobial activity of methanol extracts form 'Formosa' plum against 4 kinds of pathogenic bacteria, the fermosa were got at different growth stages and were extracted using methanol, respectively. The Formosa methanol extracts treated with 5.0 mg/disc showed the highest antimicrobial activity against 4 kinds of pathogenic bacteria and those of Formosa 1-4(immature fruit), which thin out 10∼25 days before foal harvest, showed higher antimicrobial activity against gram positive and gram negative microorganisms than Formosa 5-6(mature fruit). Especially, the methanol extracts of Formosa 1 and 2 were exhibited the strongest growth inhibiting activities to these bacteria. The minimal inhibitory concentrations(MIC) of immature Fomosa methanol extracts was 320 $\mu\textrm{g}$/mL against Escherichia coli 0157:H7 and 160 $\mu\textrm{g}$/mL against Staphylococcus aureus respectively. The MIC of immature Formosa methanol extracts to Salmonella typhimurium and Listeria monocytogenes were 640 $\mu\textrm{g}$/mL. These results suggest that methanol extracs of immature formosa can be used as an effective natural antimicrobial agent in food.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.170-178
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• 1992

Isolates of Botrytis cinerea resistant to dicarboximide fungicides were collected from strawberry fields in greenhouses in spring and early summer of 1990. Five out of 9 isolates of B. cinera were resistant, which showed mycerial growth on PDA containing dicarboximide fungicides(procymidone and vinclozolin) with concentrations of 100, 400 and $1,600{\mu}g/ml$. The minimal inhibitory concentration(MIC) values of the dicaboximide-resistant isolates was more than $6,400{\mu}g/ml$, while that of the sensitive isolates was less than $6.25{\mu}g/ml$. The germination ratio of conidia of the resistant isolates on PDA containing procymidone and vincolozolin was more than 95%, while that of the sensitive was less than 15%. The procymidone-resistant isolates were also resistant to vinclozolin, showing cross-resistant between the fungicides, but cross-resistant was not observed between the dicarboximides and dichlofluanid. Resistance to benomyl was also found in all the dicarboximide resistant isolates. Occurrence frequency of dicarboximide-resistant isolates out of 223 isolates was about 40%. The resistant isolates were widely distributed throughout Korea.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.15 no.4 s.71
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• pp.566-571
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• 2005

A natural habitat bacterium, Enterobacter cloaceae K41 was isolated from fresh water plant root and identified. This strain was used to investigate heavy metal resistance. The optimal growth conditions of the bacterium were LB medium containing$1\%$ yeast extract, $1\%$ lactose, $1\%$ NaCl, pH 7.0, at $37^{\circ}C$, and for 24 hours on a shaker. The minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) of heavy metals against E. cloaceae KCTC2519 and E. cloaceae K41 was compared. The MIC of E. cloaceae K41 was 150 ppm in Cu, 50 ppm in Cd whereas that of the standard strain was 50 ppm in Cu but no growth was observed either Cd or two mixed heavy metal solution. The presence of plasmid was cleared from the isolated strain whereas no possession from the standard strain. The plasmid from E. cloaceae K41 was transformed into E. coli $DH5{\alpha}$. The MIC of transformed strain increased resistance 7 times in Cu and 6 times in Cd by insertion of this plasmid. The metal adsorption of the transformant was increased 1.3 times in Cu and 1.5 times in Cd indicating the plasmid was responsible for heavy metal resistance.

• Journal of environmental and Sanitary engineering
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.71-79
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• 2008

We examined 165 unchlorinated natural drinking water samples for the presence of E. coli group resistant to antimicrobial agent and chlorine in nothern Gyeongbuk area in 2007. Among 165 water samples, 21 samples(12.7%) were positive to total coliforms and Six genus, 16 strains of E. coli groups isolated from 16 samples showed resistance against more than one antimicrobial agent such as Ampicillin, Tetracycline and Chloroamphenicol. Among 16 strains, 14 strains resistant to Ampicillin, 9 strains resistant to Tetracycline and one strain resistant to Chloroampenicol. but all 16 strains did not contain any integron gene cassettes, which contribute to the spread of antimicrobial resistance alleles by lateral gene transfer of gene cassettes in a variety of enteric bacteria. The minimal inhibitory concentration(MIC) of 14 strains which showed resistant to Ampicillin was between $12{\mu}g/m{\ell}$ and $32{\mu}g/m{\ell}$, Nine strains resistant to Tetracycline showed between $32{\mu}g/m{\ell}$ and $128{\mu}g/m{\ell}$ and one strain resistant to Chloroampenicol showed $128{\mu}g/m{\ell}$. The chlorine sensitivity of 16 strains isolated from unchlorinated natural water sample did not show any difference among strains by the concentration of initial free chlorine and elapsed time after chlorine treatment. All 16 strains were killed after 1hr. exposure at $0.2mg/m{\ell}$ of free chlorine per liter or 30minutes exposure at $0.4mg/m{\ell}$ of free chlorine per liter.