• The Journal of Dong Guk Oriental Medicine
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• v.10
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• pp.161-175
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• 2008

The '$\bar{A}yurveda$', Buddhistic medicine, and the present of traditional medicine can be summed up as thus. 1. The '$\bar{A}yurveda$' is a transliteration of the Sanskrit Ayur - veda and is a compound of the words 'Ayus(life)' and 'Veda(knowledge)' and means "The study of life", which means the preservation of health and the understanding and curing of diseases. 2. The '$\bar{A}yurveda$', which originated from ancient experience, was recorded in Sanskrit, which was a theorization of knowledge, and also was written in verses to make memorizing easy, and made medicine the exclusive possession of the Brahmin. The first annotations were 1060 for the "Charaka", 1200 for the "Sushruta", 1150 for the "Ashtanga Sangraha samhita", and 1100 for the "Nidana". The use of various mineral medicines in the "Charaka" or the use of mercury as internal medicine in the "Ashtanga Sangraha samhita", and the palpation of the pulse for diagnosing in the '$\bar{A}yurveda$' and XiZhang' medicine are similar to TCM's pulse diagnostics. The coexistence with Arabian 'Unani' medicine, compromise with western medicine and the reactionism trend restored the '$\bar{A}yurveda$ today. 3. When we look at the present of the education and research of the '$\bar{A}yurveda$', after gaining independence from England, India set up a modern education system of the '$\bar{A}yurveda$' and set it on an equal position with western medicine. According to the 1976 study the '$\bar{A}yurveda$' is taught in a 5 and a half year university curriculum, and the main textbooks are the Charaka - samhita("開羅迦集" - internal medicine), Sushruta-samhita("妙聞集", surgery), Madhavanidana(diagnostics), 3 volumes of Bhavaprakasa(pharmacology internal medicine, mineral medicine}, Rajanighantu (pharmacology), $Vrks\bar{A}yurveda$(plant therapy), Mahabharata(military medicine), Arthasastra(forensic medicine, toxicology) Kamasastra(science of intercourse), etc. in 10 subjects and there are 232227 certified doctors that have graduated from the 95 colleges and passed the exams.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.26 no.1 s.41
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• pp.110-125
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• 1993

This study was designed to determine whether non-violent criminal and normal control on the basis of concentration of levels of trace mineral and toxic metal by analysis of human scalp hair. The subjects were selected 87 nonviolent criminal from a prison population and 120 normal control from periodic health checks for study. Hair samples were taken from the napes and Minnesota Multiple Personality Inventory (MMPI) was performed also. Five trace mineral (Zn, Cu, Mg, Fe, Na) and two toxic metal (lead, cadmium) contents were determined by an atomic absorption spectrometer. The contents of zinc and magnesium in hair of non-violent criminal were significantly lower than the control group (p<0.01). In the case of lead and cadimum, mean value of criminal group was significantly higher than control group. Significantly higher T-score of MMPI was seen in non-violent criminal group fur psychopathic deviate (Pd), paranoia scale (Pa), and Mania scale (Ma) than control group, but T-score of depression scale (D) was significantly higher in the control group. In the non-violent criminal group, the content of copper inversely proportion to T-score of Hs, D, Hy, Pd, Mf, Pa, Pt, Sc, Si except Ma, also Zinc inversely proportion to T-score of Hy, Mf, Pa, Pt. These results suggest that difference of some hair mineral contents exist between criminal and normal control group. Thus further studies are necessary to determine whether violent and nonviolent criminal group attributed biochemical imbalance with carefully constructed and controlled studies.

• Journal of Korean Medical Science
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• v.33 no.48
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• pp.311.1-311.10
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• 2018

Background: In postmenopausal women, there is rapid bone loss due to estrogen depletion. In women, reproductive factors such as age at menarche, breastfeeding, and parity are considered risk factors of osteoporosis. Many reports suggest that obesity is associated with a reduced risk of osteoporosis. This nationwide, population-based study aims to identify the association between maternal age and osteoporosis risk in postmenopausal women of different obesity classifications. Methods: We assessed data from the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2010-2012. The study included 1,328 postmenopausal women, after excluding women with missing data for reproductive history among 4,546 postmenopausal women in the survey. Multivariate regression was used to identify the association between childbirth age and postmenopausal bone mineral density after adjustments for confounding factors. Results: The prevalence of postmenopausal osteoporosis was 35.24% (n = 468). After dividing the subjects into obese and non-obese groups based on body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference, there were significant differences between non-osteoporosis and osteoporosis groups with regard to age at first childbirth, age at last childbirth, and parity in the BMI-based general obesity group. The prevalence of osteoporosis was highest in women older than 35 years old at last childbirth. The prevalence of osteoporosis was also greater in women with parity ${\geq}4$ compared to those with lower parity levels. Conclusion: Postmenopausal women of older age at last childbirth and higher parity were at increased risk of osteoporosis in the BMI-based non-general obesity group.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.43 no.3
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• pp.423-428
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• 2003

The purpose of this study is to compare the morphology, general composition, elemental composition and mineral contents of Phellinus linteus, Phellinus baumii and Phellinus gilvus. In the scanning electron microscopy, P. gilvus and P. linteus had a similar shape. In the elemental composition, all of the three Phellinus spp. showed similar percent for the analyzed components. In the general composition, the water content of P. linteus. P. baumii and P. gilvus were 13%, 15% and 10%, respectively. The dietary fiber of three Phellius spp. showed more than 30%. The range of vitamin C and protein content was 1.5-2.1 g% and 3.63-3.73 g%. respectively. In mineral analysis, P. baumii of the three Phellinus spp. has the highest calcium concentration (1,135 ppm). From the above results, P. linteus. P. baumii and P. gilvus did not show any differences in the general composition and elemental composition.

• Journal of Korean Society of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.19-28
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• 2010

This study was designed to investigate the effect of increased blood and tibia lead on the change of bone mineral density in retired male lead workers. One hundred nine retired male lead workers who worked in 4 different lead industries and 51 nonoccupationally lead exposed male subjects were recruited from March 2004 to October 2004. Bone mineral density(BMD) was measured by broadband ultrasound attenuation(BUA) at left calcaneous bone area with broadband ultrasound attenuation method of QUS-2(Metra Biosystems Inc, USA). Tibia bone lead was measured for skeletal bone lead with K-xray fluorescence(K-XRF) and blood lead was analyzed with flameless atomic spectrophotometer. Hemoglobin, hematocrit, serum calcium and iron were also analyzed. In addition, information for smoking and drinking status and basic personal data such as age and lead exposure were also collected using questionnaire inquiry. Blood lead was correlated with tibia lead (r=0.711) and these two variables were negatively correlated with BUA in bivariate analysis. BUA and tibia lead showed significant main effects on the change of blood lead after adjusting covariates. The effect modification by the level of BMD (low: lower than the median of BUA and high: higher than the median of BUA) was observed between the association of tibia lead and blood lead after adjustment of covariates. The subjects who had higher BMD seemed to have lower blood lead by the increase of tibia lead than those of lower BMD. In the multiple regression analysis of blood lead and tibia lead on BUA after adjustment of covariates, only blood lead showed statistically significant effect on BUA. This study confirmed that BMD and blood lead were significantly associated. To verify the causal association of BMD on blood lead and vice versa, further longitudinal studies are needed.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.141-146
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• 2008

Imbalance in calcium and phosphorous metabolism due to aging or menopause leads to osteoporosis. In contrast to patients with normal blood pressure, hypertensive patients have a higher loss of calcium in the urine with its attendant risk of osteoporosis. The high blood pressure is associated with the risk of bone loss and abnormalities in calcium metabolism leading to calcium loss. So we retrospectively investigated the changes of bone mineral density (BMD) which drugs can have clinical influences over osteoporosis treatments of patients with calcium-antagonists as common antihypertensive drugs and with bisphosphonates which causes a most effective inhibition of osteoclasts resorption. As a result over 70 years of age group and within bisphosphonates group, alendronate 70 mg once-weekly group showed significant increase of BMD in lumbar area. Combination group of cilnidipine and $maxmarvil^{(R)}$ showed very significant decrease of BMD. In conclusion, it is desirable that combination therapy with calcium-antagonists is used carefully in the treatment of osteoporosis with high blood pressure.

• Journal of Korean society of Dental Hygiene
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.319-326
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• 2014

Objectives : The purpose of the study is to investigate the factors affecting the bone density and the relationship between bone density and remaining teeth by using data from 2007 to 2009 of the 4th Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey(KNHANES). Methods : The subjects were 1,829 postmenopausal women over 50 years old from the data of the 4th KNHANES. Results : The bone density had the significant difference in 'age' and 'level of education' and remaining teeth had the significant difference in age, monthly income and level of education. The bone mineral density and remaining teeth had the significantly different from subjective general health, smoking, drinking, physical activity. The oral health behaviors and remaining teeth had the significantly associated in subjective oral health status, frequency of tooth brushing, use of auxiliary oral hygiene product, and recent oral examination. Conclusions : The number of remaining teeth is below 9.27 compared with the normal group.

• Biomedical Science Letters
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.169-177
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• 2010

Osteoporosis is a disease that increases the fracture rates and a major cause of increased mortality and morbidity in the elderly people. This study is to determine which components of body composition and metabolic syndrome risk factors are important to bone health, we analysed the relationship among bone mineral density (BMD), body composition and metabolic syndrome risk factors in females. Totally 630 females participated in a medical check-up program (mean age 47 years) were selected for this study. Body composition analysis was performed by segmental bioelectrical impedance method, muscle mass, and percent body fat were measured. We also measured metabolic syndrome risk factors including abdominal obesity, HDL-cholesterol, triglyceride, blood pressure and fasting glucose level. Metabolic syndrome was defined by NCEP-ATP III criteria. The lumbar spine and femoral neck BMD were measured using the dual energy X-ray absorptiometry. Osteopenia and osteoporosis were observed in 180 and 51 persons, respectively. Muscle mass and HDL-cholesterol decreased in osteopenia and osteoporosis groups compared to the control group, and the grade was shown progressively by the symptoms. Significant positive correlation between BMD and muscle mass was observed. Multi variable regression analyses showed that % body fat and muscle mass were independent predictors of BMD after adjustment of age, height and weight. In conclusion, the BMD showed negative correlation with the metabolic and body composition was associated with BMD.

• The Journal of Pediatrics of Korean Medicine
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.51-67
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• 2007

Objectives The study was designed to find out the relationships between short stature and low weight among children and teenagers. Methods This research was performed in 21 children and teenagers from August 2006 to June 2007. We measured height, weight, body mass index, obesity rare, bone age, and HTMA. Moreover, we analyzed correlation with height, weight, mineral concentrations and ratios obtained from HTMA. Results There were significant correlations between HTMA and short stature and low weight. 1. Most subjects(76%) had slow metabolic types. 2. Ca, Mg, Zn, Ca/P, and Cr had significant differences between high bone age group and high chronological age group. 3. Fe/Cu had significant differences between a group that recent height is more smaller than inherited height and a group that recent height is more taller than inherited height. 4. Ca, Mg, Ca/P had significant differences between a low weight group and a normal weight group classified by obesity rate. Conclusions Children and teenagers with short stature and low weight have specific mineral characters.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.264-269
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• 2004

A retrospective analysis was performed with 270 cases of canine urolithiasis examined at Laboratory of Clinical Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul Nat'l University in the period between January 2001 and December 2003. The Shih-Tzu (64 cases), Yorkshire terrier (60 cases), miniature schnauzer (41 cases) and maltese terrier (36 cases) had higher incidences than other breeds. Canine urolithiasis occurred from 4 months to 15 years of age, but the most prevalent age was 3 years. Mean age was $5.68\pm3.14$ years. The major mineral component. of calculi was struvite (54.1%) and calcium oxalate (30.4%). There was no sex prevalences: male 131 cases, female 132 cases. The most prevalent anatomic locations of calculi were urinary bladder (53 of 131 cases), urethra (24 of 131 cases) and bladder/urethra (45 of 131 cases) in males and urinary bladder (103 of 132 Cases) in females. The major mineral component of calculi in urinary bladder was struvite (102 of 160 cases), and that in urethra (13 of 25 cases) and multiple locations (29 of 62 cases) was calcium oxalate: The major components of calculi were not always consistent with the components which could be expected from urine pH and crystals. So it is suggested that the components of the calculi must be analyzed after surgical removal to prevent the recurrence when the calculi could not be dissolved by diets or urine pH modifiers.