Browse > Article

Effect of increased blood and tibia lead on the change of bone mineral density in retired male lead workers  

Kim, Nam-Soo (Institute of Environmental and Occupational Medicine, Soonchunhyang University)
Lee, Sung-Soo (Institute of Environmental and Occupational Medicine, Soonchunhyang University)
Kim, Hee-Seon (Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Soonchunhyang University)
Todd, Andrew C. (Department of Community and Preventive Medicine, Mount Sinai School of Medicine)
Lee, Byung-Kook (Institute of Environmental and Occupational Medicine, Soonchunhyang University)
Publication Information
Journal of Korean Society of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene / v.20, no.1, 2010 , pp. 19-28 More about this Journal
Abstract
This study was designed to investigate the effect of increased blood and tibia lead on the change of bone mineral density in retired male lead workers. One hundred nine retired male lead workers who worked in 4 different lead industries and 51 nonoccupationally lead exposed male subjects were recruited from March 2004 to October 2004. Bone mineral density(BMD) was measured by broadband ultrasound attenuation(BUA) at left calcaneous bone area with broadband ultrasound attenuation method of QUS-2(Metra Biosystems Inc, USA). Tibia bone lead was measured for skeletal bone lead with K-xray fluorescence(K-XRF) and blood lead was analyzed with flameless atomic spectrophotometer. Hemoglobin, hematocrit, serum calcium and iron were also analyzed. In addition, information for smoking and drinking status and basic personal data such as age and lead exposure were also collected using questionnaire inquiry. Blood lead was correlated with tibia lead (r=0.711) and these two variables were negatively correlated with BUA in bivariate analysis. BUA and tibia lead showed significant main effects on the change of blood lead after adjusting covariates. The effect modification by the level of BMD (low: lower than the median of BUA and high: higher than the median of BUA) was observed between the association of tibia lead and blood lead after adjustment of covariates. The subjects who had higher BMD seemed to have lower blood lead by the increase of tibia lead than those of lower BMD. In the multiple regression analysis of blood lead and tibia lead on BUA after adjustment of covariates, only blood lead showed statistically significant effect on BUA. This study confirmed that BMD and blood lead were significantly associated. To verify the causal association of BMD on blood lead and vice versa, further longitudinal studies are needed.
Keywords
BMD; BUA; tibia lead; blood Lead; retired Lead Workers;
Citations & Related Records
Times Cited By KSCI : 4  (Citation Analysis)
연도 인용수 순위
1 Kamel HK. Male osteoporosis: New trend in diagnosis and therapy. Drug Aging 2005; 22(9):741-748   DOI   ScienceOn
2 Rabinowitz MB. Toxicokinetics of bone lead. Environ Health Perspect 1991;91:33-37   DOI
3 Silbergeld EK, Schwartz J, Mahaffey K. Lead and osteoporosis: Mobilization of lead from bone in postmenopausal woman. Environ Res 1988; 47: 79-94   DOI   ScienceOn
4 Schuhmacher JL, Domingo JM, Llobet JM, Corbella J. Variability of blood lead levels in an urban population in relation to drinking and smoking habits. Science Total Environ 1993: 138: 23-29   DOI
5 Shin AS, Choi JY, Chung HW, Park SK, Shin CS et al. Prevalence and risk factors of distal radius and calcaneus bone mineral density in Korean population. Ostcoporos Int 2004; 15: 639-644
6 Todd AC, Landrigan PJ, Bloch P. Workshop on the X-ray fluorescence of lead in bone: conclusions, recommendations and summary. Neuro Toxicology 1993; 14(1): 145-154
7 USDHHS. Bone health osteoporosis: A report of the surgeon general. 2004
8 Liu H, Paige NM, Goldzvieig CL, Wong E, Zhou A, Suttorp MJ, Munjas B, Orwoll E, Shekell P. Screening for osteoporosis in men: A systematic review for an an American Collge of Physician guideline. Ann Inter Med 2008; 148: 685-701
9 Laraque D. Arena L, Karp J, Gruskay D. Bone mineral content in black pre-schoolers: Normotive data using single photon absorptiometry. Pediatr Radiol 1990; 20: 461-463   DOI   ScienceOn
10 Latorre RJ, Hemndez-Avila M, Orozco JT. Albores Medina CA. Aro A, Palazuelos E. Hu H. Relationship of blood and bone lead to menopause and bone mineral density among middle-age women in Mexico city. Environ Health Perspect 2003; 111 (4): 631-636
11 Madeo B. Zirilli L, Caffagni G, Diazzi C, Sanguanini A, Pignatti E, Carani C. Rochira V. The osteporotic male: Overlooked and undermanaged? Clinical Interventions in Aging 2007; 2(3): 305-312
12 Olszynski WP, Shawn Davison K, Adachi JD, Brown JP. Cummings SR et al. Osteoporosis in Men: Epidemiology. diagnosis, prevention, and treatment. Clinical Therapeutics 2001; 26(1): 15-28
13 Mckay HA, Petit MA, Khan KM, Schutz RW. Lifestyle determinants of bone mineral: A comparison between prepubertal Asian- and Caucasian-Canadian boys girls. Calcif Tissue Int 2000; 66(5): 320-324   DOI   ScienceOn
14 Melton LJ 3rd, Atkinson EJ, O'Conoor MK, O'Fallon WM, Riggs BL. Bone density and fracture risk in men. J Bone Miner Res 1998; 13(12): 1915-23   DOI   ScienceOn
15 Munger RG, CemaIl JR, Chiu BC. Prospective study of dietary protein intake and risk of hip fracture in postmenopausal women. Am J Clin Nutr. 1999;69(1): 147-152
16 Orwoll ES, Oviatt SK, McClung MR. Deftos LJ, Sexton G. The rate of bone mineral loss in normal men and the effects of calcium and cholecalciferol supplementation. Ann Intern Med 1990; 112(1):29-34   DOI   ScienceOn
17 Potula V, Klcinbaum D, Kaye W. Lead exposure and spine bone mineral density. J Occup Environ Med 2006; 48: 556-564   DOI   ScienceOn
18 Ronis MJJ, Aronson J, Gao GG, Hogue W, Skinner RA. et al. Skeletal effects of developmental lead exposure in rats. Toxicological Sciences 2001; 62: 321-329   DOI
19 장윤균, 서현주, 진영우, 정미선. 성숙희 등. 40-50대 일부 남성근로자의 골감소증 및 골다공증 유병실태와 위험요인. 대한산업의학회지 2006;18(2):130-137
20 조진호. 칼슘이 인체에 미치는 영향: 중년기의 골다공증 예방 및 대책. 제1회 기능성식품 세미나 초록집, 식품음료신문사, 1997
21 Alessio L, Apostoli P, Crippa M. Influence of individual factors and personal habits on the level of biological indicators of exposure. Toxicology Letters 1995; 77: 93-103   DOI
22 Barzel US. Massey LK. Excess dietary protein can adversely affect bone. J Nutr 1998:128(6): 1051-1053
23 Berglund M, Akesson A, Bjellerup P, Vahter M. Metal-bone interactions. Toxicology Letters 2000; : 219-225.   DOI
24 Femandes JF. Micromethod for lead deretminatioo in whole blood by atomic absorption with use of graphite fumace. Clin Chem 1975; 21 : 555-561
25 Binkley N. Kueger D. Osteoporosis in men. Wisconsin Medical Journal 2002; 101(4): 28-32
26 Burger H, de Last CEDH, van Daele PLA, Weel AEAM. Witteman JCM. Hofman A. Risk factors for increased bone loss in an elderly population. Am J Epidemiol 1998; 147(9): 871-879   DOI   ScienceOn
27 Campbell JR, Rosier RN, Novotny L, Edward Puzas J. The association between environmental lead exposure and bone density in children. Environ Health Perspect 2004; 112(11): 1200-1203   DOI   ScienceOn
28 Hu H. Bone lead as a new biologic marker of lead dose: Recent findings and implications for public health. Envrion Health Perspect 1998;106(Suppl 4): 961-967   DOI   ScienceOn
29 Hu H, Aro A, Rotnitzky A. Bone lead measured by x-ray fluorescence: Epidemiologic methods. Environ Health Perspect 1995; 103(Suppl 1): 105-110   DOI
30 Hu H, Rabinowiz. Smith D. Bone lead as a biological marker in epidemiologic studies of chronic toxicity: Conceptual paradigms. Environ Health Perspect 1998; 106(1):1-8   DOI   ScienceOn
31 Kazantzis G. Cadmium, osteoporosis and calcium metabolism. Biometals 2004; 17:493-498   DOI
32 오기원. 당뇨병과 골다공증. 대한당뇨병학회지 2009; 33: 169-177   DOI
33 대한골대사학회. 골다공증의 진단과치료. 2008
34 박정난,김경희,이상선. 성장기 아동의 골밀도에 영향을 주는 요인에 관한 연구. 신체계측치, 사회경제적 요인, 가족력 및 기타 환경요인. 한국영양학회지 2001;37(1):52-60
35 오기원, 윤은주, 오은숙 등. 한국인 중년 남성에서 골밀도에 관련된 인자. 대한내과학회지 2003;65(3):315-322
36 유춘희, 이정숙, 이일화, 김선희, 이상선, 정인경. 한국 여자의 연령별 골밀도에 영향을 미치는 영양요인 분석. 한국영양학회지 2002;35(7):779-790   과학기술학회마을
37 임영욱, 선두훈, 김용식 골다공증의 병인 및 골다공증 골절의 예방. 대한고관절학회지 2009;21(1): 6-16