• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제41권3호
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• pp.206-215
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• 2008

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of manganese (Mn) supplementation on bone status and calcium balance in ovariectomized rats according to the calcium intake levels. Total of 50 Sprague Dawley female rats (6 weeks) were divided into 5 groups and bred for 12 weeks: sham operated control group (SACa), OVX Ca deficiency group (OLCa) with Ca deficiency diet (0.1% Ca modified AIN-93N diet), OVX Ca deficiency & Mn supplement group (OLCaMn), OVX adequate Ca group (OACa; 0.5% Ca AIN-93N diet) and OVX adequate Ca & Mn supplement group (OACaMn). BMD (bone mineral density) of the femur was increased by Mn supplementation in OVX adequate Ca group. However, BMDs of spine, femur and tibia were lowered in OLCa compared to the OLCaMn group. Bone strength of tibia in OLCaMn group was significantly lower than OLCa group. Serum ALP (alkaline phosphatase) and CTx (C-telopeptide of collagen cross-links) levels were significantly higher in ovariectomized rats than those in the sham group, but they were not changed by Mn supplementation. Ca retention rate and Ca absorption rate did not differ among the experimental groups. Urinary Ca excretion was increased by Mn supplementation in Ca deficiency rats. In summary, Mn supplementation resulted in positive effects on bone mineral density ovariectomized rats with which intake adequate Ca. However, Mn supplementation on Ca deficiency ovariectomized rats resulted in decrement of BMO and bone strength by increasing Ca excretion. Therefore, it is encouraged to consider calcium intake levels in supplementation of manganese in order to prevent postmenopausal osteoporosis and to keep bone healthy. (KoreanJNutr2008; 41(3): 206~215)

• 대한지역사회영양학회지
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• 제22권2호
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• pp.136-144
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• 2017

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to determine which factors influence the bone mineral density (BMD) of total femur (TF), femoral neck (FN) and lumbar spine (LS) of the adult men by analyzing nationally representative Korean survey data. Methods: This study was conducted based on the data of 1,770 men aged 19-64 years from the Fifth Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES V), 2010~2011. The BMD was analyzed by various factors (general characteristics, anthropometric data, health habits, chronic diseases, nutrient intake status). SPSS statistics for complex samples was used to analyze the data. Results: We observed that the BMD decreased significantly with aging. The BMD in each of the second lowest quartile of waist circumference (in TF & FN) and body mass index (in TF & LS) was lower than the respective BMD in the highest quartile group. The BMD in FN was higher in the group who reported the weight training. The BMD in LS was lower in hypercholesterolemia group than in the normal group. The BMD in TF, FN and LS was lower in hypertriglyceridemia group and in diabetes group than in the normal group. The BMD in TF, FN and LS was higher in the group with < Estimated Average Requirement iron intake. But there was no evidence to suggest that the BMD was related with educational level, income level, smoking, alcohol intake, anemia and nutrient intake status (except for iron). Conclusions: This study suggested that aging, waist circumference, body mass index, weight training, hypercholesterolemia, hypertriglycemia, diabetes were site-specifically associated with the BMD in TF, FN and LS in the adult men. These bone site-specific factors need to be considered for the prevention of osteoporosis.

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• 제17권2호
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• pp.93-100
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• 2012

The purpose of this study was to identify food sources for major minerals such as calcium (Ca), phosphorus (P), sodium (Na) and potassium (K), and to evaluate the relationship between dietary intake of these minerals and serum lipids in healthy Korean adults. A total of 132 healthy men and women completed a physical examination and dietary record and provided blood samples for lipid profile analysis. Results showed the following daily average mineral intakes: 373.4 mg of calcium, 806.0 mg of phosphorous, 3685.8 mg of sodium, and 1938.3 mg of potassium. The calcium-to-phosphorus and sodium-to-potassium ratio was about 0.5 and 2.0, respectively. The primary sources for each mineral were: vegetables (24.9%) and fishes (19.0%) for calcium, grains (31.4%) for phosphorus, seasonings (41.6%) and vegetables (27.0%) for sodium, and vegetables (30.6%) and grains (18.5%) for potassium. The correlation analysis, which has been adjusted for age, gender, total food consumption, and energy intake, showed significantly positive correlations between Ca/P and serum HDL cholesterol levels, between Na intake and the level of serum total cholesterol, and between Na/K and the level of serum cholesterol and LDL cholesterol. Our data indicates that the level of mineral consumption partially contributes to serum lipid profiles and that a diet consisting of a low Ca/P ratio and a high Na/K ratio may have negative impacts on lipid metabolism.

• 한국산학기술학회논문지
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• 제13권10호
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• pp.4711-4716
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• 2012

본 연구는 2008-2009년 국민건강영양조사 자료에서 자궁절제술을 하지 않은 폐경 후 12년 미만의 폐경기 여성 686명을 대상으로 콩 단백질 섭취량과 요추 및 대퇴골 골밀도의 연관성을 알아보고자 하였다. 연구대상을 골 소실이 상대적으로 빠른 폐경 후 4년 미만 기간에 있는 여성군과 폐경후 4년 이상인 여성군으로 층화하여 각각 콩 단백질 섭취량과 골밀도의 관계를 분석하였다. 연령, 체중, 신장, 칼슘 섭취량 등을 보정하였을 때 폐경 후 4년 미만인 여성군에서는 콩 단백질 섭취량과 요추 및 대퇴골 골밀도 사이에 유의한 연관성이 없었다. 반면 동일한 보정을 하였을 때 폐경 후 4년 이상인 여성에서는 콩 단백질 섭취와 대퇴골(femoral neck, total hip 부위) 골밀도 사이에는 역방향의 유의한 연관성이 있었으나, 총단백질 섭취량, Na섭취량, 에너지섭취량을 추가 보정한 결과 그 연관성이 사라졌다. 결론적으로 한국인 폐경기 여성에서 콩 단백질 섭취와 골밀도는 연관성이 없는 것으로 사료된다.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제36권10호
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• pp.1052-1060
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• 2003

Poor dietary habits and inadequate nutrient intakes are of concern in the elderly, even it is worse in rural areas. In the present study, we conducted the anthropometric measurement and the dietary intakes including macronutrients, minerals and vitamins to assess the nutrient intakes and nutritional risk in elderly people in rural kyungpook province in South Korea. Subjects (n = 168, mean age, 67.3 yrs) were interviewed using d general questionnaire and 3 days of 24-hours recall for dietary intake. Nutrient intakes were analyzed using CAN-pro soft program and compared to Korean RDA and nutrition reference values (NRV). The anthropometric measurement showed that the weight and the height of the subjects in the rural area were below the average of the same age of Korean elderly people. The energy and protein intakes were 85％ and 90％ of Korean RDA, respectively. The intakes of lipid, cholesterol and dietary fiber were 62％, 40％ and 22％ of NRV for Korean adults. Main sources for protein and lipid intakes came from the vegetable sources and this pattern was more prominent in female elderly people. Ca intake was half of Korean RDA (56％), while P intake was 132％ of Korean RDA. For the antioxidant trace mineral (Fe, Cu, Mn, Zn, and Se) intakes, Fe and Zn intakes were 78％ and > 103％ of Korean RDA. Cu, Mn and Se intakes were > 113％, > 275％, and > 185％ of Korean NRV. Thiamin, niacin and vitamin C intakes were above Korean RDA, but the intakes of vitamin A and riboflavin were 88％ and 63％ of Korean RDA, respectively. On summarizing the results of the present study, the elderly people in rural area consume less lipid, cholesterol, Ca, and dietary fiber. Ca intake is lower, while P intake is higher, and this would be the potential risk for bone health. Also, Na intake was high, which can be the potential risk for the cardiovascular disease prevailance. Vitamin intakes were fairly good status, excepting riboflavin. Antioxidant mineral intakes were much higher than Korean NRV, unexpectedly. The results suggest that the elderly people in rural area have inadequate intakes of protein, lipid, dietary fiber and Ca, which mainly should be supplied from animal products. Recommendations to increase diet variety would be emphasized for this nutritionally poor-conditioned subjects, specially including animal food products and high dietary fiber food.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제28권7호
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• pp.620-628
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• 1995

This study investigated micro-mineral content in human milk along with nutritional intake of lactating women. Milk samples were collected from 33 healthy lactating women and mineral levels were analyzed. Copper, zinc, manganese and selenium were analyzed. The factors that affect the mineral levels in human milk were also investigated longitudinally from 2-5 days to 12 weeks postpartum. Concentrations of manganese and selenium didn't differ significantly within the lactation period. the levels of copper and zinc declined linearly over the first 12 weeks of lactation. Statistically significant quadratic trends were observed in zinc concentrations. There was no significant correlation between maternal age and mineral concentrations throughout the lactation period. In addition, no significant differences were found between the primipara and the multipara for mineral concentrations in human milk.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제40권8호
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• pp.719-727
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• 2007

영양소 섭취수준과 골밀도 및 골대사 지표와의 관련성을 알아보고자 폐경 후 여성 225명을 대상으로 이들의 영양소 섭취량을 한국영양섭취기준의 권장섭취량 대비 75% 미만을 섭취하는 군과 $75{\sim}125%$ 섭취군, 125% 이상을 섭취하는 군으로 구분하여 영양소 섭취수준에 따른 골밀도, 골대사 지표물질인 소변의 디옥시피리디놀린, 칼슘의 배설량을 비교분석한 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 1) 본 연구대상자의 골밀도 측정결과, 요추($L2{\sim}L4$)는 $0.86g/cm^2$이었으며, 대퇴경부가 $0.61g/cm^2$, 대퇴전자부는 $0.48g/cm^2$, 와드삼각부는 $0.42g/cm^2$를 나타났다. 본 연구대상자를 정상군(T값${\geq}-1$), 골감소증(-2.5${\leq}-2.5$)으로 구분한 결과, 와드삼각부는 전체 대상자중 79.1%, 대퇴경부는 전체의 67.6%가 골다공증인 것으로 나타났다. 2) 영양소섭취수준에 따른 골밀도를 비교한 결과, 단백질을 권장섭취량의 75% 미만 섭취하는 연구대상자의 대퇴경부 골밀도가 권장섭취량의 $75{\sim}125%$와 125% 이상을 섭취하는 군에 비해 유의적으로 낮았다(p<0.05). 3) 소변 디옥시피리디놀린 배설량은 단백질을 권장섭취량의 $75{\sim}125%$ 섭취하는 군에서 75% 미만과 125% 이상 섭취하는 군 보다 유의적으로 낮게 배설하는 것으로 나타났으며(p<0.05), 또한 칼슘을 75% 미만 섭취한 군과 125% 이상 섭취한 군보다 $75{\sim}125%$ 섭취한 군에서 소변의 디옥시피리디놀린의 배설이 유의적으로 낮게 나타났다(p<0.05). 4) 소변 칼슘배설량은 단백질 섭취수준이 권장섭취량의 75% 미만 섭취 군과 125% 이상 섭취 군보다 $75{\sim}125%$ 섭취 군에서 유의적으로 낮았고(p<0.05), 비타민 C의 경우도 권장섭취량의 75% 미만과 125% 이상 섭취군보다 $75{\sim}125%$ 섭취 군에서 유의적으로 낮았다(p<0.05). 5) 연령 보정 후 단백질, 칼슘의 권장섭취량에 대한 비율은 대퇴경부 골밀도(각 p<0.05, p<0.01)와 유의적인 양의 상관관계를 보였다. 또한 단백질(p<0.01)과 비타민 C(p<0.01), 나이아신(p<0.05)의 섭취량은 소변 중 칼슘 배설량과 유의적인 양의 상관관계를 나타내었다. 이와 같이 폐경 후 여성에게서 영양소 섭취수준에 따라 골대사 지표물질의 농도에도 차이를 보였으며, 특히 단백질의 섭취수준과 칼슘, 비타민 C의 섭취량이 유의적으로 영향을 미쳐 부족하거나, 과잉되지 않는 적정 섭취 범위 내에서 골용출이 감소하는 것으로 나타났다. 따라서 폐경 이후 여성의 골격건강을 위하여 영양소의 적정섭취가 중요하며 부족뿐만 아니라 건강을 염려한 특정영양소의 과잉 섭취도 바람직하지 않은 요인임을 확인할 수 있었다.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제49권6호
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• pp.437-446
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• 2016

본 연구는 국민건강영양조사 5기의 2011년 자료를 이용하여 만 19세 이상 남녀를 대상으로 비타민D 섭취량과 혈중 25OHD 농도, 골밀도와의 관계를 분석하였다. 평균 비타민D 섭취량은 남성이 $3.84{\pm}0.23{\mu}g/day$, 여성은 $2.22{\pm}0.11{\mu}g/day$로 나타났으며, AI 미만 섭취 비율은 남성은 71.6~96.6%,여성은 80.2~98.5%로 모두 높게 나타났으며 여성이 남성에 비해 더 높았다. 혈중 25OHD 농도는 연령이 높아질수록 증가했으며, 혈중 25OHD의 결핍수준을 20 ng/mL 미만으로 보았을 때 남성은 47.8~81.1%, 여성은 59.4~92.8%의 결핍률을 보였고 젊은 층의 결핍률이 더 높았다. 50세 미만과 이상으로 나누어 비타민D 섭취량과 혈중 25OHD 농도, BMD와의 관계를 조사한 결과 50세 미만 연령층군에서는 비타민D 섭취량이 $10{\mu}g/day$ 이상인 군이 $5{\mu}g/day$ 이하인 군에 비하여 유의하게 혈중 25OHD 농도가 더 높았으며, 50세 이상 여성에서는 비타민D 섭취량이 $10{\mu}g/day$ 이상인 군이 $5{\mu}g/day$ 이하인 군에 비하여 골밀도가 유의하게 높게 나타났다. 즉, 한국 성인 남녀의 비타민D 섭취량 수준은 상당히 취약한 상태이나 식사를 통한 비타민D가 혈중 25OHD 농도를 상승시킬 수 있음을 보여주고 있다. 그러므로 한국인이 비타민D 섭취량을 늘릴 수 있도록 강화식품 정책 등을 통해 비타민D 섭취량을 늘리는 방안을 모색하여야 한다. 특히, 2010년에 비해 2015년 한국인영양소섭취기준에서 19~49세 연령층의 비타민D 충분섭취량을 $5{\mu}g$에서 $10{\mu}g$으로 상향조정한 것은 바람직한 방향으로 개정된 것으로 판단된다.

• 대한지역사회영양학회지
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• 제18권2호
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• pp.125-133
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• 2013

Previous studies have shown that sodium excretion is positively related to calcium excretion in the urine. As excessive sodium intake is a common nutritional problem in Korea, we intended to investigate associations among sodium intake levels and calcium status, evaluated by 24 hour recall method and urinary excretion, and bone status. We collected dietary information for non-consecutive three days from 139 young adult women 19~29 years. After classifying the subjects into 4 groups based on the dietary sodium levels by daily total sodium intake (mg) and sodium density (sodium intake per 1000 kcal energy intake), we compared the bone status, nutrient intakes, urinary calcium and sodium excretions. The results showed a positive association between total daily sodium intake and intake of other nutrients. However, no significant differences in nutrients intakes were observed among subject groups classified by sodium density levels. There were no significant differences of bone density among groups by total daily sodium intake as well as by sodium density. While total daily sodium intake showed significantly positive relationship with urinary sodium (p < 0.05) and calcium (p < 0.05), sodium density was not related to urinary excretion of calcium and sodium. Our results suggested that promoting balanced meals providing appropriate amounts of energy intake is the essential component of nutrition education for improving calcium status of young Korean women with excessive sodium intake.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제39권5호
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• pp.460-466
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• 2006

To investigate the effects of dietary patterns on bone mineral density and its biochemical markers among Korean healthy college women for 2 years, 34 female college students were recruited through convenience sampling. Bone mineral density was measured using Dual Energy X-ray Absorptiometry (DEXA) twice at baseline and two years later. Osteocalcin and parathyroid hormone were measured in fasting serum and N-teleopeptides of type collagen (NTx) in urine. Dietary intake was assessed by 24-hour recall method 8 times with average 4-month interval. Dietary patterns with percent energy of each food group using cluster analysis were classified into two groups. The first cluster (n = 16) was characterized with high consumption of bread, snack, fast foods, beverage and considerable of rice so it was determined as 'Modified dietary pattern group'. The second cluster was characterized with high consumption of rice and kimchi so determined as 'Traditional dietary pattern group'. There were no significant difference of age, menarcheal age, body mass index but percent of body fat by pattern groups. The traditional group showed higher value of bone mineral density among lumber spine and all femur sites at baseline and 2 years later but it was not significant after adjusted for percent of body fat. Serum osteocalcin and urine NTx was higher among the traditional group at baseline than the modified group. There were similar proportions of carbohydrate:fat:protein between groups but significantly higher intake of protein, iron, vitamin A among the traditional group. In conclusion, there were two distinctive dietary patterns among Korean college women. There was difference of bone mineral density and its biochemical markers between two patterns. Further research would be necessary to explore the relationship between dietary patterns and health risks for larger-sized and various populations.