• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.16 no.5
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• pp.569-579
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• 2011

The purpose of this study was to determine the urinary Ca, P, Mg, Zn, Cu, and Mn levels and bone mineral density (BMD) in sixty-two postmenopausal women. The study was conducted through anthropometric checkup, 24-hour recall, 24-hour urine and bone mineral density using DEXA. Average age, height, weight and body fat of the subjects were respectively 65.39 years, 150.19 cm, 58.03 kg and 37.22%. The average spine and femoral neck BMD of subjects were -2.19, -3.13. The mean intakes of Ca, P and Mg were 524.7 mg, 993.10 mg, and 254.6 mg and those of Zn, Cu and Mn were 8.6 mg, 1.5 mg, and 3.5 mg. The average 24-hour urinary excretion of Ca (UCa), P (UP) and Mg (UMg) were 161.07 mg, 673.68 mg, and 99.87 mg. The average 24-hour urinary excretion of Zn (UZn), Cu (UCu) and Mn (UMn) were 366.50 ${\mu}g$, 22.57 ${\mu}g$, and 1.55 ${\mu}g$. Ca intake showed significantly positive correlations with urinary UCa (p < 0.05), UMg (p < 0.01) and spine BMD (p < 0.05). P intake showed significantly positive correlations with UCa (p < 0.05), UMg (p < 0.05) and UZn (p < 0.05). Mg intake showed significantly positive correlations with UZn (p < 0.05) and Mn intake showed significantly positive correlations with UCa (p < 0.05). Multiple regression analysis indicates that Ca intake and UMg is the most important factor to increase spine BMD. On the other hand, UCa is the most important factor to decrease spine BMD. Higher femoral neck BMD was related to UP, while lower femoral neck BMD was related to UCa. In conclusion, Dietary intake of Ca showed positive effect of spine BMD, while excessive P intake showed negative effect on BMD due to increases in UCa, UMg and UZn. Further studies are required to investigate the relationship between bone metabolism and mineral excretion.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.37 no.4
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• pp.291-301
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• 2004

We studied the effects of soy isoflavones supplementation with exercise on bone mineral density and the urinary excretion of deoxypyridinoline as an index of bone resorption rates in postmenopausal women. A total of 67 postmen-opausal women were assigned to Isoflavone (90 mg/day) or placebo groups. These group were further divided into groups that undergone a regular exercise or a rather sedentary state performing daily activity only. Four groups were Placebo-control group (n = 16), Placebo-exercise group (n = 16), Isoflavone-sedentary group (n = 19) and Isofla-vone-exercise group (n = 16). After the intervention, we compared anthropometric mesurement, dietary recall, bone mineral density (femoral neck, lumbar spine), urinary deoxypyridinoline between the groups and between the pre and post studies. There were no significant differences between the four groups in terms of average age, height, weight, period after menopause at the baseline. The average age of the subjects were 55.2 yrs, average height, weight, period after menopause were 154.7 cm, 59.3 kg, 5.58 yrs, respectively. After eight week intervention period, there were no significant differences between the four groups in bone mineral density, but urinary deoxypyridinoline excretion was significantly decreased both in Isoflavone-sedentary and Isoflavone-Exercise groups. These results suggest that Isofla-vone supplementation alone or with exercise may be preventive measures through the decrease of bone reabsorption rate in post-menopausal subjects. Whereas exercise alone did not appear to be an effective measure in bone loss with these subjects.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.34 no.5
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• pp.547-553
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• 2001

This study was designed to observe the change of body composition and nutrient metabolites and the excretion of minerals during complete fasting for 10 days in thirty women. Average loss of body weight was 7.98kg and body fat was gradually reduced after 9 days fasting, but the loss of lean body mass was reduced after 7 days fasting. Serum glucose level was sustained at constant level, but serum levels of blood urea nitrogen, free acid and $\beta$-hydroxybutyrate were significantly increased during fasting but decreased after re-feeding. Urinary excretions of 3-methylhistidine, total creatinine, and urea were high in the beginning of fasting but gradually decreased. Serum level of parathyroid hormone was significantly reduced by fasting but regained after re-feeding. Serum level of minerals was at the constant level throughout the experimental period. The urinary excretion of minerals(Ca, K, Mg, P) was significantly increased in the early stage of fasting and then reduced from 7 days, but the excretion of Zn was continuously increased until the late stage of fasting. These results showed that amino acid fatty acid released from the breakdown of muscle protein and body fat, respectively, were utilized for energy during fasting. Body weight and BMI were reduced because of the increased muscle protein breakdown and body water excretion during early stage of fasting, but the significant body fat loss was after 9 days fasting. Therefore, it could be suggested to fast for longer than 10 days if the reduction of body fat was planned by fasting, and recommed to exercise and ingest more vitamins and minerals to replace the excreted minerals during fasting. (Korean J Nutrition 34(5) : 547~553, 2001)

• The Korean Journal of Community Living Science
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.75-85
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• 2008

This study investigated the effects of chitosan on mineral metabolism in rats exposed to cadmium by oral administration. Six week-old Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into eight groups. Four groups were fed AIN-93G based 3% ${\alpha}$-cellulose diets and the other four groups were fed 3% chitosan diets for four weeks with the oral administration of 0, 0.5, 1.0, 2.0 mg Cd/2ml distilled water three times per week, respectively. The essential mineral contents of serum, liver, kidney and bone (femur and lumbar), and the excretion of calcium in feces and urine were determined. There was no significant difference in weight gain and food intake among groups. The cadmium administration significantly decreased calcium in serum, iron in blood, calcium and iron in liver and iron contents in kidney. In contrast, calcium and zinc contents in kidney increased by the administration of cadmium. The weight, length and breaking forces of the femur and lumbar were not significantly different due to cadmium administration and chitosan among the groups. The fecal excretion of calcium was increased by the administration of cadmium. On the other hand, calcium absorption and the absorption rate were decreased by Cd administration. In the groups without Cd administered (N, N-Chi groups), chitosan significantly decreased the absorption rate of calcium by increasing the excretion in feces (p<0.05). These results suggest that cadmium administration may facilitate the decline of essential minerals in rats and also, chitosan may have a conflicting effect between cadmium and the essential minerals of tissues.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.31 no.6
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• pp.1031-1038
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• 1998

The present study was carried out to investigate the effects of magnesium supplement levels and periods on calcium, magnesium, and phosphorus metabolism in male Sprague-Dawley rats given low protein and magnesium deficient diets for 2 weeks. Serum calcium content was significantly lower in the magnesium supplement group than in the magnesium-deficient group, but calcium excretion in urine and feces was significantly increased as magnesium level and period was increased. Increasing the dietary magnesium level and periods raised serum content and excretion of magnesium in urine k feces. Urinary excretion of phosphorus in two week group was significantly lower in the magnesium supplement group than in the magnesium-deficient group. fecal phosphorus excretion in supplement group (Mg 800mg/kg diet) was significantly higher than that of other group. (Korean J Nutrition 31(6) : 1031-1038, 1998)

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• v.52 no.11
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• pp.2581-2584
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• 2020

Boron has been considered to play a nutritionally important role in humans and animals, but its biochemical functions are not clearly understood. Though there are signs that boron affects the mineral and hormone metabolisms, there is no comprehensive epidemiological evidence establishing a relationship between a boron intake and osteoporosis due to the excretion of calcium in the bones. In this study, we investigated the influence of boron intake on the calcium excretion of old female mice in the menopause. The concentrations of calcium in backbone, thigh bone, blood, kidney, liver, and spleen were investigated by using instrumental neutron activation analysis.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.29 no.10
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• pp.1096-1104
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• 1996

This study was performed to evaluate the effect of sodium cholride supplementation on bone metabolism in female rats consuming a low calcium diet. Twenty five female rats were divided into three dietary groups (control Na : 0.1038%, 1% Na : 1.036%, 2% Na : 2.072%). All experimental diets contained 0.27% Ca and were fed to rats with deionized water for 7 weeks. Bone mineral density(BMD) and bone mineral content(BMC) of total body, spine and femur were measured using energy x-ray absorptiometry(DEXA) by small animal software. Then Ca efficiency was calculated from BMD and BMC. Serum Ca, P, Na and urine Ca, P, Na were determined. Urinary pyridinoline, serum ALP were measured to monitor bone resorption. Following 7 weeks, sodium cholride supplemented groups had higher urinary Ca excreteion, urinary pyridinoline, crosslinks value and serum ALP. There was no significant difference in case of serum Ca among all groups. Sodium chloride supplemnted groups had lower Ca effciency of total, spine and femur BMD and BMC than that of control group. In conclusion high salt intake not only increases urinary Ca excretion as urinary Na excretion does but also increase bone resorption and decrease Ca efficiency of each bone. It is been suggested that high salt intake may be harmful for bone maintenance. Therfore, the decrease of salt intake to the level of recommendation would be desirable.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.140-149
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• 1992

It was hypothesized that variations within the range of usual calcium(Ca) and sodium(Na) intakes of Korean influence bone mineral density(BMD) in healthy premenopausal women The relationship of nutrient intake urinary excretion physical activity and circulating IGF-1 level with spine({{{{ { L}_{2 } }}}}-{{{{ { L}_{4 } }}}}) and femur BMD was determined in 47 normal premenpausal women. There was a positive relationship between BMD of the lumbar spine and body weight. The BMD of femoral neck was positively correlated with Ca and protein intakes from animal source and circulating IGF-1 level. There was a negative relationship between femur BMD and both Na intake and urinary excretion. The complex interrelations between femur BMD regression analysis, From this analysis. Ca intake from animal origin was the only significnat Premenopausal women of femur BMD. In the basis of femur BMD three groups were divided Premenopausal women of femur BMD$\leq$0.84g/cm2 showed depressed Ca intake of animal origin in later and early life and enhanced urinary Na excretion compared to women of femur study suggests that dietary Ca is a major constituent affecting femur BMD because of a decrease in net Ca absorption and an increase in urinary Ca loss.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.37 no.2
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• pp.100-107
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• 2004

This study was performed to evaluate the effect of dietary protein source and sulfur amino acid content on bone metabolism in ra. Thirty male rats (body weight 145$\pm$2g) were divided into three groups. The rats in the first group were fed on casein 20% diet as animal protein source and those in the second group were fed on soy 20% diet as plant protein source. Sulfur amino acid ratio of these group was 1.07:1. The rats in the third group were fed on soy 20% diet and the sulfur amino acid were supplemented with the amount contained as much in the soy 20% diet. All rats were fed on experimental diet and deionized water ad libitum for 9 weeks, The total body, spine, femur bone mineral density and bone mineral content were measured using Dual Energy X-ray Absorptiometry Calcium, phosphate, pyridinoline, creatinine in urine and calcium, phosphate, alkaline phosphatase, osteocalcin in serum were measured. During the experimental period, plant protein (soy protein) group had a lower urinary Ca excretion, urine pyridinoline ＆ crosslinks value and had a higher Ca efficiency in total bone and femur bone mineral density than animal protein (casein) group. There were no significant differences in serum calcium, phosphate, alkaline phosphatase and osteocalcin among the three groups of the rats. The findings from this study demonstrated that plant protein (soy protein) is beneficial of bone mineral density because it had a higher Ca efficiency in total bone and femur bone mineral density than animal protein (casein). However, the supplementation of sulfur amino acid on soy results were consistent with prior studies that dietary sulfur amino acid load had a negative effect on calcium balance. The rats fed sulfur amino acid supplementation diet increased urinary calcium excretion and decreased calcium efficiency for total and femur mineral density. Therefore, dietary protein source and sulfur amino acid content influence bone metabolism. (Korean J Nutrition 37(2): 100-107, 2004)

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.33-41
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• 1988

In a study about minerals cycling in grassland agro-ecosystem, investigation on relations among two minerals, potassium(K) and magnesium(Mg), and nitrogen(N) was performed. Four kinds of diets different in K and N levels were fed to four goats with a Latin-square method and $2{\times}2$ factorial design. As the basal diet, press cake silage prepared from Italian ryegrass was used because of its uniformity and comparatively low mineral concentrations. Supplementation of K and N were made using potassium bicarbonate and urea. In the experiment, it was clearly shown that high K concentration in the forage crops is the main reason of the low utilization of Mg in ruminant animals. However, high nitrogen intake resulted in the increase of magnesium retention, urinary potassium excretion, water intake and volume of urine and in the decreases of potassium intake minus urinary potassium excretion. The results of high nitrogen intake seemed to be produced in the following order;increase of urine, increase of water intake, increase of urinary potassium excretion, and decrease of intake minus urinary potassium excretion. The amount of potassium intake minus urinary potassium excretion had significantly close relationships with magnesium utilization and serum magnesium concentration. As a conclusion, higher nitrogen intake by ruminants seemed to be preferable for magnesium utilization through increased water intake and urinary potassium excretion, if the sufficient drinking water could be supplied to ruminants.