• Proceedings of the Korean Society for Agricultural Machinery Conference
• /
• 1993.10a
• /
• pp.637-647
• /
• 1993

Over 40 per cent Indian population needs to be attended for nutritional improvement. Traditional nutritious food resources though abundantly available but presently less used, if incorporated in the diets, can yield low-cost nutritionally balanced diets. The linear programming (LP)model was used for optimization of food resources to satisfy protein -energy requirements of hard working rural poor. Soybean-a highly nutritious food legume-available at reasonably low price was included along with chick -pea and pigeon -pea for comparison .The three cereals predominantly used in Indian diets -rice, wheat and sorghum -and three typical leafy vegetables namely, spinach , drumstick leaves and rajagira (Amaranths paniculantus) leaves were used for optimization . The contribution of food legume was restricted to supply only 50 per cent of daily protein requirement for maximum protein value. The quantities of other food stuffs namely , milk , sugar , tubers etc. were restricted to nati nal per capita availability. the nutrition satisfaction levels in per cent RDA by the model are 149-250 for protein , 51-106 for fat, 134-362 for iron an d143-1158 for Vitamin-A. Quantities of food legumes, cereals and leafy vegetables ranged from 289-601, 3000-3700 and 360-1200 g/day respectively for a reference family of five hard working rural poor. Daily food resources cost ranged from US$ 0.6 to 1.0 for the family. Amongst food legumes, soybean based diet combinations provide maximum nutritional benefits at minimum cost indicating its suitability for wider adoption by hard working poor.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• v.12 no.3
• /
• pp.336-340
• /
• 1999

Age at maturity was studied in 661 Nili Ravi buffaloes maintained at six dairy farms in Pakistan. The mean age at maturity in the overall data from the six farms was $976.49{\pm}9.2$ days. Significantly lower mean age at maturity $(957.93{\pm}10.68\;days)$ was observed at Military Dairy Farm, Khyber Okara, Military Daiiy Farm, Punjnad and Livestock Research Station, National Agricultural Research Centre, Islamabad (Group I) compared to $(1015.26{\pm}17.39\;days)$ other three Military Dairy Farms, Peshawar, Nowshera and Rawalpindi (Group II). The advantages associated to early age at maturity were as following. Male and female calves were heavier $(38.35{\pm}0.17\;and\;31.84{\pm}15kg,\;respectively)$ in Group I as compared to $(29.27{\pm}0.26\;and\;26.27{\pm}0.26kg)$ in Group II. Milk yield per lactation was significantly higher in Group I $(1912{\pm}12\;lit.)$ as compared to $(1833.36{\pm}16.56\;lit.)$ in Group II. Lactation length was significantly longer $(284.41{\pm}1.23\;days)$ in Group I as compared to $(277.77{\pm}2.02\;days)$ in Group II. Dry period and service period were significantly shorter $(241.59{\pm}4.18\;and\;217.05{\pm}4.95\;days,\;respectively)$ in Group I as compared to $(306.39{\pm}78\;and\;280.95{\pm}9.32\;days)$ in Group II. The mean age at first calving and sex ratio were low ($1282.75{\pm}10.14$ days and 100 ♀ ♀:130.7 ♂ ♂) in Group I as compared to ($1308.7{\pm}16.44$ days and 100 ♀ ♀:152.15 ♂ ♂) in Group II but the differences were non significant.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• v.15 no.10
• /
• pp.1453-1457
• /
• 2002

The experiment was conducted to find out the effect of 4 feeding systems on growth, feed intake, eating behavior, lactation performance, gestation period, post-partum heat period, conception rate and parasitic infestation of Black Bengal goat. Twenty four does of approximately 1 year of age were randomly selected for 4 treatment (feeding systems) groups having 6 replications in each. Treatments were stall feeding ($T_1$), tethering ($T_2$), restricted grazing ($T_3$) and grazing ($T_4$). $T_1$ group was housed continuously and adequate amounts of natural grass were supplied for ad libitum feeding. $T_2$ group was tethered for grazing natural grass from 8 a.m. to 4 p.m. being moved at one hour intervals. Goats of $T_3$ group were allowed grazing from 8 a.m. to 1 p.m. $T_4$ group was grazed from 8 a. m. to 4 p.m. Concentrate supplement was given at the rate of 150 g per day per goat for all of the treatment groups. Duration of experiment was 219 days. Daily live weight gain was significantly (p<0.05) higher in case of stall fed goats than that of others. DM intake also significantly (p<0.05) differed among the treatment groups and was 3.40 3.95, 3.76 and 4.05 per cent of their live weight for stall feeding, tethering, restricted grazing and grazing groups, respectively. Rate of rumination was significantly (p<0.05) higher in case of tethering group of goats than that of others. Birth weight of kids, milk yield, lactation period and post-partum heat period were significantly higher in case of stall fed goats than others. Tethering group showed significantly (p<0.05) higher litter size than others. Infestation rate of Fasciola was significantly (p<0.05) higher in the grazing group. In conclusion, it may be stated that among these feeding groups overall performance of stall fed goats was more satisfactory, and that the tethering group showed better performance than the others.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• v.25 no.4
• /
• pp.447-451
• /
• 2012

The objective of this research was to determine the prevalence, risk factors and consequent effect of dystocia on lactation performance in Holstein dairy cows in Iran. The data set consisted of 55,577 calving records on 30,879 Holstein cows in 30 dairy herds for the period March 2000 to April 2009. Factors affecting dystocia were analyzed using multivariable logistic regression models through the maximum likelihood method in the GENMOD procedure. The effect of dystocia on lactation performance and factors affecting calf birth weight were analyzed using mixed linear model in the MIXED procedure. The average incidence of dystocia was 10.8% and the mean (SD) calf birth weight was 42.13 (5.42) kg. Primiparous cows had calves with lower body weight and were more likely to require assistance at parturition (p<0.05). Female calves had lower body weight, and had a lower odds ratio for dystocia than male calves (p<0.05). Twins had lower birth weight, and had a higher odds ratio for dystocia than singletons (p<0.05). Cows which gave birth to a calf with higher weight at birth experienced more calving difficulty (OR (95% CI) = 1.1(1.08-1.11). Total 305-d milk, fat and protein yield was 135 (23), 3.16 (0.80) and 6.52 (1.01) kg less, in cows that experienced dystocia at calving compared with those that did not (p<0.05).

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• v.19 no.6
• /
• pp.837-844
• /
• 2006

Four, lactating dairy cows were randomly assigned according to a $2{\times}2$ Factorial arrangement in a $4{\times}4$ Latin square design to study supplementation of urea level (U) at 2 and 4% and sodium dl-malate (M) at 10 and 20 g/hd/d in concentrate. The treatments were as follows U2M10, U2M20, U4M10 and U4M20, respectively. The cows were offered the treatment concentrate at a ratio to milk yield at 1:2.5 and urea-treated rice straw was fed ad libitum. The results have revealed that rumen fermentation and blood metabolites were similar for all treatments. The populations of protozoa and fungal zoospores were significantly different as affected by urea level and sodium dl-malate. In addition, the viable bacteria were similar for amylolytic and proteolytic bacteria. Cellulolytic bacteria were significantly affected by level of sodium dl-malate especially Selenomonas ruminantium and Megasphaera elsdenii while Butyrivibrio fibrisolvens was significantly affected by level of urea supplementation. In conclusion, the combined use of concentrate containing high level of cassava chip at 75% DM with urea at 4% in concentrate and sodium dl-malate at 20 g/hd/d with UTS as a roughage could improv rumen ecology and microbial protein synthesis efficiency in lactating dairy cows.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• v.22 no.2
• /
• pp.216-224
• /
• 2009

In Japan, since rice consumption has been decreasing with the westernization of Japanese eating habits, surplus paddy fields have been increasing. If these surplus paddy fields can be utilized for forage rice production as feed for animal production and excretions (feces and urine) from animal production can be applied to the paddy fields as manure, then the problems of surplus paddy fields and excretions from animal production may be solved, and the environment kept sustainable. The objectives of the present study were to apply a bio-economic model to dairy and forage rice integration systems in Japan and to examine the merit of introducing whole crop rice silage (WCRS), as well as economic and environmental effects of various economic and management options in the systems. Five simulations were conducted using this model. The use of WCRS as a home-grown feed increased environmental loads and decreased economic benefit because of the higher amount of purchased feed, when compared to the use of typical crops such as maize, alfalfa and timothy silage (simulation 1). Higher economic benefits from higher forage rice yields and higher milk production of a dairy cow were obtained (simulations 2, 3). There were no economic and environmental incentives for utilizing crude protein (CP) rich WCRS, because an increase in the CP content in WCRS led to the use of more chemical fertilizers, resulting in high production costs and nitrogen outputs (simulation 4). When evaluated under the situation of a fixed herd size, increasing forage rice yields decreased the total benefit of the production, in spite of the fact that the amount of subsidies per unit of land increased (simulation 5). It was indicated that excess subsidy support may not promote yield of forage rice. It was, however, observed in most cases that dairy and forage rice integration systems could not be economically established without subsidies.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• v.18 no.4
• /
• pp.490-496
• /
• 2005

Ten 18.5-month old Holstein steers were allocated into two diet groups of five and fed either concentrates as control group or potato by-products based silage (PBS) as experimental group for six months to investigate the effect of PBS on growth performance, carcass characteristics and fatty acid composition of carcass fats. The PBS diet consisted, in a DM basis, of 74.5% PBS, 16% hay, and 9.5% soybean milk residue (SMR). The control diet consisted, in a DM basis, of 82.5% concentrates and 17.5% hay. There were no significant differences in the overall average daily gain (ADG), dry matter intake (DMI), feed efficiency, yield score and meat quality score of dressed carcass between the two diet groups. There were no statistical differences in DM, crude protein (CP), and ether extract (EE) of beef and melting point of all adipose tissues from steers fed both diets. The PBS-fed steers tended to have lower Warner Bratzler shear (WBS) values than in the concentrate-fed steers (13.0 vs. 17.7 lb, p<0.1). At both sampling times 3 and 6 months of feeding period, PBS-fed steers had higher proportions of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), especially linoleic (C18:2) acids in subcutaneous fat than in control group (p<0.05). PBS-fed steers had significantly higher proportions of PUFA, especially C18:2 fatty acids than in concentrate-fed steers in carcass fats (p<0.05). In conclusion, feeding PBS to fattening steers has shown to have the same potential as concentrate feeding in terms of effect on the growth performance, feed efficiency, and carcass characteristics. Interestingly, PBS also seems preferable to concentrates because it increased the proportion of C18:2 fatty acid composition of carcass fats which is valuable for beef consumers.

• Journal of Animal Environmental Science
• /
• v.7 no.3
• /
• pp.169-172
• /
• 2001

This research was carried out to investigate the quantity of Holstein milking cow manure excreted and their characteristics. The average body weight of the Holstein milking cow during experiment was 550.0kg, and fried intake(DM basis), water consumption, milk yield was 16.7, 85.4, 24.4k7/day/head, repectively. The average manure production of Holstein milking cow was 63.5kg/day/head(feces 42.3, urine 10.2kg). The average moisture content of feces and urine was 83.9%, 96.9%, respectively. Wastewater pollutant concentration of $BOD_5$(Biochemical Oxygen demand). $COD_{Mn}$ (Chemical Oxygen demand), SS(Suspended Solids), T-N(Total Nitrogen) and T-P(Total Phosphorus), excreted from Holstein milking cow was 16,560, 40,329, 78,500, 2,854, 577mg/ l in feces and 4,580, 7,575, 370, 4,164, 7mg/ l in urine, repectively.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
• /
• v.19 no.4
• /
• pp.324-330
• /
• 1987

A large number of methanol-assimilating yeasts and bacteria were isolated from samples of soil, sewage, decomposed milk and spoiled sweet-radish pickles. Among the yeasts, one strain was selected and identified as a strain of Candida boidinii. In 1% (v/v) methanol Candida boidinii YF-3 grew well and could grow in as much as 5%. This yeast required boitin for grwoth. Maximum growth was observed at $30^{\circ}C$ and pH 6 in a semisynthetic medium. The productivity was 2.72g dry cells per liter in batch culture with 1%(v/v) methanol and the cell yield for methanol was $0.39\;gg^{-1}$. The specific growth rate was $0.11\;h^{-1}$ and the generation time was 6.4 hours. The protein content of the cell was 45.5% and total nucleic acid content was 5.9%. The amino acid profile was as good as FAO standard for food protein.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
• /
• v.27 no.1
• /
• pp.10-21
• /
• 2014

This study is conducted to investigate the effects of Chinese artichoke powder on the antioxidant activities and the quality characteristics of tofu. Tofus are being prepared with different amounts of Chinese artichoke powder in ratios of 0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6 and 0.8% according to the soy milk quantity. According to the increasing contents of Chinese artichoke powder, the yield and turbidity of tofus are significantly increased (p<0.001) whereas the pH levels of tofus are significantly decreased (p<0.001). In terms of color, the L, a and b values are significantly decreased with increasing Chinese artichoke powder concentrations (p<0.001). From the texture profile analysis of the tofus, the chewiness, gumminess and cohesiveness of tofus are significantly decreased (p>0.01) according to the levels of added Chinese artichoke powder content. The contents of isoflavones such as daidzin and genistin are significantly increased with increasing concentrations of Chinese artichoke powder (p<0.001). The microstructure of tofus is being examined by SEM (Scanning Electron Microscope). In the sensory test, the sample which contains 0.4% of Chinese artichoke powder is ranked significantly higher (p>0.001) than the other groups according to several sensory parameters such as appearance, color, flavor, taste, texture and the overall preferences.