• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Grassland Science Conference
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• 2005.06a
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• pp.200-201
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• 2005

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.22 no.12
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• pp.1625-1632
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• 2009

Four lactating Holstein Friesian crossbred cows, with an average initial weight of 450 kg, 48${\pm}$12 days in milk and initial milk yield of 18 kg/h/d, were randomly arranged according to a 2${\times}$2 factorial arrangement in a 4${\times}$4 in Latin square design with 21-d period to investigate the effects of type of total mixed ration (TMR) and type of whole cottonseed (WCS) on intake, digestibility and milk production. The dietary treatments were i) TMR and WCS supplementation at 0.5 kg/h/d, ii) TMR and cracked WCS (cWCS) supplementation at 0.5 kg/h/d, iii) fermented TMR (FTMR) and WCS supplementation at 0.5 kg/h/d, and iv) FTMR and cWCS supplementation at 0.5 kg/h/d. Voluntary feed intake was 15.9, 15.2, 15.4 and 15.6 kg DM/d in dietary treatment 1, 2, 3 and 4, respectively. Digestibility of DM, OM, CP, EE, NDF and ADF were not significantly different among dietary treatments. Ruminal pH, $NH_{3}-N$ and volatile fatty acids in the rumen were also not significantly different among type of TMR or type of WCS. Blood urea-N concentration was not significantly different among dietary treatments. Ruminal bacteria population tended to increase but ruminal protozoa population tended to decrease with supplementation of cWCS, but they were not affected by FTMR. Milk yield and 3.5% FCM were not statistically different among treatments (16.6, 16.2, 17.0, 16.3 kg/d and 18.0, 18.6, 19.9 and 19.0 kg/d, respectively). Milk composition was not significantly different among dietary treatments. However, unsaturated fatty acids in milk fat in cows fed FTMR were lower (p<0.05) than in cows fed TMR. In conclusion, fermentation is a conceivable method to improve the quality of TMR for long-time storage and the cracking method is suitable to release the fat from cottonseed for enhancing fatty acid deposition in milk. Thus, the combination of FTMR and cWCS supplementation would be an alternative strategy to improve performance of lactating cows.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.543-548
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• 2002

Fresh elephant grass was replaced by urea treated rice straw (UTRS) to evaluate the effects on milk production of crossed lactating cows. A total of 16 crossbred F1 cows (Holstein Friesian ${\times}$ Vietnamese Local Yellow), with a body weight of about 400 kg and lactation number from three to five, were used in the experiment. The experimental cows were blocked according to the milk yield of the previous eight weeks and divided into 4 homogenous groups. The experiment was conducted with a Latin Square design with 4 treatments and 4 periods. Each period was 4 weeks, with 2 weeks of feed adaptation and 2 weeks for data collection. The ratio of concentrate to roughage in the ration was 50:50. All cows were given constant amounts of elephant grass dry matter (DM), with ratios of 100% grass without UTRS (control treatment 100G), and 75% grass (75G), 50% grass (50G) and 25% grass (25G) with ad libitum UTRS. Daily total DM intake on 100G, 75G, 50G and 25G was 12.04, 12.31, 12.32 and 11.85 kg, and the daily ME intake was 121.6, 121.5, 119.4 and 114.3 MJ, respectively. The daily CP intake was similar for all treatments (1.85-1.91 kg). There was a difference (p<0.05) in daily milk yield between the 25G and the 100G and 75G (11.7 vs. 12.6 and 12.5 kg, respectively). Milk protein concentration was similar for all treatments, while a tendency to increased milk fat concentration following the increase of UTRS ratio was observed. The cows gained 4-5 kg body weight per month and showed first oestrus 3-4 months after calving. The overall feed conversion for milk production was not affected by ratio of UTRS in the ration. It is concluded that replacement of green grass by UTRS with a ratio of 50:50 for crossbred lactating cows is as good as feeding 100% green grass in terms of milk yield, body weight gain and feed conversion. UTRS can preferably replace green grass in daily rations for crossbred dairy cows in winter to cope with the shortage of green grass, with the ratio 1:1.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.34 no.2
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• pp.117-121
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• 2001

This study was carried out to investigate the effects of rice cultivation of no-tillage seeding on the physicochemical properties and rice yield in the paddy soil of Milk vetch (Astragalus sinicus L.) established. The number of Milk vetch establishment was 256 per $m^2$ in the before experiment but 440 per $m^2$ in the after experiment. The seed numbers of Milk vetch were sufficient that Milk vetch seed were not sown again in the next year. Soil physicochemical properties of the plot of Milk vetch cultivation were similar to the conventional plot. The amount of weed occurrence was 87g dry weight per $m^2$ in the conventional but not occurrence in the sowing of Milk vetch establishment. Rice yield was 4.9ton per ha in the conventional and 4.5 ton per ha in the soybean seeder sowing of Milk vetch establishment.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.30 no.3
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• pp.512-517
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• 2010

This study was conducted to the evaluate nutritional value of corn taffy residue (CTR), a by-product from Korean traditional taffy, and to investigate the dietary effect of CTR on the yield and composition of milk from dairy cows. Relatively high concentrations of residual enzymes and sugars were found in CTR. Protein and fat concentrations were high, comparable to those of corn gluten meal. Inclusion of 1, 3, and 6% CTR in total mixed rations yielded more milk (p<0.05) than in the control group, and increased milk fat (p<0.05) in high-producing cows (approximately 30 kg). In low-producing cows, (approximately 20 kg), milk yield was increased by 1 and 6% CTR, and milk protein was enhanced by 3% CTR (p<0.05). Based on these results, utilization of CTR is recommended for production of high quality and economical animal products.

• Journal of agriculture & life science
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• v.46 no.1
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• pp.113-121
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• 2012

A total of 150,624 records of Holstein milk production collected from 2005 to 2009 were analyzed to investigate the effects of two different contemporary group definitions, parity and somatic cell score (SCS). The first definition (H BY S) of contemporary group was milking cows and heifers born in the same year and season. And the second thing (H CY S) was milking cow and heifers that delivered calves in the same year and season. Effects of contemporary group, parity and regression effect on SCS from two models were highly significant sources of variation. Coverage of variation ($R^2$) was somewhat higher in models with H BY S as contemporary group. From multivariate models with H BY S, phenotypic correlation coefficients of milk components were estimated high and positive. However, the phenotypic correlation coefficient between milk yield and SCS was -0.09, which was low enough to evidence no correlation between them. Phenotypic correlation between SCS and butter fat or between SCS and protein were also negligible but negative. From multivariate models with H CY S as contemporary group, phenotypic correlation among milk traits and SCS were similar to the estimates from models with H BY S. However, SCS in these models were lowly but negatively correlated with milk yield, milk protein, butter fat or SNF, and the phenotypic correlation coefficients of which were -0.10, -0.08, -0.08, -0.11, respectively.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.18 no.8
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• pp.1105-1109
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• 2005

The effect of dietary fatty acid supplementation on milk production, milk composition and plasma constituents in dairy cows was examined. Dietary fatty acids including mainly palmitic acid and stearic acid were given to cows from 2 weeks before and 8 weeks after parturition. Weekly gain of daily milk production was increased gradually during early lactation period and reached a plateau at 4 weeks after parturition. Weekly gain of daily milk production in lactating cows received dietary fatty acids was significantly higher than that of cows given a control diet alone. Although milk lactose concentration was slightly decreased by dietary fatty acid supplementation, milk fat and protein were not significantly influenced by dietary fatty acid supplementation. Dietary fatty acids did not affect plasma concentrations of triglyceride, non-esterified fatty acids, total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and glucose during postpartum. It is suggested that dietary fatty acid supplementation has the potency to enhance energy balance and improve milk yield without any adverse effects on milk composition.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.343-351
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• 2016

Although the chemical, physical, and nutritional properties of bovine milk have been extensively studied, only a few studies have attempted to characterize milk-synthesizing genes using RNA-seq data. RNA-seq data was collected from 21 Holstein samples, along with group information about milk production ability; milk yield; and protein, fat, and solid contents. Meta-analysis was employed in order to generally characterize genes related to milk production. In addition, we attempted to investigate the relationship between milk related traits, parity, and lactation period. We observed that milk fat is highly correlated with lactation period; this result indicates that this effect should be considered in the model in order to accurately detect milk production related genes. By employing our developed model, 271 genes were significantly (false discovery rate [FDR] adjusted p-value<0.1) detected as milk production related differentially expressed genes. Of these genes, five (albumin, nitric oxide synthase 3, RNA-binding region (RNP1, RRM) containing 3, secreted and transmembrane 1, and serine palmitoyltransferase, small subunit B) were technically validated using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) in order to check the accuracy of RNA-seq analysis. Finally, 83 gene ontology biological processes including several blood vessel and mammary gland development related terms, were significantly detected using DAVID gene-set enrichment analysis. From these results, we observed that detected milk production related genes are highly enriched in the circulation system process and mammary gland related biological functions. In addition, we observed that detected genes including caveolin 1, mammary serum amyloid A3.2, lingual antimicrobial peptide, cathelicidin 4 (CATHL4), cathelicidin 6 (CATHL6) have been reported in other species as milk production related gene. For this reason, we concluded that our detected 271 genes would be strong candidates for determining milk production.

• Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life
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• v.19 no.5
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• pp.723-728
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• 2009

In this study, the effects of feeding providing Holstein cows with with TMR feed including amended with undried citrus byproducts on the properties of their raw milk were investigated. Two samples were used for the experiment: T0 (raw milk produced by dairy cows fed with TMR feed not including citrus byproducts) and T1 (raw milk produced by cows fed with TMR feed including citrus byproducts). The All experiments were conducted with Holstein cows at a dairy farm in the on Jeju island, and were repeated three times, in each, after of which raw milk obtained from 7 cows of each samplein each group was analyzed[ED highlight - please ensure this is correct]. The daily milk yield and somatic cell numbers of T0 and T1 were 24.16 kg and 25.97 kg, and 660,000 thousands and 445,000 thousands, respectively, which means that feeding citrus byproducts to cows increases daily milk yield and reduces somatic cell numbers. There was were no significant differences between T0 and T1 in terms of the raw milk's total plate count, specific gravity, titration acidity, and or the amount of milk protein, lactose, nonfat solids, free amino acids and volatile compounds, while raw milk in T1 showed significantly lower levels of milk fat in raw milk. The antioxidant activity of raw milk was improved by citrus byproducts TMR feed containing citrus byproducts.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.6 no.3
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• pp.423-426
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• 1993

A total 930 outbreaks of Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD) were recorded in Bangladesh from 1988 to 1991. Number of FMD outbreaks was recorded highest in Rajshahi division (304) followed by Dhaka (272), Khulna (203) and Chittagong (151). During 1988 to 1991, FMD outbreaks reached in peak level in 1990 (540) followed by 1989 (209), 1988 (95) and 1991 (86). Outbreaks though occurred throughout the year were higher in premonsoon and winter seasons. Morbidity rate was found significantly higher (p<0.01) in cattle (35.5%) than buffaloes (23.3%) and sheep/goats (4.8%). Of the cattle, bull/bullock infected more (p<0.01) than cows and calves. Morbidity rate in different animals was observed significantly higher (p<0.01) in Rajshahi and Dhaka divisions than in Khulna and Chittagong. Mortality specially in calves was found at the rate of 50.9%. Loss in milk yield was found to be 66.6%. Disease period for a FMD affected cattle varied from 16 to 26 days (average 22.7 days). Loss of working days per working cattle ranged from 14 to 24 days (average 21.2 days) and the loss in draft energy per cattle was found to be 12.7 to 18.9 KW hour.