• Journal of Nutrition and Health
• /
• 제29권6호
• /
• pp.569-577
• /
• 1996

This study was performed to determine the effect of maternal protein intake on 1) the concentration of immune substances in milk 2) degree of passive immunity to pups via lactation, and 3) specific antibody production to a specific antigen, $\beta$-lactoglobulin(BLG). 4) the effect of passive immunity that pups received from mother during lactation on the production of antibodies when the pups were challenged to the same antigen. Part of the female rats were immunized with BLG before and during pregnancy. The pregnant rats were placed into either 25% or 10% isolated soy protein diet throughout gestation and lactation. After weaning, pups from each group continued to be fed the same diet. At 18 weeks of age, all the pups were challenged with BLG. Total IgA and IgG, lysozyme, BLG-specific IgA and IgG were measured in dam's serum, dam's milk, and pup's serum. Total IgG, and lysozyme in dam's serum and milk were higher in high protein group. Total IgA and IgG in pup's serum remained higher in high protein group from 5 to 18 weeks of age. BLG-specific antibodies were found in the milk and serum of immunized dams, and in serum of pups born to immunized dams but not in the non-immunized group. BLG-specific IgA and IgG were again higher in high protein group and declined with time. The concentration decreased faster in the low proetein group than in the high protein groups. After immunization the pups with LBG, serum BLG-specific antibodies were not differ between rats born to immunized dams and those born to non-immunized dams. Therefore passive immunity rats received via milk as a pup had no effect on the BLG-specific antibody production later in life. This study shows the importance of protein status of mother and strongly support to the endorsement of breast feeding.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
• /
• 제36권9호
• /
• pp.942-949
• /
• 2003

This study was longitudinally conducted to evaluate the intakes of protein, Ca, Mg and P of exclusively breast-fed infants compared with the Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDA) for Korean infants. Twenty Korean lactating women and their infants during the first 3 months of lactation in Incheon area were participated. Protein, Ca and Mg, and P contents in the milk were determined using semimicro Kjeldahl (N ${\times}$ 6.38) , atomic absorption spectrophotometer and colorimeter, respectively, and also the milk consumption of the infants was measured by the test-weighing method. Protein contents of the milk were 1.96, 1.63, 1.51, 1.25 and 1.16 g/100 ml, and protein intakes of the breast-fed infants were 9.00, 9.85, 9.17, 8.97 and 7.76 g/day at 7, 15, 30, 60 and 90 days postpartum. The average protein intake per body weight of the breast-fed infants was 1.84 g/kg/day. The average intakes of Ca, Mg, P were 172.1 mg/day, 15.2 mg/day and 91.4 mg/day, respectively, and the average Ca/P ratio was 1.91. There was positive correlation between protein and Ca, protein and p, and Ca and P contents while negative correlation between Mg and P, The body weight of breast-fed infants increased normally from 3.6 $\pm$ 0.41 g at birth to three month during lactation. It is suggested that the breast-fed infants in Incheon area consume almost adequately protein, Ca and P from the milk compared with RDA for Korean infants.

• 한국축산식품학회지
• /
• 제40권5호
• /
• pp.689-698
• /
• 2020

The aim of study was to scrutinize the physicochemical and protein profile of milk obtained from local Pakistani breeds of milch animals such as Nilli-Ravi buffalo, Sahiwal cow, Kajli sheep, Beetal goat and Brela camel. Physicochemical analysis unveiled maximum number of total solids and protein found in sheep and minimum in camel. Buffalo milk contains the highest level of fat (7.45%) while camel milk contains minimum (1.94%). Ash was found maximum in buffalo (0.81%) and sheep (0.80%) while minimum in cow's milk (0.71%). Casein and whey proteins were separated by subjecting milk to isoelectric pH and then analyzed through sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). The results showed heterogeneity among these species. Different fractions including α_S1, α_S2, κ-casein, β-casein and β-lactoglobulen (β-Lg) were identified and quantitatively compared in all milk samples. Additionally, this electrophoretic method after examining the number and strength of different protein bands (α_S1, α_S2, β-CN, α-LAC, BSA, and β-Lg, etc.), was helpful to understand the properties of milk for different processing purposes and could be successfully applied in dairy industry. Results revealed that camel milk was best suitable for producing allergen free milk protein products. Furthermore, based on the variability of milk proteins, it is suggested to clarify the phylogenetic relationships between different cattle breeds and to gather the necessary data to preserve the genetic fund and biodiversity of the local breeds. Thus, the study of milk protein from different breed and species has a wide range of scope in producing diverse protein based dairy products like cheese.

• Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition
• /
• 제26권1호
• /
• pp.43-49
• /
• 2023

Purpose: The cow's milk-related-symptom-score (CoMiSS) tool was developed as an awareness tool for the assessment of cow's milk-related symptoms in infants or children. Fecal calprotectin (FC) is a noninvasive biomarker of gut inflammation that can be measured in serum and stool. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between FC levels and CoMiSS scores in infants with cow's milk protein allergy. Methods: Infants (aged 6-12 months) who were allergic to cow's milk protein were enrolled prospectively. Following completion of the CoMiSS scoring, the infants were divided into group 1 (positive CoMiSS scores ≥12) and group 2 (negative CoMiSS scores <12). FC was measured using immunoassay. Results: Of the 120 infants enrolled in this study, 60 (50.0%) had positive CoMiSS scores (group 1), while 60 (50.0%) had negative scores (group 2). The mean FC level was higher in the infants in group 1 than those in group 2 (2,934.57 ㎍/g vs. 955.13 ㎍/g; p<0.001). In addition, there was a positive correlation between FC and CoMiSS scores (R=0.168, p<0.0001). A FC level of 1,700 ㎍/g provided a sensitivity of 98.3%, specificity of 93.3%, and accuracy of 95.8% for the diagnosis of cow's milk protein allergy (CMPA). Conclusion: FC measurement may have a role in the assessing infants with CMPA.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• 제31권6호
• /
• pp.798-803
• /
• 2018

Objective: The objective of this study was to estimate the genetic parameters for milk ${\beta}$-hydroxybutyrate (BHBA), acetone (Ac), fat protein ratio (FPR), and energy balance (EB) using milk test day records and investigate the effect of early lactation FPR and EB on milk ketone body concentrations. Methods: Total 262,940 test-day records collected from Korea Animal Improvement Association during the period of 2012 to 2016 were used in this study. BHBA and Ac concentrations in milk were measured by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). FPR values were obtained using test day records of fat and protein percentage. EB was calculated using previously developed equation based on parity, lactation week, and milk composition data. Genetic parameters were estimated by restricted maximum likelihood procedure based on repeatability model using Wombat program. Results: Elevated milk BHBA and Ac concentrations were observed during the early lactation under the negative energy balance. Milk FPR tends to decrease with the decreasing ketone body concentrations. Heritability estimates for milk BHBA, Ac, EB, and FPR ranged from 0.09 to 0.14, 0.23 to 0.31, 0.19 to 0.52, and 0.16 to 0.42 respectively at parity 1, 2, 3, and 4. The overall heritability for BHBA, Ac, EB and FPR were 0.29, 0.32, 0.58, and 0.38 respectively. A common pattern was observed in heritability of EB and FPR along with parities. Conclusion: FPR and EB can be suggested as potential predictors for risk of hyperketonemia. The heritability estimates of milk BHBA, Ac, EB, and FPR indicate that the selective breeding may contribute to maintaining the milk ketone bodies at optimum level during early lactation.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
• /
• 제29권8호
• /
• pp.908-915
• /
• 1996

Protein concentration in human from 39 well-norished American women and its adequacy for growth of exclusively breastfed infants(BF) and breastfed infants fed supplementary foods(BFS)from 1-6 months postpartum were studied. Mean protein concentration of breast milk measured by Lowry et al., using human serum albumin as a standard, over the first 6 months lactation was 1.31$\pm$0.13g/dl. Concentration of protein was singnificantly higher at the first month of lactation (1.55$\pm$0.23g/dl)(P<0.05) than any other month studied. Mean volume of breast milk ranged from 662-848ml/day in the BE group and from 415-661ml/day in the BFS group during the first 6 months of lactation. Mean protein intake of infants ranged from 1.3-2.2g/kg in the BF group and from 1.4-2.1g/kg in the BFS group. Mean protein intake (g/kg body weight) of both BF and BFS groups was less than Recmmended Dietary Allowance(1989, USA) of 2.2g/kg except at 1 month of age. However, mean growth of the infants was normal according to NCHS reference, suggesting that the RDA for protein was unrealistically high for infants during 2-6 months of age. Protein provided by breast milk alone appeared adequate for normal growth during this time.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
• /
• 제21권5호
• /
• pp.573-579
• /
• 1992

숙시닐화가 균체 단백질(Aspergillus fumigatus)의 여러가지 기능적 특성에 미치는 영향을 검토하였다. 균체 단백질은 succinic anhydride 2.5와 10% 첨가에 20.7 과 85.3%가 숙시닐화되었다. 숙시닐화된 균체 단백질은 흡광도, 핵산 및 탄수화물의 양은 감소하였으나 단백질소, 단백질 추출율은 증가되었다. 숙시닐화된 균체 단백질의 질소용해도는 milk casein과 soy flour 보다 32와 51% 증가되었다. 유화활성도와 유화 안정성은 균체 단백질의 숙시닐화 비율에 따라서 증가 되었으며, 80% 숙시닐화된 균체 단백질은 약 8.4배 증가율을 나타내어 숙시닐화를 증가시킴에 따라 유화활성도와 유화안정성이 증가 되었다. 숙시닐화 시킨 균체 단백질은 숙시닐화 시키지 않는 균체 단백질, milk casein 및 soy flour에 비하여 향상된 기능적 특성을 나타내었다.

• 한국작물학회:학술대회논문집
• /
• 한국작물학회 2022년도 추계학술대회
• /
• pp.301-301
• /
• 2022

Dairy products are important diet source for human because of their balanced essential nutrients along with various vitamins and minerals. However, lactose in milk can result in diarrhea to some consumers with lactose intolerance. Soy milk has no lactose and is suitable as a substitute for diary milk in accordance with recent trend of replacing animal food with vegetable food. However, polysaccharides in soy milks are difficult for humans to digest, leading to flatulence. These polysaccharides can be decomposed into monosaccharides by lactic acid bacteria, and fermentation can improve food quality. Because mungbean has higher carbohydrate content than soybean, mung milk can be easily fermented than soy milk, resulting in vege yogurt with higher contents of lactic acid. In this study, fermentation characteristics of vege yogurt were analyzed with different ratio of soy milk and mung milk (0%, 25%, 50%, 75%, 100% and 0%+sucrose) and different fermentation time (0, 8, and 16 hours). In general, pH decreased as fermentation time increased. Overall, pH significantly decreased when the mung milk content in yogurt increased. All samples showed higher titratable acidity after fermentation and soy yogurt (mungbean 0%, 16 hours) with sucrose showed the highest value (6.825%). As fermentation time increase, viscosity increased. In 8 and 16 hours, mung milk yogurt (mungbean 100%) showed the lowest viscosity while soy milk yogurt (soybean 100%) with no sucrose showed the highest viscosity after 16 hours of fermentation. The contents of crude protein, crude fat and ash were measured for nutritional analysis. Soy milk (mungbean 0%, 0 hours) had the values of crude protein 2.9g, crude fat 1.8g, and ash 0.3g, and mung milk (mungbean 100%, 0 hours), showed the values of crude protein 1.7g, crude fat 0g, and ash 0.3g. To analyze the effect of the differences in the contents of nutrition between soy milk and mung milk on fermentation, the changes in sugar contents, and antioxidant capacity will be conducted depending on fermentation time. Our results will provide the information in researching plant beverages.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
• /
• 제30권7호
• /
• pp.840-847
• /
• 1997

In order to investigate the protein intake of breast-fed infants, we examined sixty infants during the first 5 months of lactation. Human milk intake infants increased during lactation with the respective values of 525, 671, 734, 744 , 765 and 768g/day t 0.5, 1, 2, 3, , 4 and 5 months postpartum. The average protein contents of human milk showed 1.58, 1.38, 1.23, 1.11, 1.08and 1.07g/100g respectively. The protein intake of boys during the first 5 months of lactation averaged 9.11g/day which was higher than the 7.71g/day average for girls. Body weight of infants at birth was 3337g, which increased significantly during lactation. The protein intake per body weight of breast-fed infants in boys was significantly higher than that in girls(p<0.01). Protein intake of breast-fed infants had survey, a revaluation of the protein intake and recommended dietary allowance of protein during early infancy should be considered.

• Journal of Dairy Science and Biotechnology
• /
• 제32권2호
• /
• pp.121-129
• /
• 2014

단백질이 풍부한 소재를 혼합한 강화발효유를 통해 노년층에게 요구되는 단백질과 프로바이오틱스를 공급하고자, 유청단백질과 볶음 콩가루를 혼합하여 발효유를 제조하고, 관능검사, 일반성분 및 유리아미노산 분석, 저장성 검사 등을 실시한 결과는 다음과 같다. 발효유의 제조과정에서 콩가루를 발효 전에 첨가하고, 합성향료는 첨가하지 않으며, 스타터는 액상 타입을 사용하는 것이 높은 기호도를 얻을 수 있는 것으로 나타났으며, 유청단백질은 발효 후에 혼합하는 것이 발효유의 겔화를 방지할 수 있었다. 콩가루 첨가량에 따른 관능평가 결과로서, 5% 첨가구에서 가장 높은 기호도를 보였다. 저장성 평가에서, pH와 산도는 일반발효유와 강화발효유에서 저장기간 4주 동안 큰 유의적인 차이를 보이지 않았고, 유산균수는 저장기간 2주부터 차이를 보이기 시작하여, 4주가 경과한 후 log/cfu 값이 일반발효유의 8.34에 비해 콩가루와 유청단백질 첨가 강화발효유에서 8.05로 낮게 나타났으나, 이와는 대조적으로 총균수는 4주가 경과한 후 일반발효유의 3.90보다 강화발효유에서 4.02로 높게 나타났다. 조단백질 함량은 시료 100 g당 강화발효유가 8.77 g으로 대조구인 일반발효유보다 약 3.5배 높았으며, 조지방과 탄수화물 함량은 각각 4.21 g과 10.72 g으로 대조구의 3.92 g과 9.28 g보다 약간 높았다. 식이섬유 함량은 콩가루 첨가의 영향으로 강화발효유에서 1.67 g으로 일반발효유보다 2.7배 높게 나타났다. 유리아미노산 분석결과, 단백질 강화발효유의 아미노산 함량이 일반발효유의 2.6 mg/100 g에 비해 37.9 mg/100 g으로 비약적으로 증가했을 뿐만 아니라, 필수 아미노산 비율도 34.6%에서 56.7%로 높게 분석되어 단백질 강화발효유가 영양적 측면에서 높은 가치를 나타낼 것으로 보인다.