• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제27권6호
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• pp.591-598
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• 1994

The longitudinal changes in transitional milk intakes and body weight of infants(18 boys, 10 girls) have been studied in the part of Kangwon Province from 7 days to 15 days postpartum. Milk intakes at 7, 10, 15 days postpartum were 474$\pm$155, 524$\pm$154 and 547$\pm$130g, respectively. The mean milk intakes were 515g from 7 to 15 days postpartum. Milk intakes of boys were significantly higher than those of girls. The transitional milk intakes per weight of infants appeared 147$\pm$41g/kg. The number of feed per day of boys were significantly higher than those of girls. Milk intakes per fed were 56$\pm$20g. The transitional milk intakes were affected by gestational period(p<0.05), maternal height(p<0.05) and mother's transitional milk yields (p<0.001). Infants transitional milk intakes were 82.6$\pm$17.0% of mothers transitional milk yields. Infants gained its weight 24.6, 40.1 and 39.0g/day at, 7, 10, 15 days postpartum, respectively.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제27권8호
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• pp.794-804
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• 1994

This study was conducted to investigate the relationship between lactational capacity and intakes of energy and energy-yielding nutrients. Food consumption, intakes of carbohydrate, protein, fat and energy and quantity and proximate composition of milk of 11 lactating Korean mothers were determined at 1, 2 and 3 months postpartum longitudinally. Food consumption was estimated using a 24-hour recall method ; intakes of energy and energy-yielding nutrients were calculated according to the Food Composition Table. Daily milk production was estimated using a 72-hour test-weighing method ; protein, fat, lactose and energy concentrations were analyzed. Average intakes of energy and protein were 1974$\pm$386㎉/day and 67.0$\pm$12.3㎉/day, these were 73% and 74% of the Korean Recommended Allowances, respectively. Average milk yield was 720.1$\pm$123.3ml/day containing energy 59.6$\pm$9.5㎉/dl, protein 1.1$\pm$0.1g/dl, fat 2.7$\pm$0.8g/dl, and lactose 6.3$\pm$0.3g/dl. No relationship existed between the intakes of carbohydrate, protein, fat and energy and the quantity and proximate composition of the milk. However, the intakes of energy, carbohydrate and vegetable protein were inversely related to the concentrations of energy and lactose in the milk. This result indicates that lactational capacity may be affected by the other factors excluding intakes of energy and energy-yielding nutrients and a high intake of energy may not guarantee optimal lactational capacity.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제28권7호
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• pp.612-619
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• 1995

This study was to investigate the intake of human milk, sodium and potassium of breast-fed infants at 7, 15, 30, 60 and 90 days postpartum. Milk samples were obtained from 20 healthy lactating women living in In-Cheon area. Milk intakes of 20 breastfed infants were determined by the test-weighing method and soldium and potassium contents of human milk were analyzed by Atomic Absorptin Spectrophotometer after Wet-Digestion. Infant milk intakes per day tended to increase during lactation. The mean($\pm$SD) intakes at 7, 15, 30, 60 and 90 day were 460(164), 547(202), 626(199), 718(139) and 688(162)g/day, respectively. The sodium contents decreased significantly from 9.7(1.1)mEq/kg at 7 day to 6.3(1.8)mEq/kg at 90 day(p<0.05). The sodium intakes of infants were 100.8(39.6), 103.3(46.7), 107.2(47.9), 115.5(41.5) and 105.2(41.2)mg/day, respectively and average intake was 107.2(43.9)mg/day. The potassium contents were ranged from 10.5(1.3) to 13.3(2.3) mEq/kg and the potassium intakes of infants were 241.8(11.2), 267.8(98.8), 314.1(98.6), 318.0(66.1) and 276.1(62.6)mg/day, respectively and average intake was 288.3(91.8)mg/day. The mean sodium and potassium intakes of infants between boys and girls were not significantly different at 5% level.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제33권8호
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• pp.857-863
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• 2000

The purpose of this study is to investigate zinc and copper intakes of exclusively breast-fed infants. We measured consumed volume and the minerals concentrations of human milk from thirty three lactating women and their infants during the first 5 months of lactation , Zinc concentrations of human milk showed 0.394, 0.290, 0.191, 0.147 and 0.139mg/100g at 0.5, 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 months of lactation respectively. Copper concentrations in the milk showed 61.04, 45.97, 37.15, 3.94, 26.22 and 26.21$\mu\textrm{g}$/100g respectively. Consumed volume of the milk of infants were 515, 650, 718, 731, 746 and 769g/day. There is significant difference between boys and girls in consumed volume of the milk at 2, 3 and 4 months of lactation. Zinc intakes of breast-fed infants declined(p<0.05) from 2.13mg/day at 0.5 months to 1.21mg/day at 3 months with no change thereafter significantly. Copper intakes of the infants declined(p<0.05) from 323.2$\mu\textrm{g}$/day at 0.5 months to 238.9$\mu\textrm{g}$/day at 3 months with no change thereafter. Form this survey, the reevaluation of zinc and copper intakes and recommended dietary allowance of those minerals during infancy are merited. (Korean J Nutrition 33(8) : 857-863, 2000)

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제38권4호
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• pp.313-319
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• 2005

Adequate vitamin $B_2$, vitamin $B_6$, folate and vitamin $B_{12}$ intakes are known to be important for the growth and development in infants. The purpose of this study was to evaluate concentrations of vitamin $B_2$, vitamin $B_6$, folate and vitamin $B_{12}$ in human milk and to investigate the relationship between vitamin B levels in human milk and dietary habits and other health-related behaviors. Milk samples were obtained from 38 healthy lactating women (aged 29.0 $\pm$ 3.2 years) who are participating in the cohort study on pregnant women. Vitamin $B_2$ concentrations in human milk were positively correlated with maternal vitamin $B_2$ intakes in lactating mothers. Vitamin $B_6$, folate and vitamin $B_{12}$ concentrations in human milk were not correlated with maternal B vitamin intakes. Vitamin $B_6$ concentrations in human milk were negatively correlated with the amount of postpartum weight loss. The vitamin B concentrations in human milk were not associated with maternal age, height, weight and parity. Mothers who were exposed to indirect smoking had lower vitamin $B_2$ concentrations, and those who reported to consume health foods had higher vitamin $B_2$ concentrations in their milk. In conclusion, lactating women need to consume more vitamin B intakes for the growth and development in infants. Further researches are needed to find other diet and health-related factors which influence on B vitamin concentrations in human milk.

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• 제1권2호
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• pp.230-233
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• 1996

The purposes of this study was to investigate selenium content of human milk and selenium intake of breast-fed infants at each period of lactation longitudinally. The human milk intake in breast-fed infants was measured by test weighing method from 20 lactating mothers at 1,2 and 3 months postpartum. Selenium content in the milks was determined by atomic absorption spectrophotometry with hydride generation after wet digestion of samples. Selenium intake in breast-fed infants was calculated by multiplying human milk intakes by selenium contents. The milk intakes were 640, 726 and 715g/day at 1,2 and 3 months postpartum. The selenium contents in human milk were characterized by a pattern of slight decline with advancing stage of lactation;13.1, 11.5 and 9.8$\mu\textrm{g}$/L at 1,2 and 3 months during lactation. There was a large individual variation at any stage of this study. The mean dietary selenium intakes in breast-fed infants were 8.38, 8.32 and 6.97$\mu\textrm{g}$/day at 1,2 and 3 months postpartum, respectively. The mean daily intakes on a body weight basis were gradually decreased during the course of lactation.

• 동아시아식생활학회지
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• 제7권3호
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• pp.375-382
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• 1997

This study was performed to evaluate the nutrient intake status according to coffee intake among Korean female college students. Two-hundred subjects were asked for their daily coffee intake using a questionnaire. Daily intakes of nutrients and food groups were calculated 3-day food records. The mean height and weight of the subjects were 161.6cm and 51.2kg. The mean daily intake of coffee and milk were 0.5 and 0.6 cups, respectively. When nutrient intake was compared to RDA for Koreans, intakes of energy, iron, vitamin A were short of recommendations. The mean intakes of calcium, sodium, vitamin B$_2$ in BMI＜20 group were significantly higher than those in BMI $\geq$20 group. The mean intakes of calcium and phosphorous in no-coffee group were significantly higher than those in $\geq$2 cup-coffee group. The mean intake of beverage and others significantly increased as the level of coffee intake was increased. However, intake of milk and its product decreased. There were significantly negative correlation between coffee and calcium intake, and positive correlation between milk and calcium intake. These results indicate that coffee consumption decreases calcium intake because of decrement of milk and its products. Therefore, it could be suggested that there is increased need for nutritional education on proper eating patterns for female college students.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제25권3호
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• pp.233-247
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• 1992

The changes in human milk composition from 2-5 days to 12 weeks postpartum were investigated. Milk from 62 mothers was anlyzed for total nitrogen(semimicro kjeldahl) lipid(utilizing a modified Folch) and lactose(enzymatic hydrolysis) Energy was calculated by frac-tional analysis. And the daily milk intakes and major nutrients and energy intakes of 18 exclusi-vely breast-fed infant were determined by the test-weighing procedure and the direct analysis of milk samples at 6 or 7 weeks postpartum. All samples were from well-defined subjects and uniform collection procedures were used. Total nitrogen content decreased significantly from 392 to 211 mg/dl lipid and lactose content increased from 1.94 to 3.06g/dl and 6.90 to 7.50g/dl respectively. And energy content increased 55.6 to 64.5 kcal/dl but was not statistically significant. The amount of milk ingested ranged from 432 to 1266 ml/day and the mean intake was 764 ml/day. Daily mean intakes for protein and energy were 10.0g and 450kcal in 6 or 7 weeks postpartum respectively.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• 제12권2호
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• pp.143-148
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• 2018

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Average intake of calcium among college students is below the recommended intake, and knowledge surrounding the attitudinal and behavioral factors that influence milk and dairy intake, a primary food source of calcium, is limited. The purpose of this study was to evaluate college students' attitudes and behaviors concerning milk and dairy consumption and their association with calcium intake. SUBJECTS/METHODS: Participants were 1,730 undergraduate students who completed an online survey (SurveyMonkey) as part of baseline data collection for a social marketing dairy campaign. The online survey assessed attitudes and behaviors concerning milk and dairy intake, and calcium intake. Questions about milk- and dairy-related attitudes and behaviors were grouped into 14 factors using factor analysis. Predictors of calcium intake were then evaluated. RESULTS: Median calcium intake across all participants was 928.6 mg/day, with males consuming higher calcium intakes than females (P < 0.001). Adjusted for gender, calcium intakes were most strongly (and positively) correlated with associating milk with specific eating occasions and availability (i.e., storing calcium-rich foods in one's dorm or apartment) (both P < 0.001). Other correlates of calcium intake included: positive-viewing milk as healthy (P = 0.039), having family members who drink milk) (P = 0.039), and taking calcium supplements (P = 0.056); and negative-parent rules concerning milk (P = 0.031) and viewing milk in dining halls negatively (P = 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Calcium intakes among college students enrolled in the current study was below the recommended dietary allowance of 1,000 mg/day, reinforcing the need for dietary interventions in this target population, especially females. Practitioners and researchers should consider the factors found here to impact calcium intake, particularly associating milk with specific eating occasions (e.g., milk with breakfast) and having calcium-rich foods available in the dorm room or apartment, as intervention strategies in future efforts aimed at promoting milk and dairy foods and beverages for improved calcium intake in college students.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제30권5호
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• pp.506-511
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• 1997

In order to investigate the body weight change and human milk intake of breast-fed infants, we examined thirty-three infants with test-weing method in Sokcho area during the first 5 months of lactation. The average birth weight of infants was 3300g. They grew 3300, 3805, 4676, 5878, 6786, 7403, and 8111g when they became 0.5, 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 months old. The is human milk intake was 515, 650, 718, 731, 746 and 796g/day during the lactatin. Human milk intake of boys was significantly higher than that of girls at 1(p<0.05), 2(p<0.01), and 3(p<0.01) months of lactation. During lactatin, the number of feedings per day decrerased. The human milk intakes per feeding had increased from 54.4g at 0.5 months to 98.9g at 5 months of lactation The human milk intake on infants was not affected by gestational period and birth weight. From this survey, we found a difference between boys and girls in human milk intake.