• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.23 no.10
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• pp.1319-1324
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• 2010

The objectives of this study were to compare the effectiveness of different indicators of mammary inflammation in buffalo and to evaluate the association of the indicators with buffalo milk yield, composition, and rennet coagulation properties. This study was carried out at four buffalo farms in central Italy using a total of 50 lactating buffalo. Milk from each buffalo was tested at the beginning, middle, and end of lactation. To evaluate the relationship between mastitis markers and milk components, three classes were defined for each of the following markers: total somatic cell count (TSCC), differential somatic cell count (DSCC), and bacteriological results The regression coefficient for the reference method and the alternative method of determining TSCC was 0.81, indicating that the method routinely used to analyze buffalo milk consistently underestimated actual TSCC. The milk samples positive for udder-specific bacteria also had higher TSCC values than the samples that were negative for bacteria ($872{\times}10^3$/ml vs. $191{\times}10^3$/ml). In samples that were positive for udder-specific bacteria, polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN) made up greater than 50% of the cells. Moreover, only 1% of the samples in the lowest TSCC class were positive for bacteria. The correlation between TSCC and PMN was stronger (0.70), and PMN values in buffalo milk increased significantly when the TSCC class changed from low (38%) to medium and high (56% and 64%). Milk yield was negatively related to TSCC. Significant changes in lactose (4.87%, 4.80% and 4.64%) and chloride content (0.650 mg/ml, 0.862 mg/ml and 0.882 mg/ml) were also observed with increasing TSCC values. Higher TSCC was associated with impaired rennet coagulation properties: the clotting time increased, while the curd firming time ($p{\leq}0.05$) and firmness decreased. We concluded that in buffalo as in dairy cows, TSCC is a valid indicator of udder inflammation; we also confirmed that a value of $ 200{\times}10^3 cells/ml should be used as the threshold value for early identification of an animal affected by subclinical mastitis. In addition to its association with significantly decreased milk yield, a TSCC value above this threshold value was associated with changes in milk composition and coagulating properties.

• Korean Journal of Child Studies
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.73-84
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• 1985

The purpose of this research was to investigate the relationship between mothers' bsex-role attitudes and child-rearing values of independence granting and pressure for achievement, and also to examine variations in mothers' attitudes by sex of child. The subjects of this study were 260 mothers of preschool girls and boys. They were middle and high SES class and highly educated. The 20 item version of the Feminism Scale (FEM Scale) was used to measure mothers 'attitudes toward women's sex-role ideology. The Korean Sex-Trait Stereotype Measure was used to measure the mothers' sex-perception of masculinity and feminity. The 5-item translated Barnett Independence Granting Scale was used to measure independence granting. The 7-item version of the Barnett Pressure for Achievement Scale was used to measure mothers' pressure on their children for achievement. Data analysis consisted of Pearson's Product-Moment Correlation Coefficient and t-test. The results were: 1. Mothers' nontraditional sex-role ideology was significantly related to lower mean age of independence granting and to pressure for achievement. 2. Two self-perception scores (self-masculine and self-feminine) were not related to mean age of independence granting but were significant1y related to pressure for achievement. 3. The mean age of independence granting was lower for sons than for daughters. 4. Mothers put more pressure for achievement on sons than on daughters.

• ALGAE
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.289-294
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• 2008

To estimate seaweed biomass or standing crop, a nondestructive sampling can be beneficial because of not much destroying living plants and saving time in field works. We suggest a methodological procedure to estimate seaweed biomass per unit area in marine benthic habitats by using species-specific regression equations. Percent cover data are required from the field samplings for most species to convert them to weight data. However, for tall macroalgae such as kelps we need density data and their size (e.g., size class for subtidal kelps) of individuals. We propose that the field sampling should be done with 5 replicates of 50 cm x 50 cm quadrat at three zones of intertidals (upper, middle, lower) and three depth points (1, 5, 10 m) in subtidals. To obtain a reliable regression equation for a species, a substantial number of replicate is necessary from destructive samplings. The regression equation of a species can be further specified by different locality and different season, especially for the species with variable morphology temporally and spatially. Example estimation carried out in Onpyung, Jeju Island, Korea is provided to compare estimated values with real weight data.

• The Mathematical Education
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• v.49 no.4
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• pp.463-488
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• 2010

The purpose of this study was providing implications in teaching and learning activities to vitalize mathematical communication and to raise positive attitudes about mathematics. We analyzed mathematical communication, disposition and attitudes of the students who had lower mathematical achievement rather than that of Korean language in class using reading materials and strategies. We found that teaching-learning activities using the reading materials and strategies let the low achievers in mathematics communicate more about mathematical notions and problem-solving process actively. The activities triggered interests and attention of mathematics and self-study. In addition, the lessons with reading materials and strategies aroused confidence, will and responsibility to mathematics learning to the students. They made the learners notice mathematics' values and roles and gave the opportunity of reflection about students' learning processes. As a result, the teaching-learning using reading materials and strategies should be developed and accomplished actively in classroom to turn mathematical inclination and attitudes of the students who had had negative inclination and attitudes to mathematics into those of positive and to vitalize mathematical communication to the lower achievers in mathematics.

• Journal of the Korean earth science society
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• v.37 no.7
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• pp.476-488
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• 2016

The purposes of this study were to develop a scientific inquiry-based STEAM education program and to investigate its effect on changing middle school students' self-efficacy in science, job awareness, and attitudes toward STEM. A scientific inquiry-based STEAM program was developed with the theme of 'earthquakes', using the ADBA model, which was taking up the total of six class periods. The final program, which had been revised and completed after being pre-tested with middle school students, was implemented to 105 third-graders of middle school in a metropolitan city. One sample pre-post paired t-test before and after applying the program to the same group was conducted, and its effectiveness was analyzed in terms of self-efficacy in science, job awareness, attitudes toward science, technology, engineering and mathematics. Results showed that the STEAM program on the theme of 'earthquakes' demonstrated its effect on improving the students' of self-efficacy in science subject and their awareness of science-related jobs. Furthermore, this program indicated a statistical significance in improving middle school students' attitudes, awareness, and abilities, values, and continuing interest towards science, technology, engineering, and mathematics. Therefore, we suggest that this scientific inquiry based STEAM program be used to help students to improve their scientific investigation skills as well as their creative and integrated thinking abilities in schools.

• Hwankyungkyoyuk
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.43-55
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• 2009

The objective of this study is to find out the professionalism of secondary school teachers in teaching environmental subjects. This research was conducted using a questionnaire survey of 431 secondary school teachers from 34 schools in Seoul and Gyeonggi Province, Korea. A 5-point Likert scale self-evaluation questionnaire on their professionalism in environmental education was developed based on Hungerford et al.'s (1994) evaluation criteria. Two middle school teachers' classes were observed, and video taping and interviewing were also conducted. The survey analysis revealed that teachers evaluated their professionalism on environmental subjects to be a little above the middle of the scale. The mean values were 2.80 for the foundation level; 2.86 for the conceptual awareness level; 2.84 for the investigation level; 2.94 for the environmental action skills level; and 2.84 for the educational application level. However, class observations revealed that there was some gap between their self-evaluation of professionalism and their actual classroom application. Both classes were not that satisfactory with regard to 'the abilities to communicate and apply ecological concepts', 'the ability to clarify the roles of different value systems for environmental issues and personal values in decision making', 'the ability to clarify their own value system regarding solutions to environmental issues', and 'the ability to apply citizen action skills for solving environmental issues and for sustainable development'. The results provide a basic reference for the improvement of environmental-related education.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.44 no.3
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• pp.47-55
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• 2016

RHS is a core organization with huge influences on the expansion of the base for the garden culture and industry. This study aimed to examine the meaning and value of the professional charity's role through the appearance background and developmental process of RHS. The passion for plant collection in the Victorian Age of the $19^{th}$ century became the background of establishing the society. Such background of the times and the root of the society are deeply related to the British civil garden culture. The consideration of the forming process of RHS and the study can be summarized as below. First, the professional introduction of exotic plants by plant hunters was developed into an organization supporting professional plant research through collection, sampling, and records, which led to the development of horticulture techniques, growth of plant nursery businesses and established the foundation of the civil garden culture in the UK. Second, after John Loudon was involved in RHS, inspired by the press editing more practical information contents, middle-class and women became new patrons to gardening. Therefore, the care of gardens became a source of agreeable domestic recreation, especially to the female sex. Third, $19^{th}$ century plant collection and exhibition was seen in the Chelsea Flower Show which a key role beyond the UK garden culture. Fourth, those acts of RHS and modernity in $19^{th}$ developed British middle-class domestic gardens which have the character of the ordinary and national garden style in the UK. Such history and activities of RHS are connected to the national status as a country of gardens, which suggests clues to practical measures and values we should aim for in order to settle citizen-centered garden culture.

• The Journal of Korean Society for School & Community Health Education
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• v.5
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• pp.25-42
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• 2004

This study set out to investigate the relations between middle school students' perception of body image and their allowance for plastic surgery, to understand their perception of body image and desire for plastic surgery, and provide some data needed to warn against reckless plastic surgery and guide the students effectively. For those purposes, an examination was conducted of the relationships between the individual characteristics and perception levels of body image, the individual characteristics and allowance for plastic surgery, and perception levels of body image and allowance for plastic surgery. The subjects were drawn from sour middle schools located in two regions of Gyeonggi Province. Total 922 boys and girls were surveyed on a questionnaire, which was developed based on the pretest of previous literature, reviewed for appropriateness, and tested for reliability and reasonableness. The body image on the five scale was greater as the perception level was higher. The allowance for plastic surgery was also greater as the scores were more. The findings were as follows: First, the relationships between individual characteristics and perception levels of body image were examined. The third graders showed the highest perception level, being followed by the first and second graders. The girls were more perceptive than the boys, and those who were extrovert were more perceptive than those who were introvert. Those students whose parents earned 2 million won or more a month and who adapted themselves to the environmental changes had a higher perception level. In a word, the girls from the middle class that were well adapted, felt happy, and were extrovert had a higher perception level of body image. Second, the connections between individual characteristics and allowance for plastic surgery were investigated. The third graders were the most admissive of plastic surgery, followed by the second and first graders. That is, the upper graders were more admissive of plastic surgery. In addition, the girls were more admissive than the boys, and those who were extrovert were more than those who were introvert. There were no significant differences according to the monthly income of the parents, grades, adaptability to surroundings, and happiness, which results almost resembled the findings of a study conducted on adults. Third, there were negative correlations found between the perception levels of body image and the allowance for plastic surgery. To elaborate, the higher the perception levels were, the lower the allowance was, and vice versa. As for the items, the subjects showed more allowance for plastic surgery when they scored less in the item of caring about appearance, importance of looking pretty to others, and efforts to improve appearance. When they had a low value of body and easily felt tired, they were highly acceptive of plastic surgery. The allowance for plastic surgery was also great when their perception was much of how healthy they felt, how important they felt about their bodies, how they were satisfied with their current appearances, how they evaluated the appearance of others, how much they were satisfied physically, and how much demanding they were for physical changes. Meanwhile, there were no correlations between the allowance and physical attraction, the degree for one's activities to be hindered, and sickness. In short, the demand for plastic surgery was 41% for the girls and 20.2% for the boys. Just as the study on adults reported, those who had a low or negative perception of body image were more acceptive of plastic surgery. The middle school students were generally positive about their bodies with the lowest perception level at 2.91 and the highest at 3.21. Their individual allowance for plastic surgery was related to their individual body images, which were in turn affected by the mass communication, surrounding environments, and social values. Thus it's necessary for the entire society to try to improve or change the overall perception. Helping measures should be taken so that the students can form right sense of values about their bodies, avoid the obsession with appearance and appearance-based evaluation, and exercise righteous criteria against humans beings and things. In conclusions, the following suggestions were made: they need to develop such questionnaires or tools as can measure the body image of teens and fit the reality. Moreover, body image improvement programs should be more diverse and more applicable to teens. Despite the consistent reports that prove the correlations between body image and plastic surgery, there has been little effort to apply such factors as experience of the life of the disabled, volunteer activities for the disabled and at the hospitals, and others that can induce changes to body image to the body image improvement programs. In the future, comparative research should be carried out on body image and plastic surgery.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Geographic Information Studies
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.113-125
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• 2012

This research is aimed at evaluating the land surface characterization of KOMPSAT-3A middle infrared (MIR) data. Airborne Hyperspectral Scanner (AHS) data, which has MIR bands with high spatial resolution, were used to assess land surface temperature (LST) retrieval and classification accuracy of MIR bands. Firstly, LST values for daytime and nighttime, which were calculated with AHS thermal infrared (TIR) bands, were compared to digital number of AHS MIR bands. The determination coefficient of AHS band 68 (center wavelength $4.64{\mu}m$) was over 0.74, and was higher than other MIR bands. Secondly, The land cover maps were generated by unsupervised classification methods using the AHS MIR bands. Each class of land cover maps for daytime, such as water, trees, green grass, roads, roofs, was distinguished well. But some classes of land cover maps for nighttime, such as trees versus green grass, roads versus roofs, were not separated. The image classification using the difference images between daytime AHS MIR bands and nighttime AHS MIR bands were conducted to enhance the discrimination ability of land surface for AHS MIR imagery. The classification accuracy of the land cover map for zone 1 and zone 2 was 67.5%, 64.3%, respectively. It was improved by 10% compared to land cover map of daytime AHS MIR bands and night AHS MIR bands. Consequently, new algorithm based on land surface characteristics is required for temperature retrieval of high resolution MIR imagery, and the difference images between daytime and nighttime was considered to enhance the ability of land surface characterization using high resolution MIR data.

• Journal of Korean Society of Transportation
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.51-57
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• 2010

In this study, damages due to the aircraft noise were examined in more than 190 elementary, middle and high schools near the airports in Korea, and the persecutory idea forecast model was established using the quantification theory type II. Via the survey of 1,012 teachers in the schools, a class interference forecast model was established, and the noise characteristics of five areas, four military/civil common-use airports and one shooting range, were examined. The following conclusions were made from the study. WECPNL values in the five military/civil common-use airports showed that all of them were Class 1 or 2 affected areas, which indicated that they had serious aircraft noise problems to be addressed. The most influential factor in the aircraft noise persecutory idea model was the distance between the airport and the school. It showed a positive relationship at a distance of less than 5 km, and a negative relationship at a distance of 10 km or more. The number and time of aircraft noise exposure as well as the types of airports and window structures had strong influences. The forecast model had a correlation ratio of 0.56, which indicates that it is highly appropriate. In the class interference factor analysis, the time and number of aircraft noise exposure were strong influential factors, and the results varied according to the service duration and sex of teachers. This model had a correlation ratio of 0.61, which indicates it is highly appropriate.