• Journal of the Korean Dietetic Association
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.18-31
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• 2006

This study was performed to investigate the consumption pattern, perception and knowledge on milk of middle and high school students. The subjects were 1,195 students(590 middle school and 605 high school students) living in Geochang area. The survey was conducted by using a self-administered questionnaire in November, 2004. The results were as follows. Fifty-one point nine percent of the subjects drank milk 1-3 cups per day, and 51.7% of the subjects drank milk more than 5-6 times in a week. Amount and frequency of milk intake were higher in middle school students and male students than those in high school students and female students(p<0.001), and the consumption of milk was significantly higher in students with highly educated mother and nuclear family(p<0.01). Eighty-two point one percent of subjects perceived that they should drink milk or as much as possible, and 89.5% of them milk intake required per day is 1-3 cups, and male students perceived more than female students that milk should be taken a lot(p<0.001). In addition, half of the subjects slightly knew that milk contains various kinds of nutrients and a third knew it well, and the perception rate was higher in male students than those in female students(p<0.001). The average score of knowledge about milk was 5.71 out of 10 points and 5.94 points in female students, which was significantly higher than 5.48 points in male ones (p<0.001).

• Journal of the Korean Society of School Health
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.77-90
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• 2007

Purpose : This study identified the patterns of smoking of students attending middle schools and high schools, and analyzed its related health risk behaviors. Methods: The data was based on the survey of 1,517 middle students and 911 high students residing in Kyung-Gi district. Results: The current smoking rates of male and female middle students are 5.3%, and 3.1% respectively. The rates of experiences in smoking are 21.4% and 16.0%(male/female). The current smoking rates of male and female high students are 17.9% and 8.5%, whereas the rates of experiences in smoking are 34.2% and 23.3% respectively. On the other hands, 14.1% of middle students and 12.0% of high students were exposed to smoking for at least 2 hours per day. The majority of middle and high school smokers started smoking when they were in middle or high school. And the most popular places to smoke were children's playgrounds, public open area., parks, and so on. Whether having a smoker as a friend or not and students' own perception towards smoking influenced the decisions to smoke for middle and high students. Both middle and high students, regardless of their gender, who have higher rates of drinking experiences and the hours of computer usage were found to have higher rates of smoking experiences. Meanwhile, the sleeping hours is in reverse proportion to the rate of smoking experiences. There was statistically significant difference in smoking experiences related to the degree of obesity only in the female high students: underweight and overweight students showed higher rates of smoking experiences than those falling in the normal weight range. Conclusion: For the effective prevention of adolescence smoking, it is necessary to adopt a comprehensive approach, which classifies the target population according to their age and sex and cover all health risk behaviors.

• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.40 no.10
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• pp.87-102
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• 2002

The purpose of this study is to investigate the social centrality and antisocial behavior according to adolescents' popularity. The 809 subjects are selected from the first and second graders of middle and high schools. The main findings of this study are as follows: 1) The social centrality of popular adolescents is higher than that of average adolescents and rejected adolescents. 2) For high school students, female students have higher social centrality than male students. 3) For female students, high school students have higher social centrality than middle school students. 4) The antisocial behavior score of popular adolescents is not different in that of average adolescents and rejected adolescents. That is, popular adolescents also show antisocial behavior. 5) The antisocial behavior score of male students is higher than that of female students. 6) The antisocial behavior score of high school students is higher than that of middle school students.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.24 no.5
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• pp.675-685
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• 2000

The fashion leadership, use of fashion information, and apparel shopping behavior of middle-and high-school male students were examined. The interrelationship of the three variables was also analysed. Subjects were 600 male students in Kang-Bouk and kang-Nam. Major findings indicated that fashion consciousness and confidence were the significant factors in fashion innovativeness and opinion leadership. And the outfit of celebrities(popular signer and film stars) was the most influential factors in the fashion leadership. Among commercial informations, the display and interior was more effective than advertisings. The higher the innovativeness, the more subjects wanted to accompany friends rather than parents and also the more time was spent in their shopping.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.12 no.4
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• pp.489-500
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• 2007

The purpose of this study was to determine factors affecting intention to participate in school breakfast programs of middle and high school students in Seoul using the Theory of Planned Behavior. Out of 2,280 questionnaires distributed to the middle and high school students, 2,060 were returned (90.4% response rate) and 1,799 were analyzed (78.9% analysis rate). To determine factors affecting intention to participate in school breakfast programs, logistic regression analyses were conducted for middle and high school students, respectively. For logistic regression, data of 1,217 out of 1,799 students (637 middle and 580 high school students) were used after excluding 582 students which had an answer 'Not sure' to the question about intention to participate in school breakfast programs. In case of middle school students, male than female students (OR = 1.504), the students who skipped all breakfast (OR = 1.851), who ate breakfast $1{\sim}2$ times (OR = 3.474) or $3{\sim}4$ times (OR = 1.950) than those who ate breakfast everyday during weekdays of the previous week were more likely to participate in school breakfast programs. In case of high school students, male than female (OR = 1.967), the students who skipped all breakfast (OR = 4.187), the students who ate breakfast $1{\sim}2$ times (OR = 3.024) or $3{\sim}4$ times (OR = 2.095) than those who ate breakfast everyday during weekdays of the previous week were more likely to participate in school breakfast programs. In addition, both possibility of middle and high school students' participation in school breakfast programs increased as the satisfaction with school lunch service (OR = 1.704, 1.653) increased. Middle school students who perceived their household income level 'low or middle low' (OR = 1.999) than those who perceived their household income level 'middle' and the students who had more positive 'attitude' (OR = 1.311) toward eating breakfast were more likely to participate in school breakfast programs. However, high school students who had higher 'perceived difficulty in access to breakfast' (OR = 1.370) were more likely to participate in school breakfast programs. The results of this study could be useful data to plan and develop school breakfast programs in Korea.

• Journal of the Korean Society of School Health
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.97-105
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• 2008

Purpose : To investigate major characteristics influencing on adolescent smoking in Korea. Method : The subjects were 431 students (298 male and 133 female) enrolled in the non smoking program at Seoul School Health Promotion Center from March 2006 to February 2007. The survey was done about motivation of smoking, the way of getting cigarettes and frequency, chi-square test, and t-test by SAS package 8.1 were used to analyze the data. Result : Total 431 subjects were composed of 49.2% middle school students, 50.8% high school students. The middle school students who smoke 1 to less than 10 cigarettes per day were 56.1% and 10 to less than 20 cigarettes per day 26.7%, while high school students were 46.8% and 44.1%. 73.1% of male, and 76.9% of female students selected the cigarettes depending on taste and fragrance. The places of buying cigarettes were supermarkets 67%, convenience stores 19.4%, small stores 11.8%. A high percentage of students answered they did not have to show ID when they bought cigarettes(“rarely checked the ID” 25.2% of male and 30.8% of female, ”did not checked at all” was 10.9% male and 9.6% female). The ratio of spending money on buying cigarettes was 38.8% and 35.6% in male and female middle school, and 37.9% and 27.2% in male and female high school. Conclusion : Findings of this study suggests the constituting of strong social regulations to protect youth from smoking.

• Korean Journal of Health Education and Promotion
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.65-82
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• 2001

The purpose of this study is to find out how well the middle school students are practicing the health promotion behaviors and the factors relating their health promotion behavior. Questionnaire survey on 922 middle school students attending 6 middle schools (three middle schools for each sex) located in Taegu City from the 7th through 19th of Feb. 2000 were conducted. The following were as follows; 1. The perceived health status is higher in male students than in female students(p〈0.01). And the ratio of the students' feeling that they are healthy becomes also high in proportion to their economic status, and their mothers' educational level, and their parents' interest in health(p〈0.01). The perceived importance of health is high in proportion to the students' economic status, and their parent's interest in health. 2. In case of the Health Locus of Control in Personality, the students with both parents have higher trend of inner control than the students with single mother or single father. The perceived self efficacy is significantly higher in male students than in female students(p〈0.01). And it becomes significantly high in-proportion to the students' economic status and their parents' educational level and interest in health(p〈0.01). It is also higher in the students who had no diseases. 3. In case of the perceived benefit of the health promotion behavior, the ratio of the students responding that it is high is higher in male students than in female students(p〈0.01). It also becomes high in proportion to the students' economic status, and their parent's educational level and interest in health(p〈0.01). The barriers of the health promotion behavior was found to have no variables that are related to itself. 4. According to the data from Multiple Regression of Analysis which has the health promotion behavior practice as a subordinate variable, in male students' case the degree of health promotion behavior practice becomes high in proportion to their parents' interest in health, and the perceived health status. Their degree of health promotion behavior practice is also in proportion to their perceived self efficacy and the perceived benefit of the health promotion behavior practice. But in case of the barriers of the health promotion behavior practice, the result is the opposite. As to the female students, their health behavior practice becomes high in proportion to their parents' interest in health. It also becomes high in proportion to the perceived health status, the understanding of the importance of the health, the perceived self efficacy and the perceived benefit of the health promotion behavior. But in case of the barriers of the health promotion behavior, it was the same as the male students' case.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.51-56
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• 1982

We must encourage the use of the spirometer as part of routine examination of nearly all adult patients. Despite the theoretical problems of the water spirometer and its Poor frequency response, the water spirometer is adequate for the physiological function tests even in healthy people. The aim of this study was to report the pulmonary function studies of athletic swimmers. Subjects were 85 athletic swimmers from 9 to 25 years of age. They were elementary school boys and girls, middle school boys and girls, high school boys and girls, and college students. The results are as follows: 1) Frequency of breath: (cycle/min, $M{\pm}SD$) Elementary school boys show $19{\pm}4.7$, elementary school girls $22{\pm}7.9$, middle school boys $17{\pm}2.4$, middle school girls $18{\pm}8.2$, high school boys $15{\pm}3.4$, high school girls $15{\pm}9.7$, and college male students $12{\pm}3.2$. 2) Vital capacity: (1, $M{\pm}SD$) Elementary school boys show $2.60{\pm}0.480$, elementary school girls $2.22{\pm}0.412$, middle school boys $3.63{\pm}0.598$, middle school girls $2.80{\pm}0.303$, high school boys $4.70{\pm}0.487$, high school girls $3.23{\pm}0.509$, and college male students $4.30{\pm}0.608$. 3) Tidal volume: (ml, $M{\pm}SD$) Elementary school boys show $462{\pm}59$, elementary school girls $395{\pm}110$, middle school boys $524{\pm}78$, middle school girls $421{\pm}59$, high school boys $612{\pm}101$, high school girls $494{\pm}123$, and college male students $603{\pm}121$. 4) Breath holding time: (sec, $M{\pm}SD$) Elementary school boys show $58{\pm}21.2$, elementary school girls $36{\pm}11.1$, middle school boys $61{\pm}16.7$. middle school girls $53{\pm}21.0$, high school boys $64{\pm}9.1$, high school girls $49{\pm}15.3$, and college male students $81{\pm}23.0$.

• The Journal of Korean Academy of Orthopedic Manual Physical Therapy
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.39-48
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• 2023

Background: The position of pitcher requires a lot of repetitive motion, and because of this, it is known that not only professional baseball players, but also middle and high school players are frequently exposed to injuries in baseball. The purpose of this study is to examine the differences in upper extremity muscle activity during repeated pitching and the activity of each muscle during repeated pitching by analyzing middle and high school pitchers, divided into groups by age. Methods: Twenty participants (10 middle school male students and 10 high school male students) were recruited for this research. The outcome measures included neuromuscular motor control, including the upper trapezius (UT), triceps brachii (TB), deltoid (DT), latissimus dorsi (LD), biceps brachii (BB), pectoralis major(PM), extensor carpi radialis(ER), and flexor carpi radialis (FR). Results: The two-way analysis of varaince (ANOVA) was used to compare the muscle activity variables between the middle school and high school students. The one-way ANOVA was used to compare the muscle activity variables within time differences each groups. Conclusion: Our results provided promising clinical evidence that guide for upper extremity muscles to increase pitching efficiency in middle and high school base ball players.

• Journal of The Korean Association For Science Education
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.103-113
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• 1997

The purpose of this study was to identify the preferable learning strategies in science learning and to find out the relationship between these strategies and scientific achievement of students in the secondary school. The learning strategies were tested with two categories, self-focused and work-focused learning. The four types of learning strategies in science learning were analyzed, and they were named to organization, monitoring, elaboration and memorization strategies, which were defined by GSSS test. In the self-focused learning, the organization and monitoring strategies were preferred to the elaboration and memorization strategies. Middle school students had a preference for memorization strategy (p=0.000), whereas high school students had a preference for monitoring strategy (p=0.015). In the case of organization strategy, female groups were preferable to male groups (p=0.027). In the second form of learning types, work-focused learning, the memorization strategy was the same preference as organization and monitoring strategies in the secondary school students, especially the male groups of high school students. The preference of elaboration strategy was relative lower compared with that of self-focused learning type. Middle school students had a preference for monitoring strategy (p=0.001), whereas high school students had a preference for elaboration strategy (p=0.001). The difference of each preference between male and female groups was not shown. From the analysis of correlation between learning strategy and scientific achievement, it showed that the monitoring strategy was commonly correlated with scientific achievement. In the self-focused learning, elaboration and organization strategies were correlated with scientific achievement in high school students (p<0.05). In the work-focused learning, memorization strategy was correlated with scientific achievement in middle school students, especially in male groups (p<0.05).