• Journal of the Korean Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
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• v.45 no.3
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• pp.152-157
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• 2019

Objectives: The number of elderly patients with systemic basal disease requiring invasive dental treatment has increased. Appropriate prediction of surgical invasiveness and combined use of psychosedation are thought to contribute to safe whole-body management. Dexmedetomidine (DEX) exhibits analgesic and anti-anxiolytic properties and causes mild respiratory depression. Studies regarding DEX use in elderly non-intubated patients are scarce. We aimed to use retrospective data to determine an effective dose of DEX to induce adequate sedation in elderly patients undergoing invasive dental surgery under local anesthesia. Materials and Methods: One hundred two patients aged 70 to 96 years were presumably appropriately controlled with sedation. DEX was administered at an initial loading dose of 2.0 to $3.1{\mu}g/kg/hr$ for 10 minutes. We divided the patients into five groups by age and compared their blood pressures and heart rates. Results: In all five groups, blood pressure decreased suddenly at approximately 15 and 20 minutes after DEX administration. A marked decrease in blood pressure was noted in patients aged 75 to 79 years. Conclusion: For elderly patients aged 75 years and above, the initial loading dose of DEX needs to be reduced to lower than half that required for young and middle-age adults.

• Journal of dental hygiene science
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.90-98
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• 2022

Background: Integrated management of general, mental, and oral health is necessary to improve an individual's quality of life. This study aimed to identify the effects of mental and oral health behaviors on metabolic syndrome. Methods: A total of 4,227 Korean adults aged 20 years or older were selected as study subjects using raw data from the first year (2019) of the 8th period of the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES). A complex sample chi-square test and a complex sample logistic regression analysis were performed using the PASW Statistics ver. 18.0 program. Results: The effect on metabolic syndrome was significantly higher in male than in 1.833 times in male, 2.914 times in 30~49 years old, and 3.855 times in 50~64 years old, and 3.929 times in people over 65 years old compared to 20~29 years old, and compared to those with a college degree or higher, those with a middle school degree or lower are 2.116 times, those with lower income levels are 1.507 times higher, those with middle-lower are 1.359 times higher, those with middle-high are 1.401 times. Compared to non-smokers, smokers were 1.570 times higher than non-smokers and compared to those without speech problem and chewing difficulty, they were 1.717 times and 1.397 times higher, respectively and 1.973 times higher in those with 0~1 brushing times per day. Mental health did not affect prevalence of metabolic syndrome. Conclusion: It is necessary to improve maintain a healthy lifestyle to lower the risk of metabolic syndrome. It is necessary to establish effective dental hygiene customized education and an efficient health management system at the national level that can induce improvement of oral health behavior for the prevention and management of metabolic syndrome.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.36 no.5
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• pp.491-499
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• 2003

Selenium is a strong antioxidant trace mineral, scavenging free radicals. The prevalence of chronic degenerative diseases is increasing in Korean adults with increasing age. The increased cell damage from free radicals has been implicated in the etiology of these diseases, and evidence is accumulating that the low selenium status that comes with advanced aged is involved in the prevalence of age-associated diseases. However, little is known about the selenium status of Koreans, its age-related change and its relationship to dietary nutrient intake. In this study, the serum selenium levels of healthy adult females according to life cycle and its association with blood albumin levels and nutrient intake were examined. Serum selenium level was measured with the Huwo research reactor using the neutron activation analysis method (NAA). The overall proportion of women with selenium deficiency, serum selenium concentrations below 7.0 $\mu\textrm{g}$/dl, was 9.4%. The average serum selenium levels were 12.39 $\mu\textrm{g}$/dl, 9.45 $\mu\textrm{g}$/dl and 9.16 $\mu\textrm{g}$/dl in the young adult, middle-aged and elderly groups, respectively, showing a reduction of selenium status with advancing age. Selenium deficiency was seen only in the elderly group. Generally, serum selenium levels positively or negatively correlated with nutrient intake, but these association patterns differed depending on the age. The nutrients that showed positive correlations with selenium levels were proteins and phosphate in the young adult group (p < 0.05, p < 0.05), and total calcium, potassium and vegetable-origin calcium in the middle-aged group. Vitamin C and fiber were the negative correlated nutrients with serum selenium levels in the elderly group (p < 0.05, p < 0.05). Multiple stepwise regression analysis of the determining factors responsible for selenium status showed that age and serum albumin levels were important factors which explained up to 26.9% variances in serum selenium levels. The average selenium concentrations of Korean adult female subjects were above the deficiency levels in all three age groups. There was a tendency toward decreasing selenium levels as the age of the subjects increased. The factors with the strongest in-fluence on selenium status in healthy adult Korean females were age and serum protein status. (Korean J Nutrition 36(5): 491~499, 2003)

• Journal of Korean Public Health Nursing
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• v.33 no.1
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• pp.33-46
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• 2019

Purpose: Individuals suspected Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS) are continuously surfacing in Korea. study the Korean public's knowledge, attitude, and preventive behaviors related to MERS as well as the factors that affect preventive behaviors for MERS. Methods: The study used a descriptive research design, and included 196 men and women aged 20 to 65 years. Data were collected through Internet surveys and self-reported questionnaires from December 1 to 30, 2017. Results: Among the participants, 88.7 percent knew cough etiquette, 84.7 percent had education about cough etiquette, and 52.6 percent had received education on MERS. The average scores for knowledge of MERS was $73.60{\pm}18.78$; attitude of MERS, $2.22{\pm}0.92$; and preventive behaviors for MERS, $62.43{\pm}16.11$. egression analysis showed that higher knowledge of MERS (${\beta}=.34$, p<.001) and higher attitude of MERS (${\beta}=.05$, p=<.001) resulted in increased preventive behaviors, people with MERS education increased preventive behaviors (${\beta}=.21$, p=.003). Conclusion: the awareness and knowledge of MERS for promoting related preventive behaviors. Therefore, education content that considers the characteristics of the target population should be organized and expanded multiple channels.

• Journal of Korean society of Dental Hygiene
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• v.19 no.6
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• pp.941-950
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• 2019

Objectives: The aim of this study was to evaluate the relationship between depressive symptoms and oral health status in Korean middle-aged women. Methods: We analyzed data from the sixth Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES VI). The final sample consisted of 2,691 adults aged 40-64 years. The Chi-squared test was used to assess the rate of depressive symptoms, oral health status, and relationship between oral health status and depressive symptoms. Moreover, logistic regression analysis was used to examine the association between depressive symptoms and oral health status. Data were analyzed using SPSS 20.0 program. Results: Overall, 15.1% of subjects experienced depressive symptoms. The rate of depressive symptoms in self-aware oral health, toothache, and mastication problem groups were 19.6%, 19.9%, and 25.3%, respectively. Compared to other groups, the likelihood (odds ratio) of having depressive symptoms was 1.47 (95% confidence interval [CI] : 1.16-1.88), 1.58 (95% CI: 1.22-2.04), and 1.73 (95% CI: 1.32-2.28) higher in self-aware bad oral health, toothache, and mastication problem groups, respectively. Conclusions: We found an association between depressive symptoms and oral health status. Thus, oral health status should be evaluated as a potential risk factor for depressive symptoms.

• Journal of dental hygiene science
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.185-197
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• 2021

Background: This study aimed at investigating the meal regularity, health, and oral health habits of single Korean households to understand the impact of these factors on the risk of metabolic syndrome, in addition to preventing and managing metabolic syndrome. Methods: Using raw data from the 8th Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2019), 274 study subjects, aged 19 to 64, were selected primarily from single adult households. Complex sample statistical analysis was performed using the Predictive Analytics Software Statistics ver. 18.0 program. Results: Regarding the meal regularity in single-person households in Korea, the younger group outperformed the middle-aged group, and those who drank more than once a month performed better than those who drank less than once a month. In terms of oral health, regardless of the age and the income level, participants who ate three meals a day had a higher rate of speech problems and chewing difficulties than those who ate irregularly or regularly on a regular day. Factors influencing the risk of developing metabolic syndrome were age, speech problems, and frequency of toothbrushing. Compared to the younger group, there were 0.361 times more people in the middle-aged group; and compared to those without speech problems, there were 1.161 more people with speech problem. Compared to those who tooth brushed more than four times a day, there were 1.284 more people who tooth brushed 2 to 3 times a day and there were 5.673 times more people who tooth brushed less than once. Conclusion: Based on the study results, it is necessary to implement a program that can plan and apply customized management measures and prevent metabolic syndrome by improving and correcting the health and oral health behaviors of single-person households in Korea. Therefore, active mediation measures, such as support and publicity at the local or national level, should be planned.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.463-478
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• 2012

This study investigated the health and nutritional characteristics according to household income level and obesity in Koreans aged over 50 years based on the 2005 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Subjects were classified into 3 groups by average household income with reference to the minimum monthly living expenses (MLE): low (n = 319, < 100% MLE), middle (n = 222, < 200% MLE), high (n = 411, ${\geq}$ 200% MLE) and each group was compared by BMI index. With increasing income level, the prevalence of systolic hypertension and hyperlipidemia was increased. In the low income group, serum total cholesterol, triglycerides, and fasting glucose were higher in the obese compared with the normal. In the middle and high income groups, the prevalence of hyperlipidemia and diastolic hypertension were higher in the obese. Subjects had nutritional imbalance, such as inadequate intake of calcium and potassium. With increasing income level, the percentages of protein and fat to total calorie were increased in addition to the intakes and density of nutrients. The obese in the low income group had higher intakes of energy, protein, phosphorus and higher consumption frequency of cereals and potatoes compared with the normal. It was shown that the obese of the middle and high income groups tended to have lower consumption frequency of Korean cabbage and higher frequency of fruits. The obese of high income group also had binge drinking habit. Therefore, this study suggests that specific approaches based on economic status should be considered in developing nutrition education program for the elderly.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.159-170
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• 2017

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to estimate the distribution and exposure prevalence of total carbohydrate intake and the carbohydrate-based foods such as rice, noodles, sweet potatoes, sweet drinks, milk and fruits and to characterize intake patterns among obese Korean adults. Methods: Subjects included 137,363 adults aged 40 years or older who participated in a Health Examinees (HEXA) Study. Multiple regression analysis of data from Semi-Quantitative Food Frequency Questionnaire (SQFFQ) identified food sources of carbohydrates. Weight, height and waist circumstance (WC) were measured, and the body mass index (BMI) was calculated. Obesity was defined as $BMI{\geq}25kg/m^2$ and abdominal obesity as $WC{\geq}90cm$ and ${\geq}85cm$ for males and females, respectively. Results: Obese adults appeared to have a higher total carbohydrate intake in the univariate analysis but had eaten less after adjustment for general and lifestyle factors, compared to normal weight adults (OR 0.78, 95% CI 0.73-0.82 for general obesity; OR 0.79, 95% CI 0.74-0.85, for abdominal obesity; P trend < 0.0001, respectively). Based on advance analysis for the food sources of carbohydrates, obese subjects had lower intake of rice (OR 0.86, 95% CI 0.68 -1.09 for general obesity; OR 0.87, 95% CI 0.67-1.13, for abdominal obesity; P trend < 0.0001, respectively) and higher intake of noodles (OR 1.21, 95% CI 1.16-1.27 for general obesity; OR 1.25, 95% CI 1.19-1.32, for abdominal obesity; P trend < 0.0001 respectively). With regard to other food sources of carbohydrates such as milk and fruits, intake was lower among obese compared to normal weight subjects. Conclusions: In the Korean middle-aged and older obesity groups, the intake of carbohydrates and the related foods was lower than in normal weight subjects, except for noodles. We conclude that a higher intake of noodles may enhance weight-gain. Therefore, this study suggested that the guidelines should consider the types of carbohydrate sources and the amount consumed from foods in order to provide proper guidance with regard to control and prevent obesity among Korean adults.

• Safety and Health at Work
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.476-482
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• 2023

Introduction: There is a growing global interest in the issue of precarious employment. We aimed to analyze the characteristics and socio-demographic distribution of precarious employment using a summative score approach. Methods: To operationalize precarious employment, we utilized data from the Korean Working Conditions Survey and focused on three distinct dimensions: employment insecurity, income inadequacy, and a lack of rights and protections. By constructing a summative scale ranging from -16 to 2, with lower scores indicating higher precariousness, we measured employment precariousness among Korean wage workers. To compare employment precariousness according to survey participant characteristics, we employed the Wilcoxon Rank Sum Test. Results: We analyzed a weighted number of 38,432 workers. The overall sample showed a median (Q1, Q3) summative scale score of -3 (-6, -1). The median summative score was lower for women compared to men (men: -2; women: -5; p < 0.001), as well as for young or older workers compared to middle-aged workers (young: -4; middle-aged: -2; older: -5; p < 0.001). Similarly, workers with lower educational levels (middle school or below: -8; high school: -5; college or above: -2; p < 0.001) and non-white collar workers (blue collar: -5; service/sales worker: -6; white collar: -2; p < 0.001) experienced higher levels of employment precariousness. Conclusion: Our findings indicate that certain vulnerable groups, such as women, young or older adults, workers with low educational attainment, and caregiving or low-skilled elementary workers, are disproportionately exposed to high employment precariousness. Active policy interventions are needed to improve the employment quality of vulnerable groups.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
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• v.43 no.4
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• pp.221-228
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• 2017

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to establish normative data for healthy Korean adults by measuring the maximal strength and endurance scores of the tongue, lip, and cheek, and to examine correlations between these measurements. Materials and Methods: This study included 120 subjects that were divided into three groups according to age: young (20-39 years), middle-aged (40-59 years), and older (over 60 years); and by gender. Measurements were taken using the Iowa Oral Performance Instrument (IOPI). Results: The mean maximal tongue strengths were as follows: young men ($46.7{\pm}10.2kPa$) and women ($32.1{\pm}7.9kPa$), middle-aged men ($40.9{\pm}9.3kPa$) and women ($36.9{\pm}8.6kPa$), and older men ($35.2{\pm}9.0kPa$) and women ($34.5{\pm}6.9kPa$). The mean tongue endurance scores were: young men ($28.8{\pm}12.6$ seconds) and women ($20.8{\pm}13.5$ seconds), middle-aged men ($17.0{\pm}8.5$ seconds) and women ($15.3{\pm}5.2$ seconds), and older men ($15.8{\pm}6.7$ seconds) and women ($17.9{\pm}8.1$ seconds). The mean maximal lip strengths were: young men ($11.6{\pm}3.0kPa$) and women ($11.4{\pm}3.8kPa$), middle-aged men ($11.4{\pm}4.2kPa$) and women ($11.1{\pm}5.1kPa$), and older men ($14.5{\pm}3.9kPa$) and women ($11.7{\pm}2.6kPa$). The mean lip endurance scores were: young men ($41.1{\pm}23.9$ seconds) and women ($22.4{\pm}21.7$ seconds), middle-aged men ($24.3{\pm}10.3$ seconds) and women ($30.5{\pm}13.4$ seconds), and older men ($24.9{\pm}11.0$ seconds) and women ($12.8{\pm}7.6$ seconds). The mean maximal cheek strengths were: young men ($24.5{\pm}4.6kPa$) and women ($20.5{\pm}4.3kPa$), middle-aged men ($25.2{\pm}6.4kPa$) and women ($21.2{\pm}5.5kPa$), and older men ($22.4{\pm}5.3kPa$) and women ($18.0{\pm}4.8kPa$). The mean cheek endurance scores were: young men ($47.8{\pm}24.4$ seconds) and women ($43.9{\pm}25.0$ seconds), middle-aged men ($27.3{\pm}11.3$ seconds) and women ($20.0{\pm}14.6$ seconds), and older men ($21.7{\pm}14.5$ seconds) and women ($17.2{\pm}11.4$ seconds). Conclusion: The data collected in this study will provide an important database of standardized measurements for maximal strength and endurance scores of the tongue, lip and cheek in healthy, normal Koreans.