• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.44 no.3
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• pp.47-55
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• 2016

RHS is a core organization with huge influences on the expansion of the base for the garden culture and industry. This study aimed to examine the meaning and value of the professional charity's role through the appearance background and developmental process of RHS. The passion for plant collection in the Victorian Age of the $19^{th}$ century became the background of establishing the society. Such background of the times and the root of the society are deeply related to the British civil garden culture. The consideration of the forming process of RHS and the study can be summarized as below. First, the professional introduction of exotic plants by plant hunters was developed into an organization supporting professional plant research through collection, sampling, and records, which led to the development of horticulture techniques, growth of plant nursery businesses and established the foundation of the civil garden culture in the UK. Second, after John Loudon was involved in RHS, inspired by the press editing more practical information contents, middle-class and women became new patrons to gardening. Therefore, the care of gardens became a source of agreeable domestic recreation, especially to the female sex. Third, $19^{th}$ century plant collection and exhibition was seen in the Chelsea Flower Show which a key role beyond the UK garden culture. Fourth, those acts of RHS and modernity in $19^{th}$ developed British middle-class domestic gardens which have the character of the ordinary and national garden style in the UK. Such history and activities of RHS are connected to the national status as a country of gardens, which suggests clues to practical measures and values we should aim for in order to settle citizen-centered garden culture.

• Korean journal of food and cookery science
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.517-524
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• 2008

This study made Soy-Sauce-Kimchi and investigated its pH, acidity, microorganism, salinity, chromaticity, viscosity and taste to revive traditional Soy-Sauce-Kimchi using Soy-Sauce instead of salt and to report its fermentation characteristics. As one of studies on traditional Kimchi, it tried for practical use of traditional Soy-Sauce-Kimchi which had been eaten in the middle region of Korea, especially in Seoul but currently has been prepared by only a few people and has disappeared gradually. According to the results of this study, among three groups of Soy-Sauce-Kimchi-I(s1), Soy- Sauce-Kimchi-II(s2) added by 2.5% sucrose and the control group(C), acidity of s2 was sharply increased after 24 hours and 72 hours at $20^{\circ}C$ and $10^{\circ}C$ respectively and there was few difference in salinity by temperature. In the case of s2 group, addition of 2.5% sucrose was considered to lead to increase of salinity. For chromaticity, while the L value and b value became larger after 48 hours, the a value tended to decline. Viscosity of s2 grew after 24 hours at all of $20^{\circ}C$, $10^{\circ}C$ and $1^{\circ}C$ and that was thought to be because propagation of bacteria such as Leuconostoc mesenteriodes following addition of 2.5% sucrose secreted dextransucrose so sucrose was transferred into dextran to increase viscosity. The total number of microorganisms was recorded to be largest after 48, 36 and 72 hours at $20^{\circ}C$, $10^{\circ}C$ and $1^{\circ}C$ respectively and the number of lactic acid bacteria was the largest at $1^{\circ}C$ after 72 hours compared to those at other temperatures. That was considered to be because microorganisms such as Leuconostoc mesenteriodes are psychrotropic lactic acid bacteria. For sensory evaluation, all appearance, chromaticity and odor of C were higher by $3{\sim}4$ points than those of s1 and s2(p < 0.001) and their feel also showed a similar tendency(p < 0.05). Considering the results of sensory evaluation, more researches were needed to overcome difference of taste for Soy-Sauce-Kimchi according to age due to characteristic flavor and smell of soy-source.

• Journal of the Korea Convergence Society
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• v.9 no.11
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• pp.203-208
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• 2018

The purpose of this study was to investigate whether there is a relationship between pulmonary function, serum lipid and pulse pressure, which is a risk factor of cardiovascular disease, in subjects with 109 office workers(51 males and 58 females) be at Seoul, Korea. The mean age of the subjects was $43.44{\pm}7.23$ years old (male $43.44{\pm}7.27$, fenale $49.1{\pm}11.5$). The subjects' height, weight, BMI, systolic and diastolic blood pressures were measured and there was statistical difference between men and women.The mean pulse pressure of the subjects was $47.82{\pm}9.02mmHg$, and the mean of FVC was $84.26{\pm}9.91%$. There was no difference between men and women in both. There was a positive correlation between pulse pressure and systolic blood pressure in males (p<0.01) and females (p<0.01), and FVC and HDL in males were positively correlated (p<0.05). Pulse pressure and %FVC were negatively correlated (r =-0.267, P<0.01). Pulse pressure and %FVC were negatively correlated (r =-0.267, P<0.01). Regression analysis showed that PP was the independent affected %FVC. Therefore, pulse pressure and %FVC may be useful as a predictor of cardiovascular disease in middle-aged subjects with normal, suggest a long-term convergence follow-up is warranted to elucidate the incidence of cardiovascular disease.

• Journal of Radiation Industry
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• v.12 no.4
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• pp.325-332
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• 2018

Carotid angiography covering the aortic arch includes contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance angiography (CEA), which is applied to a large region and usually employs contrast media. However, the use of contrast media can be dangerous in infants, pregnant women, and patients with chronic renal failure (CRF). Follow-up patients informed of a lesion may also want to avoid constant exposure to contrast media. We aimed to apply time-of-flight (TOF) angiography to a large region and compare its usefulness with that of CEA. Ten patients (mean age, 58 years; range, 45~75 years) who visited our hospital for magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) participated in this study. A 3.0 Tesla Achieva magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) system (Philips, Netherland) and the SENSE NeuroVascular 16-channel coil were employed for both methods. Both methods were applied simultaneously to the same patient. Three TOF stacks were connected to cover the aortic arch through the circle of Willis, and CEA was applied in the same manner. For the quantitative assessment, the acquired images were used to set the regions of interest (ROIs) in the common carotid artery (CCA) bifurcation, internal carotid artery, external carotid artery, middle cerebral artery, and vertebral artery, and to obtain the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and the contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR) for the soft tissues. Three radiologists and one radiological resident performed the qualitative assessment on a 5-point scale - 1 point, "very bad"; 2 points, "bad"; 3 points, "average"; 4 points, "good"; and 5 points, "very good" - with regard to 4 items: (1) sharpness, (2) distortion, (3) vein contamination, and (4) expression of peripheral vessels. For the quantitative assessment, we estimated the mean SNR and CNR in each of the 5 ROIs. In general, the mean SNR was higher in TOF angiography (166.1, 205.2, 154.39, 172.23, and 161.95) than in CEA(92.05, 95.43, 84.76, 73.69, and 88.3). Both methods had a similar mean CNR: 67.62, 106.71, 55.9, 73.74, and 63.46 for TOF angiography, and 67.82, 71.19, 60.52, 49.45, and 64.07 for CEA. In all ROIs, the mean SNR was statistically significant (p<0.05), whereas the mean CNR was insignificant (p>0.05). The mean values of TOF angiography and CEA for each item in the qualitative assessment were 4.2 and 4.28, respectively for item 1; 2.93 and 4.55, respectively, for item 2; 4.6 and 3.13, respectively, for item 3; and 2.88 and 4.65, respectively, for item 4. Therefore, TOF angiography had a higher mean for item 3, and CEA had a higher mean for items 2 and 4; there was no significant difference between the two methods for item 1. The results for item 1 were statistically insignificant (p>0.05), whereas the results for items 2~4 were statistically significant (p<0.05). Both methods have advantages and disadvantages and they complement each other. However, CEA is usually applied to a large region covering the aortic arch. Time-of-flight angiography may be useful for people such as infants, pregnant women, CRF patients, and followup patients for whom the use of contrast media can be dangerous or unnecessary, depending on the circumstance.

• 한국노년학
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• v.40 no.2
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• pp.359-377
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• 2020

The purpose of this study is to examine the direction of the elderly theatre by analyzing an example of the elderly theatre program which is attempted in a way of the welfare of senior citizens in terms of cultural support. To this end, the 'Hoechun Circus' composed of elderly women in Dangjin, South Chungcheong Province, was investigated and analyzed. Research methods uses a case study, performance theory, and peer review strategies to increase the validity of the study. The results of the study are as follows: Firstly, the elderly women intended to communicate with children and adolescents through performance; Secondly, they wanted to communicate with other physically uncomfortable elderly people; Thirdly, they also attempted to communicate with young or middle-aged as well as all residents; Fourthly, they experienced a new genre of theatre to identify themselves in a different ways and enhance their sense of accomplishment and spent their old age pleasantly and informally. Based on these findings, the following suggestions were made. First, we should expand the theatre programs of senior citizens which benchmark the 'Hoechun Circus'. Second, various cases of elderly theater should be studied and policy research to support such elderly theatre is necessary. Besides, educational courses to train elderly theatre experts should also be developed. Third, it should also seek ways for the program to move beyond regional limits and interact with organizations at home and abroad. Fourth, there is room to explore new ways in the field of theater therapy, and the development of sociodrama or psychodrama programs can be an alternative.

• 보존과학연구
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• s.7
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• pp.11-23
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• 1986

Korea has a long history from several thousand years ago. Specially stonecultural properties were used for the long period in Korea. Ancient tombs of prehistoric age, Sukgul-am (stone cave), Chumsung-dae (astronomical observatory)and stone statue of Buddha in the period of three dynasties were made of stone. There after the foundation stone, mortarstone, millstone, and other stone facilities at home have been also used for a long time. For the conservation of the cultural properties, the ecological distribution of lichens was investigated with the stone buildings around tombs and multistory stonepagodas.1. Yoo-nung (The tomb of Emperor Sungjong) : The stone buildings of granitearound tomb about 80 years old are clean and solid in quality, but they were covered in places with three kinds of lichens as the circle forms of pale-green and dark-gray colored thallus in crustose type. They were examined ecological distribution, identification and measurement of lobe size of lichens.2. Yoong-nung (The tomb of son of Emperor Yung-jong) : Granite buildings around tomb about 200 years old are also clean, moreover, they were also covered with the same kinds of crustose lichens in overlap.3. Yung-nung (The tomb of Emperor Sejong) : More than seven species of crustose, foliose and one species of fruticose lichens were growing on thegranite stone buildings built in about 500 years ago.4. Shilluk-sa multistory brick pagoda : It was built at the Koryo dynasty more than about 700 years. More than 5 species of crustose folios and two species of fruticose lichens were growing well on the granite stone at shade area. It was assumed that foliose lichens as dominant species with the respect of ecological aspect.5. Shilluk-sa multistory marble pagoda : This marble pagoda was built at the middle period of the Koryo dynasty as the same age of multistory brick pagoda. It was covered with black colored thallus such as crustose lichens. It is seemed that only crustose lichens on the stone were due to the drymarble stone. From the results described above, distribution of lichens showed that only crustose lichens on the stone from the short history (about 100-200 years) were grown with small size of circle form, stone buildings over 500 years were covered with crustose, folios and fruticose lichens, and the lichens distribution on the stonemore than 500 years appeared more foliose and fruticose than crustose type. Therefore, it is suggested that the succession of lichens on the stone buildings iscrustose$\rightarrow$foliose$\rightarrow$fruticose.Parmelia mexicana, Cladonia floerkeana, Ramalina yasudae identified are described in this paper and other unidentified species of saxicolous lichens will bedescribed later.

• Journal of the Korean Society of School Health
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.203-215
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• 1998

The purpose of this study is to inquire into the degree of health promotion activity in university students, and to find out the relationship between self-efficiency and health promotion behavior, Thus, we can offer basic data for developing an educational method or program for health promotion. For this research, data was collected from university men and women through a questionnaire from February 18 to March 20, 1998. A measuring instrument was based on lating reviews of health promotion behavior in chronic disease protection, perceived self efficiency, demographic factors, biological factors, and circumstatial factors. The content validity of the instrument was authenticated by two professors of nursing, and reliability was confirmed by 'cronbach' (${\alpha}^{\prime}$ after mortifying content through a pre-test on 30 students. 475 persons were analyzed in terms of average, percentage, t-test, ANOVA, Pearson's Correlation Coefficient, and Multiple Stepwise Regression by 'SPSS-PC'. The analyzed data is as follows: 1. Higher self-efficiency, as a cognitive-perceptual factor, has a beneficial effect on health promotion behavior (r=.479, p=.000). The result of analyzing the differences among a low group, a middle group, a high group in terms of self-efficiency reveals that the relationship between self-efficiency and health promoting behavior is meaningful. 2. The degree of health promoting behavior is 3.26 out of 6. Other figuresrelating to health promoting behavior, are as follows. self-actualization area (4.62), interpersonal area (4.60), stress management area (4.01), nutrition area (3.68), responsibility of health area (3.11), liquid and cigaret area (2.85), and exercise area (2.33). 3. The degree of self-efficiency was 6.81 out of 10. Other figures relating to self-efficiency are as follows. interpersonal area (7.89), self-actualization area (7.84), liquid and cigarette area (7.72), exercise area (6.88), stress management area (6.84), responsibility of health area (6.35), and nutrition area (6.34). 4. The different lerels of health promoting behavior according to a subject's general factos are following: age (p=0.003), sex (p=0.000), health concern of parents (p= 0.000), taking health programs (p=0.007), case history of familes (p=0.048). Health promoting behavier is also positirely affeted by the following: higher age, social sciences focus, religion, living the relatives', and the higher health concerns of parents. 5. The difference of self-efficiency according to a subject's general factors is positirely affected by sex (p=.008), the health concerns of parents (p=.004), body indexes (p=.001), and the higher health concerns of parents. 6. As the result of analyzing major factors, the most powerful factor appears to be self-efficiency, 26.6% of health promoting behavior. Suggestions: 1. Results of this study point to self-efficiency as a major factor in the health promoting behavior of university students. It is crucial, therefore, to develop a health program to promote self-efficiency and to study how to promote prerention of certain diseases. 2. That health promoting behavior appears low in this study shows that health education should be taken into the university class, with a focus on the daily life of students as its goal.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.34 no.3
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• pp.284-290
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• 2001

Objectives : To evaluate the association of snoring and hyper-tension in a rural population. Methods : A population-based sample of 1,763 adults in Chonnam, Korea was investigated with questionnaires and height, weight, and blood pressure measurements. Information on the demographic characteristics, cigarette smoking, alcohol consumption, hypertension and snoring was collected through a person-to-person interview using a structured questionnaire. The level of obesity was measured by the body mass index(BMI). Hypertension was considered to be present if the average of two blood pressure measurements was greater than 140mmHg systolic or 90mmHg diastolic, or if they were currently on antihypertensive treatment. Results : The prevalence of snoring was 42.7% in men and 39.8% in women. With regard to age, snoring prevalence was 44.3% in the middle-aged group(45 to 64 years), greater than 33.9% in the younger(<45 years) group or 38.7% in the elderly($\geq65$ years) group. The snoring prevalence increased progressively with increasing BMI, but cigarette smoking and alcohol consumption was not associated with snoring. Hypertension occurred more frequently in snorers than in non-snorers (Odds ratio: 1.25, 95% confidence interval : 1.01-1.55). However after adjusting for sex, age, obesity, smoking, and alcohol use, an effect of snoring on hypertension was no longer present (Odds ratio: 1.13, 95% confidence interval = 0.90-1.41). Conclusion : These results suggest that snoring might not be associated with hypertension.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.45 no.1
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• pp.37-45
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• 1979

The purpose of the study was to define the labor change in the moutainous villages, So this study analyzed the mass dram of the population from the mountainous villages created by the unequal development between the first and second under the high economic development and the large difference in the income between city and rural area. The content of the study was (1) the foundation of the production in the survey area (2) labor change in the mountainous villages (3) the supply and the demand of the labor in this area. The date were collected from 118 household of 2 villages (one with a high level of brest product, and the other with a low level of forest products) in Cheon-nam Province through a questionarie. The results of the study were as follows. 1. The mass drain in the mountainous villages started in the middle of 1970's, and the rate of drain has been very rapid and accelerated. 2. The drain of the mountainous village with a low level of forest products is more than that of the mountainous village with a high level of forest products. 3. In the mountainous village with high level of forest products, the specialization in the farmer class has begun and the farmers with a side job are now increasing. 4. Generally the major drain consisted of the young class (16-30 age), and consequently it caused a change in the composition of labor power into old age and women. 5. The character of the forest labor market is how changing from closed to open.

• Clinics in Shoulder and Elbow
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• v.3 no.2
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• pp.75-78
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• 2000

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to review primary traumatic anterior shoulder dislocation in the 40 years and older to determine the incidence of recurrence, rotator cuff injury and associated fractures. Materials and Methods: From May, 1991 to October, 1998, seventeen patients were available to participate in the study. The average age was 55 years(range, 40 to 75 years). Follow-up averaged 27 months(range, 12 to 48 months). There were 12 men and 5 women. 10 right and 7 left shoulders were involved. Any participant with a history of shoulder pain and limitation of motion was excluded from the study. Each shoulder was evaluated with UCLA shoulder functional assessment. Results: The overall results were excellent in 9 patients(52.9%), good in 3 patients(17 .6%), fair in 3 patients(17.6%), and poor in 2 patients(11.7%). Surgical treatment of the associated rotator cuff and greater tuberosity fracture injuries resulted in 5 patients with excellent(55.6%), 3 patients with good(33.3%) and I patient with poor(11.1 %) and Nonsurgical treatment of the associated injuries resulted in 2 patients with excellent(33.3%), 3 patients with fair(50%), 1 patient with poor(16.7%)(P=0.025). Conclusion : Our findings on small number of patients suggest that the diagnosis of a rotator cuff and other pathologies should be approached aggressively by an MRI, CT arthrogram if significant pain and weakness are still present and early surgical repair of rotator cuff and greater tuberosity can lead to restoration of shoulder function and better outcomes in selected patients.