• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.993-999
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• 2005

This research was peformed to investigate protective effect of Sophora Subprostrata fractions against focal ischemic brain damage after middle cerebral artery(MCA) occlusion using intraluminal suture. Rats were divided into six groups: MCA-occluded group(Control): each administered groups with Sophora Subprostrata total phase(Total), Sophora Subprostrata Aqueous phase (Aqueous), Sophora Subprostrata BuOH phase(BuOH), and Sophora Subprostrata Alkaloid phase(Alkaloid) after MCA-occlusion; sham-operated group(Sham). The right MCA was occluded by A poly-L-lysine coated 4-0 nylon suture thread through the internal carotid artery permanently. Sophora Subprostrata and fractions were administered orally(Smg/ml) for 7 days after MCA-occlusion. The Drain tissue was stained with $2\%$ triphenyl tetrazolium chloride on ischemic brain tissue(2mm section). The results showed that 1) Sophora Subprostrata total phase reduced infarct size and total infarct volume compared to the control group at 24 hours after MCA-occlusion, 2) Sophora Subprostrata Aqueous phase reduced infarct size and total infarct volume compared to the control group at 24 hours after MCA-occlusion, 3) Sophora Subprostrata Alkaloid phase reduced infarct size compared to the control group at 24 hours after MCA-occlusion, but 4) at 7 days after MCA-occlusion, Sophora Subprostrata did not show effective recovery compared with control group. Sophora Subprostrata has protective effects against brain damage at the early stage of focal cerebral ischemia. Sophora Subprostrata total and Aqueous phase produced more pronounced protective effect against focal ischemic brain damage.

• The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.22-30
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• 1995

To predict preoperatively the safety of permanent occlusion of an internal carotid artery with $^{99m}Tc$-HMPAO brain single photon emission computed tomography(SPECT) from an objective point of view, Twenty-four patients underwent balloon test occlusion (BTO) of the internal carotid arteries because of neck and skull base tumors. The authors assessed the uptake of both middle cerebral artery territories before and during BTO with $^{99m}Tc$-HMPAO brain SPECT using semiquantitative analysis method and compared the results with other factors(neurologic examination, arterial stump pressure and electroenceph-alogram). Nineteen patients had not experienced neurological deteriorating or any problem during BTO. Their comparative uptakes of the middle cerebral artery territories were 95 to 101% of the pre-BTO state. The remaining five patients showed severe neurologic symptoms such as transient hemiplegia and unconsciousness. Their comparative uptake of the middle cerebral artery territories were 77 to 85% of the pre-BTO state, and were well matched with other factors. $^{99m}Tc$-HMPAO brain SPECT before and during BTO seems to be a simple and objective method for prediction of permanent neurologic deficits when the comparative uptake of middle cerebral artery territories during BTO is lower than 85% of that before BTO.

• Molecules and Cells
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.354-360
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• 2005

Neuronal damage subsequent to transient cerebral ischemia is a multifactorial process involving several overlapping mechanisms. Gangliosides, sialic acid-conjugated glycosphingolipids, reduce the severity of acute brain damage in vitro. However their in vivo effects on the cerebral cortex damaged by ischemic infarct are unknown. To assess the possible protective role of gangliosides we examined their expression in the cerebral cortex damaged by ischemic infarct in the rat. Ischemia was induced by middle cerebral artery (MCA) occlusion, and the resulting damage was observed by staining with 2, 3, 5-triphenylterazolium chloride (TTC). High-performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC) showed that gangliosides GM3 and GM1 increased in the damaged cerebral cortex, and immunofluorescence microscopy also revealed a significant change in expression of GM1. In addition, in situ hybridization demonstrated an increase in the mRNA for ganglioside GM3 synthase. These results suggest that gangliosides GM1 and GM3 may be synthesized in vivo to protect the cerebral cortex from ischemic damage.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.1-10
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• 2002

Objectives: Uncariae Ramulus Et Uncus extract is clinically used in Korea to treat ischemic cerebral damage. The present study was undertaken to study the neuroprotective effect of Uncariae Ramulus Et Uncus extract in middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) rats. Methods: Changes of extracellular levels of dopamine, DOPAC, HVA. and HIAA in striatum were collected at 20 minutes interval by in vivo microdialysis and then analyzed by HPLC (high performance liquid chromatography) in rats subjected to permanent focal cerebral ischemia induced by 2 hours of MCAO. Uncariae Ramulus Et Uncus extract was orally administrated before MCAO. Different animals were used for measurement of cerebral infarction volume induced by 24 hours of MCAO with TIC staining and image analysis. Results: Extracellular levels of dopamine decreased after treatment with Uncariae Ramulus Et Uncus extract, while extracellular levels of DOPAC and HVA significantly increased. Cerebral infarction volume also significantly decreased after treatment with Uncariae Ramulus Et Uncus extract. Conclusions: These results provided evidence that Uncariae Ramulus Et Uncus extract can produce a neuroprotective effect on cerebral ischemia by regulating extracellular excitatory neurotransmitters.

• Journal of Korean Medicine Rehabilitation
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.11-21
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• 2009

Objectives : This study was performed to investigate the effects of Semen Persicae(SP) on muscle type change and vascularization effect by measuring expression of Myosin heavy chain (MHC) and Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) protein in the Middle cerebral artery occlusion(MCAo) rats. Methods : The middle cerebral artery was occluded, SP extraction was administrated for 4 days. The effects of SP on muscle type change and vascularization were measured. Results : 1. VEGF protein expressions in the Semen Persicae oral administration group of MCAo group were increased compared to the control group. 2. There were no significant difference between the Semen Persicae oral administration of MCAo group and the control group in MHC isoform (Type I, Type IIa) expression change. Conclusions : The present study demonstrates the effect of Semen Persicae in the vascularizing after ischemia, but has no significant effect in musle type change and the improvement of musle atrophy.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine
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• v.27 no.2 s.66
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• pp.70-85
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• 2006

Objectives; This study examined the neuroprotective effect of Hyulbuchookautang (血府逐瘀湯, HBCAT)against neural damage following focal cerebral infarction. Methods : Sprague-Dawley Rats were induced with focal cerebral infarction by temporal middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO). The rats were divided into 2 groups. We treated extract of HBCAT to one group after operation (sample group), and the other group wasn't treated after operation (control group). We observed neurological scores and TIC-stained infarct area, total infarct volume in brain sections and Bax-positive neurons, HSP70- positive neurons in brain regions. Results : HBCAT treatment at 3 days after MCAO reduced neurological scores induced by MCAO. HBCAT treatment at 5 days after MCAO reduced TTC-stained infarct area in brain sections induced by MCAO. HBCAT treatment at 5 days after MCAO reduced total infarct volume in brain sections induced by MCAO. HBCAT treatment after MCAO reduced Bax-positive neurons in cortex infarct core and cortex infarct penumbra and caudo-putamen of brain regions induced by MCAO. HBCAT treatment after MCAO reduced HSP70- positive neurons in cortex infarct penumbra of brain regions induced by MCAO. Conclusions : These results suggest that HBCAT has a neuroprotective effect against focal cerebral ischemia.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.11-19
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• 2000

The present study was carried out to investigate the effects of Woowhangcheongshim-won(WCW) on the extracellular concentrations of amino acid neurotransmitters(glutamate, aspartate, GABA, glycine, taurine, alanine, and tyrosine) and organic acid (lactate and pyruvate) in striatum and cerebral infarction volume in rats subjected to permanent focal cerebral ischemia induced by 2 hours of middle cerebral artery occlusion(MCAO), using intracerebral microdialysis as the sampling technique, Microdialysis probes were inserted into the lateral part of the caudate-putamen 2 hours before the experiment and microdialyzates were collected at 20min intervals and analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography, WCW significantly decreased the infarction volume with reducing focal cerebral ischemia-induced increase of extracellular glutamate, asparate, and tyrosine. On the other hand, the increase of GABA and taurine was enhanced after treatment of WCW in the ischemia-induced rats, These results suggest that WCW can produce a neuroprotective effect against cerebral ischemia by regulating extracellular excitatory and inhibitory amino acid levels in relation to the concept of excitotoxicity in brain ischemia.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.134-144
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• 2002

Objective : The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of Jukryuk and Saengkang-juices on cerebral vascular ischemia (CVI) of the middle cerebral artery (MCA). Method : By admiuistration Jukryuk and Saengkang-juices, we compared treated groups with untreated groups, in view of five points as follows: 1) cerebral damage; 2) damaged area of ischemia; 3) cerebral edema; 4) the number of neuronal cells adjacent to the areas damaged by ischemia; and 5) the number of neuronal cells adjacent to the areas damaged by ischemia Results : In this experiment, the effect of Jukryuk and Saengkang-juices was determined by inducing cerebral vascular ischemia after occluding the middle cerebral artery (MCA) in mice, and making observations and comparisons such as alterations in damaged areas and neuronal cellular changes in the brain. Conclusions : According to the above results, Jukryuk and Saengkang-juices can protect the cerebral vascular ischemia.

• Journal of Korean Medicine Rehabilitation
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.1-13
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• 2009

Objectives : This study evaluates neuroprotective effect of Gastrodiae Rhizoma on apoptosis in the cerebral infarct. Methods : Cerebral infarct was induced by the middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) for 2 hours with intraluminal thread method in Sprague-Dawley rats. Then ethanol extract of Gastrodiae Rhizoma was administered orally for 3 days. Infarct area and volume were evaluated with TTC staining. Neuronal apoptosis was identified with TUNEL labeling. Apoptosis modulatory effect was observed with immunohistochemical Bax, Bcl-2, iNOS, and MMP-9 expressions in penumbra. Results : 1. Ethanol extract of Gastrodiae Rhizoma reduced infarct size partly and volume significantly of in the MCAO rat brain. 2. Ethanol extract of Gastrodiae Rhizoma reduced TUNEL positive cell ratio in the penumbra of MCAO rat brain significantly. 3. Ethanol extract of Gastrodiae Rhizoma suppressed Bax, iNOS and MMP-9 expression in the penumbra of MCAO rat brain significantly. 4. Ethanol extract of Gastrodiae Rhizoma did not change Bcl-2 expression in the penumbra of MCAO rat brain. But expression ratio of Bcl-2 against Bax was increased in the Gastrodiae Rhizoma group. Conclusions : These results suggest that Gastrodiae Rhizoma plays an anti-apoptotic neuroprotective effect through suppression of Bax, iNOS, and MMP-9 expressions and relative up-regulation of Bcl-2 in the ischemic brain tissue.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.760-764
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• 2005

This research was performed to investigate protective effect of Sophora Subprostrata fractions against focal ischemic brain damage after middle cerebral artery(MCA) occlusion. Rats were divided into six groups: MCA-occluded group(Control); each administered groups with Sophora Subprostrata total phase(Total), Sophora Subprostrata Aqueous phase (Aqueous), Sophora Subprostrata BuOH phase(BuOH), and Sophora Subprostrata Alkaloid phase(Alkaloid) after MCA-occlusion; sham-operated group(Sham). The right MCA was occluded by A poly-L-lysine coated 4-0 nylon suture thread through the internal carotid artery permanently. Sophora Subprostrata and fractions were administered orally(5mg/ml) for 7 days after MCA-occlusion. The behavior of ischemic rats were examined at 24 hours, 3, 5 and 7 days after MCA-occlusion from the views of 4 different aspects: posture & balance tests(4 subtests), reflex tests(6 subtests), muscle-tone tests(3 subtests), and foot-fault test. The results showed that 1) in muscle tone test, Sophora Subprostrata total phase only increased reduced muscle tone function from 3 to 7 days, 2) in reflex test, Sophora Subprostrata total and Aqueous phase increased fast recovery from 24 hours and 3 days, 3) in posture & balance test, Sophora Subprostrata total and Aqueous phase increased fast recovery from 24 hours, and Sophora Subprostrata BuOH and Alkaloid phase increased posture & balance function from 3 days, but 4) in motor function test, Sophora Subprostrata did not show effective recovery compared with control group. In conclusion, Sophora Subprostrata has protective effects against brain damage at the early stage of focal cerebral ischemia. Sophora Subprostrata total and Aqueous phase produced more pronounced protective effect against focal ischemic brain damage.