• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• 제28권1호
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• pp.1-10
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• 2024

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is characterized by hyperglycemia and dyslipidemia. Carvacrol (CAR) has demonstrated the potential to mitigate dyslipidemia. This study aims to investigate whether CAR can modulate blood glucose and lipid levels in a T2DM rat model by regulating short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) and the GPR41/43 pathway. The T2DM rat model was induced by a high-fat diet combined with low-dose streptozocin injection and treated with oral CAR and/or mixed antibiotics. Fasting blood glucose, oral glucose tolerance, and insulin tolerance tests were assessed. Serum lipid parameters, hepatic and renal function indicators, tissue morphology, and SCFAs were measured. In vitro, high glucose (HG)-induced IEC-6 cells were treated with CAR, and optimal CAR concentration was determined. HG-induced IEC-6 cells were treated with SCFAs or/and GPR41/43 agonists. CAR significantly reduced blood lipid and glucose levels, improved tissue damage, and increased SCFA levels in feces and GPR41/43 expression in colonic tissues of T2DM rats. CAR also attenuated HG-induced apoptosis of IEC-6 cells and enhanced GPR41/43 expression. Overall, these findings suggest that CAR alleviates blood lipid and glucose abnormalities in T2DM rats by modulating SCFAs and the GPR41/43 pathway.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제48권2호
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• pp.229-235
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• 2024

Background: Plant health is directly related to the change in native microbial diversity and changes in soil health have been implicated as one of the main cause of root rot. However, scarce information is present regarding allelopathic relationship of Panax notoginseng root exudates and pathogenic fungi Fusarium oxysporum in a continuous cropping system. Methods: We analyzed P. notoginseng root exudate in the planting soil for three successive years to determine phenolic acid concentration using GC-MS and HPLC followed by effect on the microbial community assembly. Antioxidant enzymes were checked in the roots to confirm possible resistance in P. notoginseng. Results: Total 29 allelochemicals in the planting soil extract was found with highest concentration (10.54 %) of p-hydroxybenzoic acid. The HPLC showing a year-by-year decrease in p-hydroxybenzoic acid content in soil of different planting years, and an increase in population of F. oxysporum. Moreover, community analysis displayed negative correlation with 2.22 mmol. L^-1 of p-hydroxybenzoic acid correspond to an 18.1 % population of F. oxysporum. Furthermore, in vitro plate assay indicates that medium dose of p-hydroxybenzoic acid (2.5-5 mmol. L^-1) can stimulate the growth of F. oxysporum colonies and the production of macroconidia, as well as cell wall-degrading enzymes. We found that 2-3 mmol. L^-1 of p-hydroxybenzoic acid significantly increased the population of F. oxysporum. Conclusion: In conclusion, our study suggested that p-hydroxybenzoic acid have negative effect on the root system and modified the rhizosphere microbiome so that the host plant became more susceptible to root rot disease.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• 제28권2호
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• pp.153-164
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• 2024

This study aimed to identify metabolic biomarkers and investigate changes in intestinal microbiota in the feces of healthy participants following administration of Lactococcus lactis GEN-001. GEN-001 is a single-strain L. lactis strain isolated from the gut of a healthy human volunteer. The study was conducted as a parallel, randomized, phase 1, open design trial. Twenty healthy Korean males were divided into five groups according to the GEN-001 dosage and dietary control. Groups A, B, C, and D1 received 1, 3, 6, and 9 GEN-001 capsules (1 × 10¹¹ colony forming units), respectively, without dietary adjustment, whereas group D2 received 9 GEN-001 capsules with dietary adjustment. All groups received a single dose. Fecal samples were collected 2 days before GEN-001 administration to 7 days after for untargeted metabolomics and gut microbial metagenomic analyses; blood samples were collected simultaneously for immunogenicity analysis. Levels of phenylalanine, tyrosine, cholic acid, deoxycholic acid, and tryptophan were significantly increased at 5-6 days after GEN-001 administration when compared with predose levels. Compared with predose, the relative abundance (%) of Parabacteroides and Alistipes significantly decreased, whereas that of Lactobacillus and Lactococcus increased; Lactobacillus and tryptophan levels were negatively correlated. A single administration of GEN-001 shifted the gut microbiota in healthy volunteers to a more balanced state as evidenced by an increased abundance of beneficial bacteria, including Lactobacillus, and higher levels of the metabolites that have immunogenic properties.

• 한방안이비인후피부과학회지
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• 제37권1호
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• pp.57-68
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• 2024

Objectives : The purpose of this study is to analyze the current trends of various herbal medicine research on allergic disease with dysbiosis. Methods : Electronic searches were performed using Pubmed, Research Information Sharing Service(RISS), Korean studies Information Service System(KISS), Oriental medicine Advanced Searching Integrated System(OASIS). Results : We analyzed ten studies on the effect of herbal medicine on allergic disease with dysbiosis. Eight studies were animal experimental studies, and two were randomized clinical trial(RCT) study and one-group pretest-posttest research, respectively. Among the studies, three studies were on atopic dermatitis, two on allergic rhinitis, and five on asthma. All different herbal medicines were used in the studies. Changes in gut microbiota composition were observed in nine studies except for 1 RCT study. In eight animal experimental studies, there was significant reduction in allergy-related inflammatory markers. Six studies evaluated the change of metabolites related to gut microbiota and three of them showed significant increase in short-chain fatty acids(SCFA). Conclusion : This study provides current trends of studies on herbal medicine research on allergic disease with dysbiosis. Most research is conducted using animal experiments, and this is a relatively recent trend. These studies offer basic knowledge on the correlation between herbal medicine, gut microbiota, and anti-inflammatory effects in allergic disease.

• IMMUNE NETWORK
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• 제21권5호
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• pp.35.1-35.16
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• 2021

Gulf War Veterans' Illnesses (GWI) encompasses a broad range of unexplained symptomology specific to Veterans of the Persian Gulf War. Gastrointestinal (GI) distress is prominent in veterans with GWI and often presents as irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). Neurotoxins, including organophosphorus pesticides and sarin gas, are believed to have contributed to the development of GWI, at least in a subset of Veterans. However, the effects of such agents have not been extensively studied for their potential impact to GI disorders and immunological stability. Here we utilized an established murine model of GWI to investigate deleterious effects of diisopropyl fluorophosphate (DFP) exposure on the mucosal epithelium in vivo and in vitro. In vivo, acute DFP exposure negatively impacts the mucosal epithelium by reducing tight junction proteins and antimicrobial peptides as well as altering intestinal microbiome composition. Furthermore, DFP treatment reduced the expression of IL-17 in the colonic epithelium. Conversely, both IL-17 and IL-17C treatment could combat the negative effects of DFP and other cholinesterase inhibitors in murine intestinal organoid cells. Our findings demonstrate that acute exposure to DFP can result in rapid deterioration of mechanisms protecting the GI tract from disease. These results are relevant to suspected GWI exposures and could help explain the propensity for GI disorders in GWI Veterans.

• BMB Reports
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• 제57권5호
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• pp.207-215
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• 2024

The gut microbiota, an intricate community of bacteria residing in the gastrointestinal system, assumes a pivotal role in various physiological processes. Beyond its function in food breakdown and nutrient absorption, gut microbiota exerts a profound influence on immune and metabolic modulation by producing diverse gut microbiota-generated metabolites (GMGMs). These small molecules hold potential to impact host health via multiple pathways, which exhibit remarkable diversity, and have gained increasing attention in recent studies. Here, we elucidate the intricate implications and significant impacts of four specific metabolites, Urolithin A (UA), equol, Trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO), and imidazole propionate, in shaping human health. Meanwhile, we also look into the advanced research on GMGMs, which demonstrate promising curative effects and hold great potential for further clinical therapies. Notably, the emergence of positive outcomes from clinical trials involving GMGMs, typified by UA, emphasizes their promising prospects in the pursuit of improved health and longevity. Collectively, the multifaceted impacts of GMGMs present intriguing avenues for future research and therapeutic interventions.

• 한국미생물·생명공학회지
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• 제44권2호
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• pp.171-179
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• 2016

최근 빙하의 융해로 인해 빙하 해안지역에 다양한 토양 미생물과 초목들이 드러나고있다. 본 연구에서는 북극 스발바르 군도 중앙로벤 빙하 해안 지역으로부터 Ion Torrent Personal Genome Machine(PGM)을 활용한 메타지놈 분석을 통해 세균(bacteria), 고균(archaea), 및 진핵생물(eukaryotes)를 포함하는 다양한 미생물 군집을 분석하였다. 연구에 사용된 토양시료는 빙하 후퇴에 따른 토양의 노출 시기에 따라 2개 지역(ML4 및 ML7)으로부터 수집하였다. ML4 및 ML7 시료의 메타지놈 염기서열을 기반으로 총 2,798,108 및 1,691,859 reads가 각각 미생물 군집 분석에 활용되었다. Domain (계) 수준에서 미생물 군집의 상대 빈도를 분석한 결과 2개 시료 모두 세균(86−87%)이 높은 반면 고균과 진핵생물은 1% 미만으로 존재하는 것으로 나타났다. 또한 약 12%의 염기서열은 기존에 분류되지 않은(unclassified) 서열로 분석되었다. 세균의 경우 Proteobacteria(40.3% for ML4 and 43.3% for ML7)와 Actinobacteria(22.9% and 24.9%)가 우점하는 것으로 분석되었다. 고균의 경우에는 Euryarchaeota(84.4% and 81.1%) 및 Crenarchaeota(10.6% and 13.1%), 그리고 진핵생물의 경우에는 Ascomycota(33.8% and 45.0%)가 우점하는 것으로 분석되었다. 본 연구를 통해 Ion Torrent PGM 플랫폼을 활용한 메타지놈 분석이 북극의 중앙로벤 빙하 해안 지역의 전체 미생물 군집 구조를 파악하는데 충분히 적용될 수 있을 것으로 사료된다.

• 생명과학회지
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• 제33권7호
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• pp.565-573
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• 2023

숙주 동물과 동물의 장내 미생물의 건강 또는 생산성에 대한 연구결과를 미루어 볼 때, 가축 동물의 장내 미생물에 대한 연구는 매우 중요하다. 본 연구는 국내에서 사육되는 젖소 중 홀스타인 종과 저지종 젖소의 장내 미생물을 분석하고 차세대 염기서열 분석을 통해 젖소 종에 따른 장내 미생물 군집 구조의 차이를 규명하고자 하였다. 젖소의 원유 생산과 관련있는 것으로 알려진 종 풍부도와 종 다양성 지수 분석 결과 대부분의 풍부도 및 다양성 지수가 홀스타인 종 보다 저지 종에서 유의한 수준으로 높은 것으로 나타났으나, 종 간의 계통학적 거리를 합산하여 산출되는 phylogenetic diversity 지수는 낮은 것으로 나타났다. 미생물 분포 분석 결과 홀스타인과 저지 종의 두 집단 장내 미생물 군집 구조가 다른 것으로 나타났다. 두 종의 젖소에서 과(family) 수준의 다양한 장내 미생물간의 분포에 상관관계가 있는 것으로 나타났으며, 특히 저지 종의 장내 미생물은 다양한 미생물 분포 사이에 매우 유의한 수준의 상관관계가 있는 것으로 나타났다. 두 종의 젖소 장내 미생물 구조에 차이가 있는지 확인하기 위해 beta-diversity 분석을 수행하였으며, PCoA 분석과 UPGMA clustering 분석 결과 두 그룹의 cluster가 명확히 분리되는 것을 시각적으로 확인하였으며, PERMANOVA 분석 결과 두 종의 장내 미생물 군집 구조가 통계적으로 매우 유의한 수준의 차이가 있는 것으로 나타났다. 두 젖소 종의 장내 미생물 군집 구조 차이에 기여하는 미생물을 확인하기 위해 LEfSe 분석을 수행하였으며, 그 결과 Firmicutes, Bacilli, Moraxellaceae, Pseudomonadales 등의 상대적인 미생물 분포 차이가 두 그룹간 장내 미생물 군집 구조 차이에 가장 큰 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다.

• 한국초지조사료학회지
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• 제44권1호
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• pp.1-5
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• 2024

본 연구는 저장기간에 따른 사료용 벼 사일리지의 발효특성과 미생물상의 변화 모니터링을 통하여 사일리지의 품질을 평가하기 위한 기초자료를 제공하고자 수행하였다. 사료용 벼는 '영우' 품종을 황숙기에 수확하여 사일리지 제조 후 저장 0, 3, 6, 12개월에 사료가치 및 pH, 유기산, 미생물상의 변화를 분석하였다. 사료용 벼 사일리지의 DM 함량은 저장기간이 길어질수록 다소 감소하였고(p<0.05), CP와 NDF 함량은 큰 차이가 없었다. pH는 발효 전보다 발효 후에 모두 낮게 유지하였고, 젖산 함량은 발효 후 3~6개월에는 높게 유지되다가 12개월에는 급격히 감소하였다(p<0.05). 사료용 벼 사일리지 내 미생물 분포는 발효 이전에는 자연계 유래 토착 미생물인 Weissella (30.8%)와 Pantoea (20.2%)가 우점하였다. 사일리지 제조 후 저장 3개월에는 동종발효 유산균인 Lactiplantibacillus plantarum (31.4%) 우점하였으나, 저장 6개월에는 Lactiplantibacillus plantarum (10.2%)의 감소와 Levilactobacillus brevis (12.8%)의 증가를 나타내며 미생물의 다양성이 지속적으로 유지되었다. 저장 12개월에는 미생물의 다양성이 급격히 감소하여 Lentilcatobacillus buchneri (71.2%)와 Lacticaseibacillus casei (27.0%)가 우점하였다. 결과적으로 사료용 벼 사일리지는 12개월의 저장기간 동안 양호한 발효품질을 유지하였고, 발효특성 변화는 사일리지 내 미생물 분포와 상관관계가 있음을 확인하였다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제31권5호
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• pp.738-747
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• 2018

Objective: In a previous study, analysis of Illumina sequenced metagenomic DNA data of bacteria in Vietnamese goats' rumen showed a high diversity of putative lignocellulolytic genes. In this study, taxonomy speculation of microbial community and lignocellulolytic bacteria population in the rumen was conducted to elucidate a role of bacterial structure for effective degradation of plant materials. Methods: The metagenomic data had been subjected into Basic Local Alignment Search Tool (BLASTX) algorithm and the National Center for Biotechnology Information non-redundant sequence database. Here the BLASTX hits were further processed by the Metagenome Analyzer program to statistically analyze the abundance of taxa. Results: Microbial community in the rumen is defined by dominance of Bacteroidetes compared to Firmicutes. The ratio of Firmicutes versus Bacteroidetes was 0.36:1. An abundance of Synergistetes was uniquely identified in the goat microbiome may be formed by host genotype. With regard to bacterial lignocellulose degraders, the ratio of lignocellulolytic genes affiliated with Firmicutes compared to the genes linked to Bacteroidetes was 0.11:1, in which the genes encoding putative hemicellulases, carbohydrate esterases, polysaccharide lyases originated from Bacteroidetes were 14 to 20 times higher than from Firmicutes. Firmicutes seem to possess more cellulose hydrolysis capacity showing a Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio of 0.35:1. Analysis of lignocellulolytic potential degraders shows that four species belonged to Bacteroidetes phylum, while two species belonged to Firmicutes phylum harbouring at least 12 different catalytic domains for all lignocellulose pretreatment, cellulose, as well as hemicellulose saccharification. Conclusion: Based on these findings, we speculate that increasing the members of Bacteroidetes to keep a low ratio of Firmicutes versus Bacteroidetes in goat rumen has resulted most likely in an increased lignocellulose digestion.