• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
• /
• v.35 no.3
• /
• pp.807-815
• /
• 2018

This study was investigated the effect of dietary probiotic mixture on blood biomarkers, immune responses, caecal microorganism and productivity in broiler chickens under heat stress (HS). A total of 400 broiler chick males (Ross 308) were divided into four groups of 100 heads each, group C (control, room temperature $25^{\circ}C$), HS (heat stress $33^{\circ}C$) and HSP (HS plus probiotic mixture 500, 750 mg/kg of diet), respectively. Broiler body weight gain, feed intake, feed conversion ratio and immune organ weight increased in the HSP group compared to the HS group. The concentrations of blood IgG and lymphocyte were increased in the HSP group compared to the HS group, and the heterophil:lymphocyte (H:L) ratio, corticosterone concentration and mortality were low. Lactobacillus in the cecum increased in the HSP group compared to the HS group, but was lower in Escherichiacoli (E. coli), coliform bacteria and aerobic bacteria. These results indicate that feeding probitic mixture including three strains such as B. subtilis, S. galilaeus and Sphingobacteriaceae to broiler exposed to heat stress can improve production with lowering mortality by improving immune response and microbial balance.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Soil and Groundwater Environment Conference
• /
• 2005.10a
• /
• pp.271-273
• /
• 2005

The ${\delta}^{15}N\;and\;{\delta}^{15}O$ data of nitrate indicates the sources of nitrate in oxic groundwater as a mixture of ammonia or urea-containing fertilizer and manure. The ${\delta}^{34}S_{sulfate}$ values indicate that sulfate Is mainly originated from fertilizers and soil S. In sub-oxic groundwater, the increased ${\delta}^{34}S_{sulfate}$ values evidently indicate that sulfate is gradually removed by microbial mediated sulfate reduction. However, iron reduction does not occur In this study area. Such a reversed redox sequence may occur In the presence of stable iron oxides such as hematite and goethite in alluvlal aquifer.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
• /
• v.25 no.6
• /
• pp.598-605
• /
• 1997

The characteristics of cell growth and cellulose production by Acetobcter xylinum BRC5 were studied in shaking flasks and jar fermentors. Of the substrates tested, the highest cellulose yield was obtained from the fructose medium. Some inductive cultivation was observed and then cellulose was produced with cell growth. When glucose alone or mixture of glucose and fructose was used as the carbon source, cellulose could be biosynthesized under the glucose limitation. Corn steep liquor (CSL), as a low-cost nitrogen source, was a good substitute for yeast extract. In a jar fermentor experiment, 4.14 g/l of disintegrated cellulose was obtained from 8% CSL- medium containing 0.5% glucose and 1.5% fructose.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• v.4 no.2
• /
• pp.161-164
• /
• 1991

A rapid and accurate method is described for the determination of nucleo-bases in rumen micro-organisms. A procedure to satisfactorily hydrolyse the micro-organisms involving reaction with a mixture of readily volatile organic acids (acetic and formic acids) under high pressure, is proposed, and optimal conditions for an analytical procedure with reversed phase HPLC is described. The following nucleobases contents (mmol/kg DM) of rumen micro-organisms were found: Adenine (Ade), 82.62; Guanine (Gua), 61.34; Cytosine (Cyt), 84.61; Thymine (Thy), 35.74; Uracil (Ura), 68.62; Hypoxanthine (Hxn), 13.06; Xanthine (Xn), 8.35. Total purine-N content (g/kg N) of rumen micro-organisms were 99.60. The nucleic acid N content (g/kg N) of microbial isolates were: RNA-N, 109.9; DNA-N, 50.9.

• KSBB Journal
• /
• v.15 no.1
• /
• pp.76-79
• /
• 2000

Complex, ill-defined mixtures of natural origin are often used as nutrients in the production of biological products through microbial fermentation. Product yields are affected by variation in these natural products. Yeast extract is a typical example of these natural products. Since it is a mixture of amino acids, peptides and nucleic acids, its composition is not well characterized. In this study, we investigated the properties of thiamine hydrochloride, riboflavin and pyridoxine hydrochlride in yeast extract by using a gel filtration chromatography, ion exchange chromatography and high performance liquid chromatography. Yeast extract solution was fractionated by gel filtration chromatography and ion exchange chromatography, and then, each fraction was analyzed by using a high performance liquid chromatography.

• Mass Spectrometry Letters
• /
• v.14 no.2
• /
• pp.25-35
• /
• 2023

Plants are a traditional source of many chemicals used as biochemical, flavors, food, color, and pharmaceuticals in various countries, especially India. Most herbal medicines and their derivatives are often made from crude extracts containing a complex mixture of various phytochemical chemical components (secondary metabolites of the plants). This study aimed to identify bioactive compounds from the different parts of the plant from the ethanolic extract of Gymnema sylvestre, Senna auriculata, and Cissus quadrangularis (leaves, flower, stem) by gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy (GC-MS). The gas chromatography - mass spectrometry analysis revealed the presence of various compounds like 3,4-dimethylcyclohexanol, hexanoic acid, D-mannose, and N-decanoic acid. Hence, the Gymnema sylvestre, Senna auriculata, and Cissus quadrangularis may have chemopreventive, anti-cancer, anti-microbial activity, antioxidant, anti-diabetic activity, anti-inflammatory, and antifungal due to the presence of secondary metabolites in the ethanolic extract. These phytochemicals are supported for traditional use in a variety of diseases.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• v.24 no.5
• /
• pp.623-635
• /
• 2011

Inefficient rumen microbial fermentation is a major factor limiting intake of low quality roughage in ruminants. In this study, the effect of energy supplementation on rumen microbial fermentation, absorption of balanced digestion products and voluntary feed intake in sheep was investigated. A basal diet of a urea-treated mixture of wheaten chaff and barley straw (3:1 DM) containing 22.2 g N/kg DM was used. Four Merino-cross wethers weighing $45{\pm}4.38\;kg$ and fitted with permanent rumen and abomasal cannulae were allocated to four treatments in a $4{\times}4$ Latin square design. The dietary treatments were basal diet ($E_0$), or basal diet supplemented with sucrose (112.5 g/d) administered to the animals intra-ruminally ($E_R$), abomasally ($E_A$), or through both routes (50:50) ($E_{RA}$). Feed intake (basal and dietary) was increased (p<0.05) by sucrose supplementation through the rumen ($E_R$) or abomasum ($E_A$). However, there was no difference (p>0.05) in intake between animals on the control diet and those supplemented with sucrose through both intraruminal and abomasal routes ($E_{RA}$). The digestibility of DM and OM was highest in $E_R$ and $E_A$ supplemented animals. Although the rumen pH was reduced (p<0.001) in animals supplemented with sucrose entirely intra-ruminally ($E_R$), the in sacco degradation of barley straw in the rumen was not adversely affected (p>0.05). Intra-ruminal sucrose supplementation resulted in a higher concentration of total VFA, acetate and butyrate, while the pattern of fermentation showed a higher propionate: acetate ratio. Intra-ruminal supplementation also increased (p<0.05) the glucogenic potential (G/E) of the absorbed VFA. However, there was no difference (p>0.05) in microbial protein production between the four dietary treatments. Protozoa numbers were increased (p<0.05) by intra-ruminal supplementation of sucrose.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
• /
• v.46 no.1
• /
• pp.61-68
• /
• 2004

An experiment was conducted to evaluate condensed molasses solubles(CMS, a by-product from monosodium glutamate production) as a source of nitrogen for ruminant with particular reference to its effects on microbial protein synthesis. Four non-lactating dairy cows fitted with rumen cannulas were used in a 4 ${\times}$ 4 Latin square with 14-day periods. The four treatments were (1) basal diet consisting of barley straw ad libitum and 3 kg/d of rolled barley, (2) basal diet plus 200 gld molasses and 300 g/d water, (3) basal diet plus 200 g/d molasses, 100 g/d CMS and 200 g/d water, (4) basal diet plus 200 g/d molasses, 200 g/d CMS and 100 g/d water. Ruminal pH remained at high levels and showed little variation during the day between treatments. The concentration of total and individual VFA in the rumen was similar between treatments. There was no difference in the concentration of ammonia in the rumen between treatments, although the intake of nitrogen in molassesl CMS mixture treatments was higher than that of control and molasses treatment. But there was a suggestion of an increased synthesis of microbial protein with the higher level of inclusion of CMS when the allantoin/creatinine ratio was used as an index of microbial protein production(P <0.10).

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• v.10 no.5
• /
• pp.445-454
• /
• 1997

Rice bran commonly available in Bangladesh is a mixture of rice hulls (60%), bran (35%) and polishing (5%), referred here as rice mill feed (RMF). Dose response effect of RMF supplementation to a straw diet including a zero level was measured on the intake, digestibility, nitrogen balance, microbial N yield and growth rate of growing native (Bos indicus) bulls. Twelve bulls of 33 months old and $272{\pm}31.5kg$ weight were randomly allocated to diets having 0 (T1), 1 (T2) and 2 (T3) kg RMF in addition to 200 g wheat bran, 200 g molasses, 60 g salt and 30 g oyestershe\l powder. Concentrate intake was 5.5, 19.2 and 29.5% of the dietary intake for the T1, T2 and T3 treatment respectively. RMF supplementation had no significant effect on the straw DM intake. However, with the increasing levels of RMF supplementation, total DM & digestible OM intake and the whole gut digestibilities of DM, OM, N & ADF increased but in deminishig return. Total microbial N yield estimated from the urinary purine excretion were 15.35, 26.56 and 38.44 g/d for the treatment T1, T2 and T3 respectively. Both the N intake and the N balance increased linearly in response to increasing level of RMF. Supplementation of RMF linearly increased the energy intake and dietary energy concentration. Growth rate in the T1, T2 and T3 treatments were 112, 125 and 250 g/d respctively. The basal N excretion and the maintenance energy requirement of the experimental animals were estimated to be 615 mg/kg $W^{0.75}/d$ and 447 kJ/kg $W^{0.75}/d$ respectively. The estimated efficiency on N utilization was 0.83 mg/mg of N intake ($r^2=0.997$) while the efficiency of metabolizable energy utilization for growth was 0.15. Since animal refused higher levels of RMF, inclusion up to 2 kg level (about 25% of the total DM intake) appears to have no depressing effect on the performances of animal. However, RMF itself fail to meet the critical nutrient need of the rumen microbes. Therefore response of supplementing RMF after correcting the critical nutrient deficiency need to be studied.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
• /
• v.40 no.5
• /
• pp.738-746
• /
• 2011

We manufactured rice-whole soybean curd by a microbial transglutaminase (MTGase) with a mixture of hydrolyzed rice and micronized whole soybean powder (MWSP) and analyzed its rheological properties, including texture, viscoelasticity, protein cross-linking, and surface structure. A 40% rice suspension digested with a Termamyl enzyme at $85^{\circ}C$ for 20 min showed a 9.0% reducing sugar and a consistency of $1.27\;Pa{\cdot}s^n$, resulting in a great reduction in consistency. A MWSP suspension with 22% solid content was transformed into a typical tofu texture. MWSP curd fortified with 7.5% rice showed enhanced texture properties, with a hardness of 639.6 dyne/$cm^2$, and a springiness of 0.96. In a MWSP suspension (18~22% w/v) treated with 5% MTGase, viscoelasticity increased dependently with MWSP concentration, and a 22% MWSP indicated a G' value of 5.1 Pa and a G'' value of 9.0 Pa. Furthermore, soybean proteins present in the 22% MWSP curd largely disappeared or formed polymers with a high molecular weight by MTGase reaction within 30 min. MWSP (22%) fortified with 7.5% rice showed similar polymerization patterns on SDS-PAGE. The surface structure of the rice-MWSP curds was more dense and homogeneous network due to the addition of hydrolyzed rice. However, the surface structure of all rice-MWSP curds became rough and showed a non-homogeneous network after cold storage.