• Proceedings of the KSME Conference
• /
• 2001.11a
• /
• pp.123-128
• /
• 2001

The creep constants which are used to the reference stress equations of creep damage were obtained to type 316LN stainless steel, and their determining methods were described in detail. Typical Kachanov and Rabotnov(K-R) creep damage model was modified into the damage equations with reference stress concepts, and the modified equations were applied practically to type 316LN stainless steel. In order to determine the reference stress value, a series of high-temperature tensile tests and creep tests were accomplished at $550^{\circ}C$ and $600^{\circ}C$. By using the experimental creep data, the creep constants used in reference stress equations could be obtained to type 316LN stainless steel, and a creep curve on rupture strain was predicted. The reference stress concept on creep damage can be utilized easily as a design tool to predict creep life because the process, which is quantified by the measurement of voids or micro cracks during creep, is omitted.

• Geomechanics and Engineering
• /
• v.3 no.3
• /
• pp.219-231
• /
• 2011

Waste fills resulting from coal mining should consist of large, free-draining sedimentary rocks fragments. The successful performance of these fills is related to the strength and durability of the individual rock fragments. When fills are made of shale fragments, some fragments will be durable and some will degrade into soil particles resulting from slaking and inter-particle point loads. The degraded material fills the voids between the intact fragments, and results in settlement. A laboratory program with point load and slake durability tests as well as thin section examination of sixty-eight shale samples from the Appalachian region of the United States revealed that pore micro-geometry has a major influence on degradation. Under saturated and unsaturated conditions, the shales absorb water, and the air in their pores is compressed, breaking the shales. This breakage was more pronounced in shales with smooth pore boundaries and having a diameter equal to or smaller than 0.060 mm. If the pore walls were rough, the air-pressure breaking mechanism was not effective. However, pore roughness (measured by the fractal dimension) had a detrimental effect on point load resistance. This study indicated that the optimum shales to resist both slaking as well as point loads are those that have pores with a fractal dimension equal to 1.425 and a diameter equal to or smaller than 0.06 mm.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Electrical and Electronic Material Engineers
• /
• v.27 no.1
• /
• pp.56-60
• /
• 2014

The polyimide composite membranes were prepared with polyimide composite solutions including graphenes by using the phase inversion method. The morphologies of these membranes were significantly changed according to the graphene loadings in composite solutions and the solvent systems of the composite solutions. The finger-like macro-voids were formed in the hollow fiber membranes which were prepared in the NMP solvent system with a small amount of ethanol. As increasing the content of the viscous alcohols such as glycerol or 1,3-propanediol in the composite solution, however, the morphologies of the hollow fiber membranes were changed to sponge-like types. In case of flat membranes, the increase of graphene content in polyimide composites causes that their membranes change from the finger-like macro-porous to sponge-like morphologies.

• Transactions of Materials Processing
• /
• v.16 no.8
• /
• pp.614-620
• /
• 2007

Deformation characteristics and damage evolution during warm backward extrusion of bulk AZ31 Mg alloy were investigated using finite element analyses. AZ31 Mg alloy was assumed as a hardening viscoplastic material. The tensile tests of AZ31 Mg alloy in previous experimental works showed the ductile fracture even at the warm temperature of $175^{\circ}C$. In this study, damage evolution model proposed by Lee and Dawson, which was developed based on the growth of micro voids in hardening viscoplastic materials, was combined into DEFORM 2D. Effects of forming temperature, punch speed, extrusion ratio and size of work piece on formability in warm backward extrusion as well as on mechanical properties of extruded products were examined. In general, finite element predictions matched the experimental observations and supported the analyses based on experiments. Distributions of accumulated damage predicted by the finite element simulations were effective to identify the locations of possible fracture. Finally, it was concluded that the process model, DEFORM2D combined with Lee & Dawson#s damage evolution model, was effective for the analysis of warm backward extrusion of AZ31 Mg alloys.

• Transactions of Materials Processing
• /
• v.22 no.8
• /
• pp.456-462
• /
• 2013

Compression tests were conducted at the various temperatures and strain rates to investigate void formation and microstructures behavior of a 1.9wt%C ultrahigh carbon steel used in forged workrolls. The microstructure, grain size and volume fraction of cementite were determined using specimens deformed in the temperature range from 800 to $1150^{\circ}C$ and strain rates from 0.01 to 10/s. It was found from the microstructural analysis that the grain size is larger at higher temperatures and lower strain rate deformation conditions. In addition, a higher volume fraction of cementite was measured at lower temperatures. The brittle blocky cementite was fractured at $800^{\circ}C$ and $900^{\circ}C$ regardless of strain rate. As a result, numerous new micro voids were formed in the fragmented blocky cementite. It was also found that local melting can occur at temperatures of more than $1130^{\circ}C$. Therefore, the forging temperature should be controlled between $900^{\circ}C$ and $1120^{\circ}C$. The temperature rise, which depends on the anvil stroke and velocity, was estimated through cogging simulation to find the appropriate forging temperature and to prevent local melting due to plastic work.

• Korean Journal of Materials Research
• /
• v.12 no.4
• /
• pp.290-295
• /
• 2002

Microstructure and electrical properties of $In_2O_3$ transparent thin films are analyzed on the basis of Structure Zone Model (SZM) proposed by Thornton. Thin films are deposited on glass substrate by RF magnetron sputtering with variation of substrate temperature $(T_s)$ and argon gas pressure $(P_{Ar})$. Microstructure of Zone I of SZM is observed with lowering of substrate temperature or increasing of argon pressure. The higher electrical resistivity of those specimens is due to micro-pores or voids between columnar grains. At the conditions of $T_s=450^{\circ}C$ and $P_{Ar}$=4.2mTorr, the Zone II structure of SZM and the lowest electrical resistivity $(2.1{\times}10^{-2}{\Omega}cm)$ are observed. The dense structure of columnar grains with faceting on growing surface and preferred orientation of (100) plane are observed in those specimens.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Heat Treatment
• /
• v.13 no.4
• /
• pp.265-271
• /
• 2000

The microstructural change and transformation characteristics with cooling rate i.e. wheel speed were investigated in 82.8wt%Cu-12.8wt%Al-4.3wt%Ni SMA ribbons fabricated by melt-spinning. The thickness and width of ribbon were decreased with increasing wheel speed, while the uniformity of it was improved. At same wheel speed, the grain size of the contact surface of ribbon was smaller than that of free surface. The mean grain size was decreased with increasing wheel speed, resulted in obtaining grains with $3{\mu}m$ in mean diameter in the wheel speed of 30 m/s. However, micro-voids and cracks at grain boundary could be observed at higher wheel speed. $M_s$ and $A_s$ temperatures were decreased, and $M_s{\sim}M_f$ and $A_s{\sim}A_f$ temperature ranges were broadened with increasing wheel speed. All the ribbons were retained the ordered $D0_3$ due to rapid cooling, the volume fraction of it was increased with increasing wheel speed.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Electrical and Electronic Material Engineers
• /
• v.19 no.8
• /
• pp.732-736
• /
• 2006

This paper describes the physical characterizations of polycrystalline 3C-SiC thin films heteroepitaxially grown on Si wafers with thermal oxide, In this work, the 3C-SiC film was deposited by LPCVD (low pressure chemical vapor deposition) method using single precursor 1, 3-disilabutane $(DSB:\;H_3Si-CH_2-SiH_2-CH_3)\;at\;850^{\circ}C$. The crystallinity of the 3C-SiC thin film was analyzed by XPS (X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy), XRD (X-ray diffraction) and FT-IR (fourier transform-infrared spectometers), respectively. The surface morphology was also observed by AFM (atomic force microscopy) and voids or dislocations between SiC and $SiO_2$ were measured by SEM (scanning electron microscope). Finally, residual strain was investigated by Raman scattering and a peak of the energy level was less than other type SiC films, From these results, the grown poly 3C-SiC thin film is very good crystalline quality, surface like mirror, and low defect and strain. Therefore, the polycrystalline 3C-SiC is suitable for harsh environment MEMS (Micro-Electro-Mechanical-Systems) applications.

• Proceedings of the KIEE Conference
• /
• 1998.07g
• /
• pp.2501-2503
• /
• 1998

In this paper, the silicon-nitride membrane structure for IR sensor was fabricated through the etching and the direct bonding. The PTO layer as a IR detection layer was deposited on the membrane and its characteristics were measured. The attack of PTO layer during the etching of silicon wafer as well as the thermal isolation of the IR detection layer can be solved through the method of bonding/etching of silicon wafer. Because the PTO layer of c-axial orientation raised thermal polarization without polling, the more integration capability can be achieved. The surface roughness of the membrane was measured by AFM, the micro voids and the non-contacted area were inspected by IR detector, and the bonding interface was observed by SEM. The polarization characteristics and the dielectric characteristics of the PTO layer were measured, too.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
• /
• v.33 no.4
• /
• pp.429-446
• /
• 2009

Three-scale homogenization procedure is proposed in this paper to provide estimates of the effective thermal conductivities of porous carbon-carbon textile composites. On each scale - the level of fiber tow (micro-scale), the level of yarns (meso-scale) and the level of laminate (macro-scale) - a two step homogenization procedure based on the Mori-Tanaka averaging scheme is adopted. This involves evaluation of the effective properties first in the absence of pores. In the next step, an ellipsoidal pore is introduced into a new, generally orthotropic, matrix to make provision for the presence of crimp voids and transverse and delamination cracks resulting from the thermal transformation of a polymeric precursor into the carbon matrix. Other sources of imperfections also attributed to the manufacturing processes, including non-uniform texture of the reinforcements, are taken into consideration through the histograms of inclination angles measured along the fiber tow path together with a particular shape of the equivalent ellipsoidal inclusion proposed already in Sko ek (1998). The analysis shows that a reasonable agreement of the numerical predictions with experimental measurements can be achieved.