• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.47 no.4
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• pp.517-524
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• 1999

Background : Airway inflammation and hyperresponsiveness are recognized as major characteristics of bronchial asthma. Airway inflammation has usually been assessed by invasive methods, e.g. BAL or bronchial biopsy, but recent studies proposed induced sputum as another reliable and non-invasive tool to investigate airway inflammation in asthmatic patients. Thus, the relationship between airway inflammation assessed by induced sputum and airway hyperresponsiveness was investigated in asthmatic patient. Method : Airway responsiveness was determined by the concentration that caused a 20% decrease in $FEV_1$($PC_{20}$) after inhaling incremental concentrations of methacholine. The numbers of inflammatory cells and the concentration of eosinophilic cationic protein(ECP) were assessed in induced sputum obtained by inhalation of hypertonic saline(3%). Result: We analyzed sputum induced in 15 stable asthmatic patients. The differential cell count(%) of macrophages, neutrophils, eosinophils and lymphocytes in induced sputum were $39.1{\pm}27.0%$, $29.6{\pm}21.0%$, $28.8{\pm}18.8%$, $1.3{\pm}3.1%$ respectively. The mean value of baseline FEV1(predicted) and ECP were $76.3{\pm}30.3%$ and $1,101{\pm}833{\mu}g/L$ respectively. The geometric mean value of $PC_{20}$ was 0.56 mg/mL. The relationships between the sputum eosinophil and ECP in induced sputum, and between sputum eosinophil and degree of airway responsiveness($PC_{20}$) were found to be significantly correlated (r=0.81, p<0.05 and r=-0.78, p<0.05, respectively). Sputum neutrophils and $PC_{20}$ were not correlated to each other (r=0.11, p=0.69) and a significant negative correlation was found between ECP and baseline $FEV_1$(predicted)(r=-0.62, p<0.05). Conclusion : The results of this study suggest that an induced sputum via a inhalation of hypertonic saline is useful to determine a patient's status of airway inflammation, and airway inflammation is one of the major causal factors in the development of bronchial hyperresponsiveness in asthmatic patients.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.54 no.3
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• pp.200-205
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• 2021

Background: Various methods have been used to reduce postoperative pain after thoracic surgery. However, these methods may affect the patient's respiratory response and delay recovery from anesthesia. We aimed to evaluate the effects of fentanyl and remifentanil during extubation after video-assisted thoracic surgery (VATS). Methods: This study included 45 randomly-selected male patients who underwent VATS for pneumothorax between July 2011 and August 2012. We divided the participants into 3 groups: the F group, which received a bolus injection of 1.0 ㎍/kg of fentanyl; the R1 group, which received a 0.04 ㎍/kg/min remifentanil infusion; and the R2 group, which received a 0.08 ㎍/kg/min remifentanil infusion. Hemodynamics, pain, cough, consciousness level, and nausea were assessed for each group. Results: The number and severity of coughs were lower in the R1 and R2 groups than in the F group, and there were no differences between the R1 and R2 groups. Respiratory depression and loss of consciousness were not observed in any of the patients, and there were no differences in hemodynamics. Conclusion: In comparison with fentanyl, remifentanil did not result in a wide fluctuation of blood pressure and heart rate upon emergence from general anesthesia. Moreover, remifentanil contributed to cough suppression and postoperative pain control. Remifentanil seems to be a safe and effective analgesic after VATS.

• Natural Product Sciences
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• v.10 no.3
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• pp.114-118
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• 2004

It is reported that $(1R,9S)-{\beta}-Hydrastine$ hydrochloride (BHSH) decreased the intracellular dopamine content by inhibiting tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) activity in PC12 cells. In this study, the inhibitory mechanisms on TH activity by BHSH in PC12 cells were investigated. BHSH treatment caused a reduction of TH activity and TH mRNA level in a dose-dependent manner. After the treatment of $20\;{\mu}M$ BHSH, TH activity and TH mRNA content were reduced at 15 min, reached the minimal levels at 6-24 h, and then recovered gradually to the control level. BHSH at $10-50\;{\mu}M$ caused a decrease in the basal intracellular cyclic AMP levels at 10 min in a concentration-dependent manner. In addition, BHSH at $20-100\;{\mu}M$ decreased the basal intracellular $Ca^{2+}$ concentration $([Ca^{2+}]_i)$ immediately in a dose-dependent manner. BHSH also inhibited the 56 mM $K^+ $ depolarization-induced elevation in $[Ca^{2+}]_i$, and blocked caffeine-activated store-operated $Ca^{2+}$ entry in PC12 cells. These data suggest that BHSH inhibits TH activity and TH gene expression, in part, through reducing cyclic AMP content and basal $[Ca^{2+}]_i$ in PC12 cells.

• Journal of Digital Convergence
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• v.15 no.9
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• pp.261-271
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• 2017

This study was conducted to identify sexual knowledge, sexual attitude, and sexual behavior that are perceived by psychiatric patients, and analyzes their differences and relations. Participants were 222 adult psychiatric patients hospitalized in two psychiatric hospitals located at K city of J province. Data were collected from March 11 to April 15, 2016 by using structured questionnaires. Collected data were analyzed through independent t-test, One-way ANOVA, $Scheff{\acute{e}}$ test, Pearson's Correlation Coefficients using SPSS/WIN 20.0 program. The mean score of sexual knowledge was 2.60, sexual attitude was 2.74, and sexual behavior was 0.49. The sexual knowledge of patients differed significantly according to parent attitude(${\rho}$<.01), and sexual behavior showed the difference according to diagnosis(${\rho}$<.05). Sexual knowledge had a significant positive correlation with sexual attitude(r=.75, ${\rho}$<.001) and sexual behavior(r=.15, ${\rho}$<.05). There were also positive correlation between the sexual attitude and active sexual behaviour(r=.20, ${\rho}$<.01), the subcategory of sexual behaviour. These results of study suggest that psychiatric nurses should appropriately assess sexual problems of psychiatric patients and include them in nursing interventions.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.44 no.5
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• pp.583-591
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• 2012

Four kinds of makgeolli brewed with different proportions of rice and wheat flour were prepared to investigate the effects of the carbohydrates source on the storage properties, and to examine the chemical characteristics and BA (biogenic amine) contents in makgeolli stored over 30 days at 4, 10 and $20^{\circ}C$, respectively. The chemical properties and BA contents were sustained at a consistent level for those makgeolli stored at $4^{\circ}C$ over 30 days. The alcohol content was significantly higher for makgeolli brewed with higher proportions of rice (R) over wheat flour (WF) (R 100: WF 0, R 70: WF 30) when compared with those brewed with a high proportion of wheat flour (R 30: WF 70, R 0: WF 100), and increased with increasing storage temperature and duration. The free amino acid contents of makgeolli brewed with high proportion of rice were significantly lower under the same conditions. Among the 8 BAs examined, tyramine, putrescine, cadaverine and phenylethylamine were detected, while tyramine and putrescine were mainly detected. Histamine was not detected throughout storage. Makgeolli brewed with rice as the only carbohydrate source exhibited very low levels of total BA during 30 days of storing at $20^{\circ}C$. Total BA contents of R100, R70, R30, R0 were 178.6, 682.9, 1186.7 and 1150.4 mg/L, respectively. These results suggest that makgeolli brewed with relatively higher proportions of rice have better storage properties and are safer for consumption.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Biology
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• v.27 no.3
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• pp.292-296
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• 2009

This study was conducted to estimate relationship between temperature and egg development of Nannophya pygmaea, an endangerd dragonfly species in Korea, using eight different temperature conditions (17, 20, 22, 25, 28, 30, 33, and $36^{\circ}C$). Eggs of N. pygmaea were collected from female adults inhabited a small wetland in Mungyeong-si, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Korea, in June 2007. As a result, hatching rates were 2.86, 17.09, 24.32, 39.67, 34.43, 40.57, 44.79, and 1.75% at 17, 20, 22, 25, 28, 30, 33, and $36^{\circ}C$, respectively. The nonlinear model of the temperature related to egg development was well fit to the modified Sharpe and DeMichele model. The derived lower developmental threshold temperature for egg hatching was $14.02^{\circ}C$(y=0.005988x-0.084, $r^2$=0.99), and the derived optimal development temperature was $30{\sim}35^{\circ}C$.

• Journal of the Korean housing association
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.11-20
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• 2008

The purpose of this study was to find out tendencies in the planning characteristics focused on the community, single building, shared spaces and interior concept of apartment houses in Daejeon City, and to analyze these characteristics according to apartment unit floor plan based upon the arrangement of room, the type of main entrance, the type of LDK, anbang, kitchen, bathroom and the 3rd space. This study used the content analysis method and analysis was made on drawings and descriptions showing planning characteristics of apartment houses. Above all, 34 cases of apartment houses and 159 unit plans were analyzed. The results of this study were as follows: 1) The most important characteristics of the direction of housing development was the "well-being" concept including greenzone and natural environment. The most mentioned community spaces were children's playgrounds and parks. The emphasized interior concepts were noble, well-being and natural concepts. 2) The most prominent front arrangement type was the 3-bay unit plan, front space arrangement was focused on rooms and, livingroom. The most prominent front space arrangement types were R/L/R, R/L/R/R and there is a new tendency towards KD/L/R/R. 3) The most prominent LDK floor plans were of the LDK type. The type of "Anbang" arrangement consisted mainly of room-bathroom-dressing room. The type of public bathroom arrangement consisted mainly of bathtub-toilet-washbasin and the "Anbang" bathroom arrangement was shower-booth-toilet-washbasin.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.211-220
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• 2018

This study was conducted to identify the mediating effects of the therapeutic relationship with mental health professionals between empowerment and recovery in mental illness. The participants were 168 adults in two community mental health centers and three rehabilitation centers in Jeonbuk. The data were collected by structured questionnaires from April 15 to April 30, 2015 and analyzed using descriptive statistics, Pearson's correlation coefficient, and multiple regression analysis with the SPSS 19.0 statistical program. The mean score of empowerment for mental illness, recovery and therapeutic relationship were $60.4{\pm}10.85$, $101.8{\pm}20.70$ and $74.5{\pm}14.30$, respectively. There were significantly positive correlations between recovery in empowerment and therapeutic relationship (r=0.33, p<0.001), as well as empowerment and recovery (r=0.51, p<0.001), while there were significantly positive correlations between therapeutic relationship and recovery (r=0.55, p<0.001). Therapeutic relationship had a partial mediated effect between empowerment and recovery, which was found to be significant by the Sobel test (z=3.706, p<0.001). The results of this study can be used as basic data for development of a practical recovery-enhancing program to promote therapeutic relationships and improve empowerment in relation to therapist of the mentally disabled.

• Journal of muscle and joint health
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.90-103
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• 1996

The purpose of this paper is to compare two approach to assessment of coping patterns. The sampling method was a purposive sampling technique. The study participants were out patients 113 of rheumatoid arthritis center of one University hospitals in Seoul. Datas were collected from Nov. 13 to Nov. 24, 1995. The instruments used for this study were Graphic Rating Scales of pain, The Beck Depression Inventory and Coping Patterns tool. The collected data were analyzed for frequency, means, SD, factor analysis., Pearsons' correlations and ANOVA. The results were summerized as follows ; 1. When raw scores were used : there were not correlation in all three coping patterns. 2. When relative scores were used : there were significantly correlated in all three coping patterns. 1) Active coping and Positive-cognitive coping (r=-0.352, p< 0.0001) 2) Positive-cognitive coping and Negative-cognitive coping (r=-0.594, p< 0.0001) 3) Active coping and Negative-cognitive coping(r=-0.544, p< 0.0001) The results of this research with relative scales provided more insight into the correlation in all three coping patterns. 3. Pearsons' Correlations were computed for each coping pattern, age, pain level, duration of pain and BDI. 1) Using raw score : (1) Active coping was significantly related to pain level(sensory score ; r=0.268, p<0.05, affective score ; r=0.266, p< 0.05) (2) Positive-cognitive coping was significantly related to age (r=-0.252, p< 0.05), pain level (sensory score ; r= -0.244, p< 0.05) (3) Negative-cognitive coping was significantly related to depression level (r=0.312 p< 0.0001). 2) Using relative score (1) Active coping was significantly related to pain level(sensory score ; r=0.299, p<0.05, affective score ; r=0.246, p< 0.05) (2) Positive-cognitive coping was significantly related to age (r= -0.187, P< 0.05), pain level (sensory score ; r=-0.317, p<0.0001, affective score : r=-0.305, p<0.0001) and depression level(-0.339, p<0.0001)) (3) Negative-cognitive coping was significantly related to depression. level(r=0.313, p<0.0001). 4. When raw and realtive coping scores were compared to those of age groups, religious groups and BDI level(high, middle, low) ; 1) Using raw score : (1) Active coping : there were not significantly difference (2) Positive-cognitive coping ; 20-39 age group and 50-59age group had significantly higher scores than over 60age group. BDI-low level group had significantly higher scores than other groups. (3) Negative-cognitive coping : 20-39age group and over 60age group had significantly higher scores than 40-49age group. Non-religious group had significantly higher scores than christian group. BDI-high level group had significantly higher scores than other groups. 2) Using relative score : (1) Active coping : over 60 age group had significantly higher scores than 20-39 age group and 40-49age group had significantly higher scores than 20-39 age group (2) Positive-cognitive coping ; 40-49age group, 20-39age group and 50-59age group had significantly higher scores than over 60age group. Christian group had significantly higher scores than non-religious group. BDI-low level group had significantly higher scores than other groups. (3) Negative-cognitive coping ; Non-religious group had significantly higher scores than christian group and buddhistic group. BDI-high level group had significantly higher scores than other groups. The current data suggest that relative scores may yield a different perspective on coping patters than raw scores. The use of relative scores reveals the relation clearly, without its being blurred statistically by the effect of other coping strategies or being relegated to a partial correlation. The use of relative scores holds promise for delineating the relations between ways of coping and health-related behavior.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.48 no.4
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• pp.301-305
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• 2016

This study was conducted to investigate changes in pH, volatile basic nitrogen (VBN), thiobarbituric acid (TBA), $a^*$ (redness), shearing force, and microbial content (total plate count; TPC) in beef during freezing storage at -1, -5, and $-20^{\circ}C$ for 21 days. TPC as an effective quality indicator was used to identify the decay point by regression analysis. The pH, TBA values, and TPC significantly increased with storage at all tested temperatures (p<0.05). VBN significantly increased and shearing force significantly decreased with storage at -1 and $-5^{\circ}C$ (p<0.05). TPC showed significant correlation with temperature at $-1^{\circ}C\;(R^2=0.891)$, $-5^{\circ}C\;(R^2=0.856)$, and $-20^{\circ}C\;(R^2=0.444)$. The decay points at -1, -5, and $-20^{\circ}C$, were 27, 52, and 84 days, respectively. The results suggest that a freezing temperature of $-5^{\circ}C$ is effective for short-term storage of beef.