• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.101-110
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• 2015

Parameters of mating system and pollen flow of a Pinus densiflora population in Buan, South Korea, were estimated using seven nuclear microsatellite markers. The expected heterozygosity ($H_e$) was 0.614 in mother trees and 0.624 in seeds. Fixation index (F) was 0.018 and 0.087 in each generation. There was no significant genetic difference between the generations (P > 0.05). From MLTR, the outcrossing rate ($t_m$), the biparental inbreeding ($t_m-t_s$), and the correlation of paternity ($r_p$) were 0.967, 0.057, and 0.012, respectively. tm was larger but $t_m-t_s$ and $r_p$ were smaller than those of allozyme markers in Pinus densiflora. These values were similar to those of microsatellite markers in other pine species. The optimal pollen dispersal model from TwoGener was the normal dispersal model with the effective density of 220 trees/ha and its level of genetic differentiation in pollen pool structure (${\Phi}_{ft}$) was 0.021. The average radial distance of pollen flow (${\delta}$) was calculated as 11.42 m, but no correlation between the pairwise-${\Phi}_{ft}$ and the geographical distance among mother trees was at Mantel test (r = -0.141, P > 0.05). Although the effective pollen dispersal in the population seems to be restricted, the amount of genetic variation might be maintained in each generation without a loss of genetic diversity. It might be because the genetic diversity in pollen pool was high but the genetic difference between pollen donors was small under the complete random mating condition in the Pinus densiflora population in Buan.

• Korean Journal of Microbiology
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• v.42 no.3
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• pp.185-194
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• 2006

The aim of this study was to identify the bacteria isolated from endodontic lesions by cell culture and to determine the antimicrobial susceptibility of them against 8 antibiotics. The necrotic pulpal tissues were collected from 27 infected root canals, which were diagnosed as endodontic infection. Samples were collected aseptically from the infected pulpal tissue of the infected root canals using a barbed broach and a paper point. The cut barbed broaches and paper points were transferred to an eppendorf tube containing $500{\mu}l\;of\;1{\times}PBS$. The sample solution was briefly mixed and plated onto a BHI-agar plate containing 5% sheep blood. The agar plates were incubated in a $37^{\circ}C$ anaerobic chamber for 2 to 5 days. The bacteria grown on the agar plates were identified by comparison of 16S rRNA gene (rDNA) sequencing method at the species level. To test the sensitivity of the bacteria isolated from the infected root canals against 8 antibiotics, minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) were determined using broth dilution assay. The data showed that 101 bacterial strains were isolated and were identified. Streptococcus spp. (29.7%) and Actinomyces spp. (21.8%) were predominantly isolated. The 9 strains were excluded in antimicrobial susceptibility test because they were lost during the experiment or were not grown in broth culture. The percentage of bacteria susceptible for each antibiotic in this study was clindamycin, 87.0% (80 of 92); tetracycline, 75.0% (69 of 92); cefuroxime axetil, 75.0% (69 of 92); amoxicillin + clavulanic acid (5:1), 71.7% (66 of 92); penicillin G, 66.3% (61 of 92); erythromycin, 66.3% (61 of 92); amoxicillin, 44.6% (41 of 92); and ciprofloxacin, 31.5% (29 of 92). The susceptibility pattern of 8 antibiotics was dependent on the host of the bacteria strains rather than the kinds of bacterial species. These results indicate that antibiotic susceptibility test should be performed when antibiotics are needed for the treatment of infected root canals.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.34 no.7
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• pp.2081-2085
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• 2013

A quantitative method for determining levels of three bioactive compounds based on pattern recognition was developed and fully validated for the quality control of Alismatis Rhizoma (AR) by HPLC. Separation conditions were optimised using an Optimapak $C_{18}$ column ($250mm{\times}4.6mm$, 5 ${\mu}m$) with a mobile phase of acetonitrile and 0.1% aqueous phosphoric acid and detection wavelengths of 205 and 245 nm. Method validation yielded acceptable linearity ($r^2$ > 0.9998) and percent recovery (98.06%-101.71%). Limits of detection ranged from 0.08 to 0.15 ${\mu}g/mL$. Levels of the three bioactive compounds, alisol C acetate, alisol B, and alisol B acetate, in AR were 0.07-0.45, 0.38-10.32, and 1.13-8.59 mg/g dried weight, respectively. Pattern analyses based on these three compounds were able to differentiate Chinese and Korean samples accurately. The results demonstrate that alisol B and its acetate may be used as marker compounds for AR quality and can be regulated to no less than 0.36 and 1.29 mg/g of dried sample, respectively. The method described here is suitable for quantitative analyses and quality control of multiple components in AR.

• Proceedings of the Korea Technology Innovation Society Conference
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• 2017.08a
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• pp.101-122
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• 2017

As business paradigm shifts toward the convergence of technology and industry, so-called the fourth industrial revolution, research and development on enterprises is becoming the core capability of growth momentum for the future. Accordingly, Management of Technology (MOT) is being paid attention to construct systematical planning and operations on technological strategy, thereby increasing the importance of cooperative relationship in MOT-relevant domains. Due to this reason, academia manages the family membership system that enables mutual collaborations between academia and industry to achieve their win-win strategy and makes customized cooperative systems to share their human and property resources systematically. Particularly, it is vital to operate the family membership system effectively and efficiently in the MOT domain because family enterprises need to endeavor the establishment of value-toward technology strategy within the framework of those cooperative systems. For such the purpose, this paper presents the analysis of the state-of-the art of the family membership system managed by Graduate School of Management of Technology at Pukyong National University. This paper also proposes vitalization strategies of this membership system so that famliy enterprises located in the east-southern area in Republic of Korea can gain MOT-oriented innovative capability.

• Research in Community and Public Health Nursing
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.290-301
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• 2011

Purpose: This study is a descriptive research intended to clarify the medication status of community-dwelling elders and to identify factors affecting their medication adherence. Methods: Data were collected using questionnaires and interviews from 101 subjects who had taken prescribed drugs for at least 7 days sampled among elderly people using home care nursing at a general hospital in Seoul. Results: According to the results of this study, medication adherence measured by pill counting was 88.3% and that measured by self-reporting was 94.6%. There were statistically significant differences in medication adherence according to major disease (p=.006), the number of admissions (p=.032), the number of drugs (p=.051), the frequency of medication (p=.026), and depression (r=-.205). In addition, depression was found to be a significant variable explaining the medication adherence with explanatory power 3.8% (p=.035). Conclusion: The presence of depression affected the elderly subjects' the medication adherence. Therefore, more concern and educational approaches are required to encourage elderly people to comply correctly with medication regimens particularly for elderly patients who have a malignant or long-lasting disease or who have to take multiple drugs or maintain a daily dosing frequency.

• Journal of environmental and Sanitary engineering
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• v.19 no.3 s.53
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• pp.13-21
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• 2004

This study was focused on the evaluation of Nanjido landfill site by leachate analysis. Several parameters, for example pH, BOD, $COD_{Mn},\;COD_{Cr}$, SS, TP, $NH_3-N$, Color, were selected as major leachate quality parameters. $BOD/COD_{Cr}$. was used to estimate the biodegradable portion in organic matter. Samples were collected at the leachate storage wells and leachate treatment facility inflow in each quarter of 2003. The results were as follows : 1. Inflow quality of treatment plant in 2003 was analysed as $pH\;7.3\~8.0,\;BOD\;12.4\~30.0mg/L,\;COD_{Mn}\;101.2\~130.3mg/L,\;COD_{Cr}\;122.5\~238.0mg/L,\;SS\;16.1\~115.3mg/L$, $T-P\;0.27\~0.80mg/L,\;NH_3-N\;208.0\~~354.0mg/L$, Color $110.3\~129.0$ unit. 2. $BOD/COD_{Cr}$ of inflow ranged between $0.07\~0.16$ indicating that the landfill had the properties of old-fill and organic portion in leachate was mostly persistent organic matter. 3. Though concentrations of BOD, COD, $NH_3-N$, Color in leachate storage wells were mostly higher in first landfill than in second landfill, $BOD/COD_{Cr}$ ranging from 0.03 to 0.20, showed reversely. 4. Correlation coefficient$(R^2)$ between color and other parameters related to organic matter showed mostly above 0.7 and especially highest value with $COD_{Mn}$ of 0.7985.

• The Korean Journal of Emergency Medical Services
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.91-101
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• 2012

Purpose: This study aims to assess the influencing factors on the level of satisfaction with clinical training and to provide basic data for more efficient clinical training. Method: The study was conducted on 402 paramedic students who have experienced clinical training from September 6 until October 12 in 2011. The questionnaires consisted of 40 questions. We used SPSS 18.0 frequency analysis, technical statistics, t-test, ANOVA, Pearson's correlation coefficients and multiple regression analysis. Result: 1. The level of satisfaction with clinical training showed significant difference between the frequency (F=8.837, p=.000) and clinical training managers (F=5.418, p=.001). 2. The level of satisfaction with clinical training showed the strongest positive correlation with the satisfaction of clinical training hospitals (r=.694, p=.000). 3. Multiple regression analysis revealed the most powerful predictor for satisfaction with clinical training was the satisfaction level of clinical training hospitals(48.2%) and the frequency of clinical training experiences(.8%), the preparation before the clinical training(5.4%), the total duration of clinical training(.7%), and the satisfaction of emergency department education(1.0%). These five variables accounted for 56.1% of the satisfaction of clinical training among paramedic students. Conclusion: As student's satisfaction of the clinical training increases, the quality of paramedics is expected to improve in the future. As a result, the future paramedics can be nurtured to be highly skilled in on-the-scene emergency situations after graduation.

• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
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• v.47 no.1
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• pp.79-83
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• 2016

This study developed an HPLC analysis method for the determination of isoegomaketone (IK) and perillaketone (PK) in Perilla frutescens (L.) Britton leaves. P. frutescens ethanol extract was optimized through an HPLC analysis using a C18 column ($250{\times}4.6mml$, D, $S-5{\mu}m$, 12 nm) with gradient elution of water and acetonitrile as the mobile phase at a flow rate of 1 mL/min and a UV detection wavelength of 254 nm. The results of this method showed linearity in the calibration curve at a coefficient of correlation ($R^2$) of IK 0.9995, PK 0.9998. The limits of detection (LOD) for IK and PK were $0.234{\mu}g/mL$ and $0.952{\mu}g/mL$. The limits of quantification (LOQ) for IK and PK were $0.017{\mu}g/mL$ and $0.043{\mu}g/mL$. The inter-day precision RSDs of IK and PK in the P. frutescens were 1.25 to 2.69% and 0.36 to 1.10%, respectively, and the intra-day precision RSDs of IK and PK were 0.96 to 2.51% and 0.90 to 1.93%, respectively. The accuracies of IK and PK were 96.31 to 97.92% and 101.26 to 105.14%. In conclusion, this method was applied successfully to the detection of IK and PK in P. frutescens.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Applied Pharmacology
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• 2002.07a
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• pp.236-236
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• 2002

Pyruvate dehydrogenase phosphatase (PDP) is a mitochondrial protein serine/threonine phosphatase that catalyzes the dephosphorylation and concomitant reactivation of the pyruvate dehydrogenase componant of the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (PDC). PDP consists of a Mg$\^$+2/ -dependent and Ca$\^$+2)-stimulated catalytic subunit (PDPc) of Mr 52,600 and a FAD-containing regulatory subunit (PDPr) of Mr 95.600. Catalytic subunit of pyruvate dehydrogenase phosphatase (PDPc) has been suggested to have three major functional domains such as dihydrolipoamide acetyltransferase(E$_2$)-binding domain, regulatory subunit of PDP(PDPr)-binding domain, and calcium-binding domain. In order to identify functional domains, recombinant catalytic subunit of pyruvate dehydrogenase phosphatase (rPDPc) was expressed in E. coli JM101 and purified to near homogeneity using the unique property of PDPc: PDPm binds to the inner lipoyl domain (L$_2$) of E$_2$ of pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (PDC) in the presence of Ca$\^$+2/, not under EGTA. PDPc was limited-proteolysed by trypsin, chymotrypsin, Arg-C, and elastase at pH7.0 and 30$^{\circ}C$ and N-terminal analysis of the fragment was done. Chymotrypsin, trypsin, and elastase made two major framents: N-terminal large fragment, approx. 50kD and C-terminal small fragment, approx. 0 kDa. Arg-C made three major fragments: N-terminal fragment, approx. 35 kD, and central fragment, approx. 15 kD, and C-terminal fragment, approx. 10 kD. This study strongly suggest that PDPc consists of three major functional domains. However, further study should be necessary to identify the functional role.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.36 no.1
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• pp.93-101
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• 2012

This study evaluated the anti-cholinesterases (ChEs) and antioxidant activities of white ginseng (WG) and black ginseng (BG) roots of Panax ginseng (PG), P. quinquefolium (PQ), and P. notoginseng (PN). Ginsenosides $Rg_1$, Re, Rf, $Rb_1$, Rc, $Rb_2$, and Rd were found in white PG, whereas Rf was not found in white PQ and Rf, Rc, and $Rb_2$ were not detected in white PN. The major ginsenoside content in steamed BG including $RK_3$, $Rh_4$, and 20(S)/(R)-$Rg_3$ was equivalent to approximately 70% of the total ginsenoside content. The WG and BG inhibited acetylcholinesteras (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) in a dose dependent manner. The efficacy of BG roots of PG, PQ, and PN on AChE and BChE inhibition was greater than that of the respective WG roots. The total phenolic contents and 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl (DPPH) scavenging activity were increased by heat treatment. Among the three WG and BG, white PG and steamed black PQ have significantly higher contents of phenolic compounds. The best results for the DPPH scavenging activity were obtained with the WG and BG from PG. These results demonstrate that the steamed BG roots of the three studied ginseng species have both high ChEs inhibition capacity and antioxidant activity.