• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• 제33권2호
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• pp.115-124
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• 2008

본 연구의 목적은 수 종의 레진계 임시수복재의 중합수축 및 수화팽창을 측정하고 레진계 임시수복재와 와동면 사이의 미세누출을 평가하고자 하였다. 본 실험의 재료는 5종의 광중합형 레진계 임시충전재 Fermit, Quicks, Provifil, Spacer, Clip와 대조군으로 석고계 충전재 Caviton을 사용하였다. 'Bonded disc method'를 이용하여 중합수축을 측정하였고, 미리 중합된 디스크 형태의 시편을 생리식염수에 담그고 LVDT로 7 일 동안 수화팽창을 기록하였다. 발거된 120개의 상, 하악 대구치에 1 급 와동을 형성한 후 각각 20개씩 6개의 군으로 나누어 각 재료를 충전한 후, 1000 회의 Thermocycling을 실시하고 2% methylene blue 염색 용액을 이용하여 미세누출을 평가하였다. 연구결과는 다음과 같다. 1. Fermit의 중합수축이 가장 적었고 (0.22%) Spacer (0.38%), Quicks (0.64%) Provifil (0.67%), Clip (0.67%) 의 순이었다. 2. 모든 재료는 24 시간 이내에 급격한 수화팽창을 나타냈고 7 일 후 수화팽창은 Caviton이 가장 컸다 (11.5%). 레진계 임시수복재는 0.43-1.1%가량 팽창하였다. 3. Fermit의 미세누출이 가장 많았으며 Quicks의 미세누출이 가장 적었다. Spacer와 Clip은 Caviton과 비슷한 정도의 미세누출을 보였다. 4. 중합수축 또는 수화팽창과 미세누출 사이의 직접적 인 상관관계는 관찰할 수 없었다.

• 공업화학
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• 제28권6호
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• pp.705-713
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• 2017

독창적 물질인 $Bi_2WO_6-GO-TiO_2$ 나노복합체를 쉬운 수열법에 의해 성공적으로 합성하였다. 수열반응을 하는 동안, 그래핀 시트 위에 $Bi_2WO_6$와 $TiO_2$를 도포하였다. 합성한 $Bi_2WO_6-GO-TiO_2$ 복합체형 광촉매는 X-선 회절법(XRD), 주사전자현미경(SEM), 에너지 분산 X-선(EDX) 분석, 투과전자현미경(TEM), 라만분광법, UV-Vis 확산반사 분광법(UV-vis-DRS), 및 X-선 광전자분광기(XPS)에 의하여 특성화하였다. $Bi_2WO_6$ 나노입자는 불규칙한 dark-square block 나노 플페이트 형상을 보였으며, 이산화티탄 나노입자는 퀜텀 도트 사이즈로 그래핀 시트 위 표면을 덮고 있었다. 로다민 비의 분해는 농도감소의 측정과 함께 UV 분광법에 의하여 관찰하였다. 합성된 물질의 광촉매 반응은 Langmuir-Hinshelwood 모델과 띠 이론으로 설명하였다.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• 제27권5호
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• pp.502-514
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• 2002

The aim of this study was to evaluate the marginal adaptation of direct class II sandwich restoration with packable composites(P-60), resin modified glass ionomer cement(Fuji-II LC), flowable compomer(Dyract Flow), flowable composites(Filtek Flow) in comparison with total bond restorations. In addition, for sandwich restorations, influence of different sandwich techniques was also evaluated. Large butt-joint box typed class II cavites with cervical margins 1mm below the cemento-enamel junction were cut into 70 extracted human molars. The cavities(7 groups, n=10) were filled using a closed/open sandwich restoration or total bond restoration technique with materials according to the manufacturer's recommandation using the single-component bonding agent for each system. Teeth were thermocycled 500 times between 5$^{\circ}C$ and 55$^{\circ}C$ with 30-second dwell time. The teeth were then coated with nail polish 1mm short of the restoration, placed in a 2% methylene blue for 24 hours, and sectioned with diamond wheel. Sections were examined with a stereoscope to determine the extent of microleakage. Dentine /Cementum margins were analyzed for microleakage on scale of 0(no leakage) to 4(entire axial wall) and interface between materials, on scale of 0(no leakage) to 3(axial wall). Results were evaluated with Kruskal Wallis Test, corrected for ties, to determine whether there were statistically significant differences among the seven groups. Pairs of groups were analyzed using the Student-Newman-Keuls Method and Dunn s Method. The results were as follows : 1. All groups showed some micoleakage in cervical portion. But there were no microleakage in interface between materials. 2. Closed sandwich restorations with Fuji-II LC and Filtek Flow had significantly lower leakage rating than total restorations with only P-60. However, open sandwich restorations with Dyract Flow showed significantly higher (P<0.05) 3. Closed sandwich restorations had significantly lower leakage rating than total restorations. However open sandwich restoration s showed significantly higher (P<0.05). 4. Sandwich restorations with Fuji-II LC were iou$.$or leakage than only P-60. Filtek Flow, Dyract Flow. But there were no statistically differences among the materials. From the results above, it could be concluded, closed sandwich restorations was effective in reducing microleakage of class II restorations. The best results showing the least microleakage were for the closed sandwich technique with Fuji-II LC and Filtek Flow.

• 대한예방한의학회지
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• 제19권3호
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• pp.155-170
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• 2015

Objective : Jaeumgeonbitang have been used in Korean medicine for many centuries as a therapuetic agent of vertigo. JAE was extract of Jaeumgeonbitang adding Evodiae Fructus. The effects of JAE on the cerebral blood flow and blood pressure is not known. This study was designed to investigate the effects of JAE on the ischemic crebral injuries. Method : We performed to investigate effects of JAE on the changes of regional cerebral blood flow(rCBF) and mean arterial blood pressure (MABP) in normal and ischemic rats, and further to determine the mechanism and cytokines production ($IL-1{\beta}$, $TNF-{\alpha}$, IL-10, $TGF-{\beta}$) of JAE. Results : In normal rats, JAE significantly increased rCBF and significantly decreased MABP in a dose-dependent manner. This result suggested that JAE significantly increased rCBF by dilating pial arterial diameter. Increase of JAE-induced rCBF was significantly inhibited by the pretreatment with indomethacin (1 mg/kg, i.p.), an inhibitor of cyclooxygenase, and was significantly inhibited by methylene blue ($10{\mu}g/kg$, i.p.), an inhibitor of guanylate cyclase. Decrease of JAE-induced MABP was significantly increased by the pretreatment with indomethacin (1 mg/kg, i.p.), an inhibitor of cyclooxygenase. So, these results suggested that the mechanism of JAE was mediated by cyclooxygenase. In ischemic rat, the rCBF was significantly and stably increased by JAE (10 mg/kg, i.p.) during the period of cerebral reperfusion, which contrasted with the findings of rapid and marked increase in Control group. In cytokine production of serum by drawing from femoral arterial blood at 1 hr after reperfusion, Sample group (JAE 10 mg/kg treated group) was significantly decreased $IL-1{\beta}$ and $TNF-{\alpha}$ production compared with Control group. In cytokine production of serum by drawing from femoral arterial blood at 1 hr after reperfusion, Sample group was significantly increased IL-10 production compared with Control group. Conclusion : These results suggested that JAE was significantly and stably increased regional cerebral blood flow by inhibited $IL-1{\beta}$ and $TNF-{\alpha}$ production, and increased IL-10 production.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• 제24권1호
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• pp.111-125
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• 2007

Objection : The aim of this study was to investigate anti-ischemic effect of LR1 ${\cdot}$ HT8 ${\cdot}$ HT9 Reinforcement in Acupuncture. Methods : I designed to investigate whether LR1 ${\cdot}$ HT8 ${\cdot}$ HT9 Reinforcement in Acupuncture affects cerebral hemodynamics [regional cerebral blood flow(rCBF), pial arterial diameter(PAD), mean arterial blood pressure (MABP) ] in normal and cerebral ischemia rats by MCA occlusion method, and to make manifest whether LR1 ${\cdot}$ HT8 ${\cdot}$ HT9 Reinforcement in Acupuncture is mediated by cyclooxygenase or guanylate cyclase. The changes of rCBF and MABP were determinated by laser-doppler flowmetry(LDF), and the change of PAD was determinated by video microscope and width analyzer. Results: The results were as follows ; 1. LR1 ${\cdot}$ HT8 ${\cdot}$ HT9 Reinforcement in Acupuncture was significantly increased rCBF, PAD, but decreased MABP after withdrawing of the needle. This results suggest that LR1 ${\cdot}$ HT8 ${\cdot}$ HT9 Reinforcement in Acupuncture induced significantly rCBF by dilating PAD. 2. Pretreatment with indomethacin (1mg/kg, i.v.) was significantly inhibited LR1 ${\cdot}$ HT8 ${\cdot}$ HT9 Reinforcement in Acupuncture induced increase of rCBF and PAD, but increased LR1 ${\cdot}$ HT8 ${\cdot}$ HT9 Reinforcement in Acupuncture induced decrease of MABP after withdrawing of the needle. 3. Pretreatment with methylene blue(10/${\mu}$g/kg, i.v.) was decreased LR1 ${\cdot}$ HT8 ${\cdot}$ HT9 Reinforcement in Acupuncture induced increase of rCBF and MABP, but accelerated LR1 ${\cdot}$ HT8 ${\cdot}$ HT9 Reinforcement in Acupuncture induced decrease of PAD. This results suggest that the mechanism of LR1 ${\cdot}$ HT8 ${\cdot}$ HT9 Reinforcement in Acupuncture is mediated by cyclooxygenase or guanylate cyclase. Conclusion : I suggest that LR1 ${\cdot}$ HT8 ${\cdot}$ HT9 Reinforcement in Acupuncture has an anti-ischemic effect through the improvement of cerebral hemodynamics, and the mechanism IS mediated by cyclooxygenase.

• 대한소아치과학회지
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• 제35권2호
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• pp.216-224
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• 2008

자가 산부식 접착제는 산부식 과정 후 수세없이 와동을 충전할 수 있다. 움직임이 많고 행동 조절이 어려운 환자의 경우 시술의 절차를 줄일 수 있는 자가 산부식 접착제가 치면열구전색제의 사용을 보다 용이하게 할 수 있다. 그러나 법랑질에 대한 산부식 능력이 인산에 비해 낮아서 충분한 부식이 일어나는지에 대해 논란이 되고 있다. 이에 대해 자가 산부식 접착제의 약한 산부식능을 감안하여 열구성형술과 acidic primer의 도포 시간을 증가시키는 등의 임상 술식을 시행하고 자가 산부식 접착제의 단점이 보완되는지를 알아보고자 하였다. 35% 인산으로 산부식 후 전색술을 시행한 경우와 자가 산부식 접착제를 사용하여 도포한 경우의 미세 누출도를 염색액의 침투도를 비교하고 주사전자현미경을 이용한 산부식상 관찰을 통하여 다음과 같은 결론을 얻었다. 1. 열구 성형술을 시행 후 자가산부식접착제를 도포한 군은 인산 부식 20초를 시행한 군과 자가산부식접착제를 20초, 40초 도포한 군보다 미세누출도가 더 낮았다. 2. 자가산부식접착제를 제조 회사의 지시에 따라 20초간 도포한 군과 40초로 늘려 도포한 군 간에 미세누출도의 유의차가 없었다. 3. 주사전자현미경 관찰 시 전형적인 산부식 양상은 인산부식 20초군에서만 관찰되었으며 열구성형술을 시행하고 자가산부식접착제를 도포한 군이 자가산부식접착제만 20, 40초 도포한 군보다는 표면 거칠기가 증가하였다.

• 대한한방소아과학회지
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• 제30권3호
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• pp.1-30
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• 2016

Objectives Previous studies have found out that Forsythiae Fructus (FF) extracts have anti-atopic activities by in vitro experiment. In order to understand more about FF extracts' benefit, we subdivided FF extracts depending on systematic fractionation method by using Methylene chloride (MC), Ethyl acetate (EtOAc), n-BuOH and n-hexane (n-Hx). This study is designed to examine the effect of FF fractions on the PMA- ionomycin-induced activation of RBL-2H3 mast cell lines in vitro and on the DNCB-induced activation of NC/Nga mice in vivo. Methods For this study, we examined IL-4, IL-13 production by ELISA analysis, IL-4, IL-13, IL-31, IL-31RA and TNF-${\alpha}$ mRNA expression by real-time PCR and manifestations of AP-1 and MAPKs transcription factors by western blotting in vitro. Through in vitro experiment, we selected FF n-BuOH fraction that seems the best effective in atopic dermatitis then induced it on NC/Nga mice by DNCB. We measured mice's WBC, eosinophil and neutrophil in heart blood, IL-4, IL-5, IFN-${\gamma}$ in the spleenocyte culture supernatant, the absolute cell numbers of CD4+, CD8+, B220+CD23+, CD3+CD69+ and Gr-1+CD11b+ in the PBMCs, ALN and dorsal skin, IL-5, IL-13, IL-31, IL-31RA in the dorsal skin by real-time PCR and the distribution of immune cells by H&E on dorsal skin and ANL and toluidine blue staining on dorsal skin. Results FF n-BuOH fraction suppressed IL-4, IL-13 production and mRNA expression of IL-4, IL-13, IL-31, IL-31RA and TNF-${\alpha}$. Results from the western blot analysis showed that FF n-BuOH fraction reduced the activation of the mast cell specific transduction factors involved in AP-1 by suppressing JNK and ERK phosphorylation. In the gross, atopic dermatitis induced by DNCB in NC/Nga mice were improved by oral administration of FF n-BuOH fraction. Oral FF n-BuOH fraction also decreased the level of IgE in mice's serum and the level of IL-4 and IL-5 in the spleenocyte culture supernatant, cell numbers of CD8+, B220+CD23+ in the PBMCs, CD4+ in the ALN and CD4+, Gr-1+CD11b+ in the dorsal skin and suppressed mRNA expression of IL-5, IL-13, IL-31, IL-31RA in the dorsal skin. Histological examination showed that infiltration levels of immune cells in atopic dermatitis induced NC/Nga mice were improved by FF n-BuOH fraction. Conclusions FF n-BuOH fraction can reduce pruritus by suppressing IL-31, IL-31RA secretion and modulate molecular mediators and immune cells associated with atopic dermatitis induced in NC/Nga mice which may have played a significant role in recovering atopic dermatitis symptoms.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• 제23권2호
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• pp.618-629
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• 1998

CAD/CAM-fabricated ceramic restorations nowadays are used as alternatives of amlagam and posterior composite resin restorations, especially in the cases of inlay restorations. But the reported results on marginal and internal fit of CAD/CAM-fabricated ceramic inlay have showed considerable difference. In this study, to evaluate the marginal and internal fit of CEREC2-fabricated ceramic inlay restoration and to compare with the fit of gold inlay and amalgam restoration, standardized Class II MO cavities were prepared in forty extracted caries-free human premolars. The teeth with prepared cavities were divided into 4 groups of ten teeth each. In group 1, CEREC2-fabricated ceramic inlays were treated with Scotchbond Multi-Purpose Plus(SMP plus) and cemented with Scotchbond Resin Cement. In group 2, casted gold inlays were cemented in the same method as in group 1. In group 3, casted gold inlays were cemented with zinc-phosphate cement. And in group 4, the prepared cavities were restored with amalgam. Restored teeth were thermocycled, stored in 1% methylene blue for 24 hours, and sectioned faciolingually and mesiodistally using EXAKT. Sectioned surfaces were observed with stereomicroscope and the gaps were measured at 9 points of mesiodistally sectioned surface and 7 points of faciolingually sectioned surface. The measured data were treated by Kruskal-Wallis one way ANOVA and Student-Newman-Keuls test. 1. The differences among measured gaps at each points were statistically significant for 4 experimental groups (P<0.05). 2. There were statistically significant differences in the measured gaps at each points between group 1 and group 2, group 1 and group 3, group 1 and group 4, group 2 and group 4, and group 3 and group 4 (P<0.05). 3. There were not statistically significant differences in the measured gaps at each points between group 2 and group 3 (P>0.05). 4. In the cases of inlay restorations(group 1, group 2, group 3), the gaps at internal line angle(distopulpal, axiogingival, faciopulpal, linguopulpal line angle) had a tendency to increase. In the cases of amalgam restorations(group 4), the gaps at occlusal margin, gingival margin and axiogingival line angle were greater than those at the other parts of cavities. 5. In CEREC2-fabricated ceramic inlays which were treated with Scotchbond Multi-Purpose Plus and cemented with Scotchbond Resin Cement, the mean gaps were $111{\mu}m$ at cavity margins, $168{\mu}m$ at vertical walls of cavities, $225{\mu}m$ at internal line angles and $123{\mu}m$ at cavity floors.

• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제43권6호
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• pp.754-759
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• 2011

본 연구는 세포의 사멸 및 성장변화 등의 평가에 널리 이용되는 MTT assay에서 생성된 formazan dye에 미치는 ZnPP의 영향을 조사하였다. ZnPP는 생체 내에 자연적으로 생성되거나 다양한 관련 실험에 인위적으로 첨가해주는 물질로서, MTT formazan dye의 빛에 의한 탈색을 가속화시키는 것으로 밝혀졌다. Formazan dye의 분해는 5와 $10{\mu}M$ ZnPP 존재 시 반감기를 기준하여 각각 10 및 20배 가량 가속화되었으며, 빛이 차단된 조건에서는 영향을 미치지 않았다. ZnPP 구조 중 Zn는 formazan dye의 탈색에 영향을 미치지 않았으나, porphyrin 구조와 공통적인 감광체 성질을 나타내는 MB에 의해서 ZnPP 존재 시와 유사하게 dye의 탈색을 가속화 시켰다. 이러한 ZnPP와 MB에 의한 formazan dye의 탈색반응은 NAC와 ${\beta}$-carotene에 의해 지연되었으나, BHT에 의한 저해효과는 나타나지 않았다. 본 결과는 세포 중에 존재하는 ZnPP 등의 감광체류가 MTT tetrazolium으로부터 환원된 formazan dye의 빛에 의한 신속한 분해를 유도하며, 관련 실험에서 빛의 차단 등의 조치와 함께 각별히 유의해야함을 시사한다.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• 제24권3호
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• pp.453-464
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• 1999

The non-vital bleaching technique has been used widely as a very effective treatment method on discolored non-vital teeth. But periodontal tissue deterioration and cervical external root resorption have been reported because of the high toxicity of hydrogen peroxide in bleaching agents. So in previous studies, placement of base over the root canal obturation prior to bleaching has been suggested in order to prevent microleakage of bleaching agents, however, the effectiveness of base is still controversial. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of base and root canal sealer on prevention of leakage of bleaching agents in non-vital bleaching. Fifty-two extracted sound teeth with single root were used. For root canal obturation, Tubuli seal$^{(R)}$(Kerr Co., USA) was used in 39 teeth and in others, AH-26$^{(R)}$(De Trey Dentsply, Inc., Switzerland) was used as a root canal sealer. 26 teeth among the teeth obturated with Tubuli seal$^{(R)}$ were divided into two groups, and Dentin cement$^{(R)}$(GC corp., Japan) and JRM$^{(R)}$(De Trey Dentsply, Inc. Germany) were used in each group as a intracanal base. In all teeth, non-vital bleaching using bleaching agent mixed with methylene blue dye was performed and all specimens were stored in $37^{\circ}C$ water bath for 72 hours. After sectioning longitudinally, the depth of dye leakage was measured with digital vernier calipers under the stereobinocular microscope using ${\times}40$ magnification. It can be concluded as follows: 1. The microleakage of bleaching agent was observed ill all groups regardless of type of the base and the sealer. 2. The microleakage in the groups using AH-26$^{(R)}$ as a sealer was significantly reduced (p<0.05). 3. In the groups with intracanal base, micro leakage was observed through almost the whole depth of the base and there was no significant difference between Dentin cement$^{(R)}$ and IRM$^{(R)}$ group(p>0.05). In conclusion, all the basing materials and the sealers in this study did not prevent the microleakage of bleaching agent. Therefore further studies and attempts to seal off the pulp chamber will be necessary.