• Proceedings of the Korean Magnetic Resonance Society Conference
• /
• 2002.08a
• /
• pp.54-54
• /
• 2002

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
• /
• v.33 no.4
• /
• pp.282-289
• /
• 2014

BACKGROUND: Methane($CH_4$) is considered as the secondmost potent greenhouse gas after carbon dioxide ($CO_2$). Methanogenesis is an enzyme-mediated multi-step process by methanogens. In the penultimate step, methylated Co-M is reduced by methyl Co-M reductase (MCR) to $CH_4$ involving a nickel-containing cofactor F430. The activity of MCR enzyme is dependent on the F430 and therefore, the bioavailability of Ni to methanogens is expected to influence MCR activity and $CH_4$ production in soil. In this study, different doses of EDTA(Ethylene Diamine Tetraacetic Acid) were applied in flooded soils to evaluate their suppression effect on methane production by chelating Ni of methanogenesis cofactor. METHODS AND RESULTS: EDTA was selected as chelating agents and added into wetland and rice paddy soil at the rates of 0, 25, 50, 75, and $100mmol\;kg^{-1}$ before 4-weeks incubation test. During the incubation, cumulative $CH_4$ production patterns were characterized. At the end of the experiment, soil samples were removed from their jars to analyze total soil Ni and water-soluble Ni content and methanogen abundance. Methane production from 100 mmol application decreased by 55 and 78% in both soils compared to that from 0 mmol. With increasing application rate of EDTA in both soils, water-soluble Ni concentration significantly increased, but total soil Ni and methanogen activities showed negative relationship during incubation test. CONCLUSION: The decrease in methane production with EDTA application was caused by chelating Ni of coenzyme F430 and inhibiting methanogenesis by methyl coenzyme M reductase. Consequently, EDTA application decreased uptake of Ni into methanogen, subsequently inhibited methanogen activities and reduced methane production in flooded soils.

• Food Science and Biotechnology
• /
• v.16 no.4
• /
• pp.584-589
• /
• 2007

The effect of water extract of adzuki beans on acetaminophen-altered lipid metabolism was examined in rats. Control group of rats was fed a basal diet, another group of rats was fed 0.5% acetaminophen (APAP group), and a third group of rats was fed 0.5% acetaminophen plus 5% adzuki bean extract (ABE group) for 4 weeks. Serum total and HDL cholesterol levels in the APAP group were significantly lower than those in the control and ABE groups. Hepatic cholesterol $7{\alpha}-hydroxylase$ and fatty acid synthase mRNA levels in the APAP and ABE groups were significantly higher and lower than in the control group, respectively. Hepatic 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase mRNA level in the APAP group was significantly lower than in the control group, whereas that in the ABE group was significantly higher than in the APAP group. These results indicate that adzuki bean extract may improve the acetaminophen-altered serum lipid metabolism in rats.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• v.13 no.4
• /
• pp.516-520
• /
• 2000

The present study was conducted to evaluate effect of fermented chub mackerel extract (FCME) on lipid metabolism of rats fed a diet supplemented with 1% cholesterol. Four week-old male rats were divided into three groups of 15 rats with 0, 0.1% or 0.2% FCME supplementation. In comparison with control, rats fed 0.2% FCME showed reduction of activities of acetyl-Coenzyme A carboxylase (p<0.05), 3-hydroxy-3-methyl glutaryl Coenzyme A reductase (p<0.01) and fatty acid synthetase (p<0.01). Rats fed 0.2% FCME also showed reductions in free cholesterol in the liver (p<0.05), and in concentrations of free cholesterol (p<0.05), LDL+VLDL-cholesterol (p<0.05), triglyceride (p<0.01) and phospholipid (p<0.01) in the plasma. Plasma HDL-cholesterol concentration was significantly (p<0.05) higher in treatment groups as compared with control group. Atherogenic index was also significantly lower in rats fed 0.1% or fed 0.2% supplement diet, whereas bile acid in feces was not significantly affected. The current study showed that 0.2% inclusion level of the fermented chub mackerel extracts might have hypolipidemic properties.

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
• /
• v.17 no.1
• /
• pp.1-7
• /
• 2012

The inhibitory effect of polyphenol extracts (Seapolynol$^{TM}$, SPN) of the marine brown algae Ecklonia cava and dieckol, a major component of SPN, on hyperlipidemia was investigated in ICR mice fed a high-fat diet (HFD) for five weeks. For analysis of the anti-hyperlipidemic effects of SPN and dieckol, these two agents were given orally on a daily basis to HFD-fed mice for four weeks, starting one week after the beginning of HFD feeding. Groups administered with SPN as well as dieckol showed lower body weight gains than the HFD only group. Administration of SPN and dieckol also resulted in a significant reduction of the level of total cholesterol (TCHO), triglyceride (TG), and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol in the serum of HFD-fed mice. In Oil Red O staining using 3T3-L1 preadipocytes, it was shown that both SPN and dieckol markedly inhibited lipid accumulation of 3T3-L1 cells. Furthermore, SPN and dieckol (50 ${\mu}g$/mL) significantly inhibited 3-hydroxyl-methyl glutaryl coenzyme A (HMGCoA) reductase activity in vitro. Taken together, these results suggest that polyphenols of Ecklonia cava (SPN) and dieckol reduce body weight gain and fat accumulation in HFD-induced obese mice, and that their hypolipidemic effect is related to the inhibition of adipogenesis of adipocytes and HMGCoA reductase activity.

• The Sea:JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN SOCIETY OF OCEANOGRAPHY
• /
• v.20 no.1
• /
• pp.53-62
• /
• 2015

To elucidate the microbial consortia responsible for the anaerobic methane oxidation in the methane hydrate bearing sediments, we compared the geochemical constituents of the sediment, the rate of sulfate reduction, and microbial biomass and diversity using an analysis of functional genes associated with the anaerobic methane oxidation and sulfate reduction between chimney site (UBGH2-3) on the continental slope and non-chimney site (UBGH2-10) on the basin of the Ulleung Basin. From the vertical profiles of geochemical constituents, sulfate and methane transition zone (SMTZ) was clearly defined between 0.5 and 1.5 mbsf (meters below seafloor) in the UBGH2-3, and between 6 and 7 mbsf at the UBGH2-10. At the UBGH2-3, the sulfate reduction rate (SRR) in the SMTZ exhibited was appeared to be $1.82nmol\;cm^{-3}d^{-1}$ at the depth of 1.15 mbsf. The SRR in the UBHG2-10 showed a highest value ($4.29nmol\;cm^{-3}d^{-1}$) at the SMTZ. The 16S rRNA gene copy numbers of total Prokaryotes, mcrA, (methyl coenzyme M reductase subunit A), and dsrA (dissimilatory sulfite reductase subunit A) showed the peaks in the SMTZ at both sites, but the maximum mcrA gene copy number of the UBGH2-10 appeared below the SMTZ (9.8 mbsf). ANME-1 was a predominant ANME (Anaerobic MEthanotroph) group in both SMTZs of the UBGH2-3 and -10. However, The sequences of ANME-2 were detected only at 2.2 mbsf of the UBGH2-3 where high methane flux was observed because of massive amount of gas hydrate at shallow depth. And Desulfosarcina-Desulfococcus (DSS) that is associated with ANME-2 was detected in 2.2 mbsf of the UBHG2-3. Overall results demonstrate that ANME-1 and ANME-2 are considered as significant archaeal groups related to methane cycle in the subsurface sediment of the East Sea, and ANME-2/DSS consortia might be more responsible for methane oxidation in the methane seeping region than in non-seeping region.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• v.23 no.4
• /
• pp.437-443
• /
• 2010

To be economically profitable, the poultry industry demands an increase in stocking density, which could adversely affect chicken welfare. The current study was performed to investigate the effect of stocking density on stress-related, heat shock protein genes (HSP70 and HSP90), 3-hydroxyl-3-methyl-glutaryl coenzyme A reductase (HMGCR) gene and telomere length in broiler chickens. Seven-day-old broiler chickens were housed at High (0.0578 $m^2$/bird), Standard (0.077 $m^2$/bird) and Low (0.116 $m^2$/bird) stocking densities with 8 replicates each until 35 d of age. The growth performance, such as body weight gain and average daily feed intake, was found to be significantly (p<0.05) higher in the Low density group, but these parameters did not show any difference between the High and Standard groups. Other growth performance, such as feed conversion ratio and final feed intake, showed no difference among the treated groups. The expression levels of HSP70 and HMGCR were found to be elevated with the increase of stocking density. The expression level of these genes was significantly (p<0.05) higher in the High density stocked group compared with the other groups, whereas the expression levels were not significantly different between the Low and Standard groups. The expression levels of HSP90 did not show any significant changes among the treated groups. The telomeric length of the birds housed in High density was reduced significantly (p<0.05) when compared to that of the birds in Low density. These results clearly indicate that birds stocked at high density show physiological adaptive changes indicative of stress at gene transcriptional and telomere levels.

• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
• /
• v.29 no.8
• /
• pp.895-903
• /
• 2007

As for the increasing demanding on the development of direct-ecological landfill monitoring methods, it is needed for critically defining the condition of landfills and their influence on the environment, quantifying the amount of enzymes and bacteria mainly concerned with biochemical reaction in the landfills. This study was thus conducted to understand the fates of contaminants in association with groundwater quality parameters. For the study, groundwater was seasonally sampled from four closed unsanitary landfills(i.e. Cheonan(C), Wonju(W), Nonsan(N), Pyeongtaek(P) sites) in which microbial diversity was simultaneously obtained by 16S rDNA methods. Subsequently, a number of primer sets were prepared for quantifying the specific gene of representative bacteria and the gene of encoding enzymes dominantly found in the landfills. The relationship between water quality parameters and gene quantification were compared based on correlation factors. Correlation between DSR(Sulfate reduction bacteria) gene and BOD(Biochemical Oxygen Demand) was greater than 0.8 while NSR(Nitrification bacteria-Nitrospira sp.) gene and nitrate were related more than 0.9. A stabilization indicator(BOD/COD) and MTOT(Methane Oxidation bacteria), MCR(Methyl coenzyme M reductase), Dde(Dechloromonas denitrificans) genes were correlated over 0.8, but ferric iron and Fli(Ferribacterium limineticm) gene were at the lowest of 0.7. For MTOT, it was at the highest related at 100% over BOD/COD. In addition, anaerobic genes(i.e., nirS-Nitrite reductase, MCR. Dde, DSR) and DO were also related more than 0.8, which showing anaerobic reactions generally dependant upon DO. As demonstrated in the study, molecular biological investigation and water quality parameters are highly co-linked, so that quantitative real-time PCR could be cooperatively used for assessing landfill stabilization in association with the conventional monitoring parameters.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
• /
• v.24 no.11
• /
• pp.1464-1472
• /
• 2014

The microbial community structures of two continuous stirred tank reactors digesting turkey manure with pine wood shavings as well as chicken and swine manure were investigated. The reactor fed with chicken/swine wastes displayed the highest organic acids concentration (up to 15.2 g/l) and ammonia concentration (up to 3.7 g/l ammonium nitrogen) and generated a higher biogas yield (up to $366ml/g_{VS}$) compared with the reactor supplied with turkey wastes (1.5-1.8 g/l of organic acids and 1.6-1.7 g/l of ammonium levels; biogas yield was up to $195ml/g_{VS}$). The microbial community diversity was assessed using both sequencing and profiling terminal restriction fragment length polymorphisms of 16S rRNA genes. Additionally, methanogens were analyzed using methyl coenzyme M reductase alpha subunit (mcrA) genes. The bacterial community was dominated by members of unclassified Clostridiales with the prevalence of specific clostridial phylotypes in each reactor, indicating the effect of the substrate type on the community structure. Of the methanogenic archaea, methanogens of the genus Methanosarcina were found in high proportions in both reactors with specific methanosarcinas in each reactor, whereas the strict hydrogenotrophic methanogens of Methanoculleus sp. were found at significant levels only in the reactor fed with chicken/swine manure (based on the analyses of 16S rRNA gene). This suggests that among methanogenic archaea, Methanosarcina species which have different metabolic capabilities, including aceticlastic and hydrogenotrophic methanogenesis, were mainly involved in anaerobic digestion of turkey wastes.

• Journal of Life Science
• /
• v.22 no.9
• /
• pp.1187-1193
• /
• 2012

This study was conducted to evaluate effects of halogenated compounds on in vitro rumen fermentation characteristics and methane emissions. A fistulated Holstein cow of 650 kg body weight was used as a donor of rumen fluid. Five kinds of halogenated compounds (bromochloromethane (BCM), 2-bromoethane sulfonic acid (BES), 3-bromopropanesulfonic acid (BPS), chloroform (CLF), and pyromellitic diimide (PMDI) known to inhibit methyl-coenzyme M reductase activity were added to an in vitro fermentation incubated with rumen fluid. The microbial population including bacteria, protozoa, and fungi were enumerated, and gas production including methane and fermentation characteristics were observed in vitro. The pH values ranged from 6.25 to 6.72 in all the treatments, and these showed a similar level at 48 hr. The total gas production in the treatments showed a similar pattern with C at 48 hr, whereas methane production in the treatments was lower (p<0.05) than C. Concentrations of total volatile fatty acids (VFAs) and propionic acid were higher (p<0.05) in the treatments than in C at 12 hr. Therefore, halogenated compounds (BCM, BES, BPS, CLF, and PMDI) inhibited in vitro methane emissions by inhibiting methanogens in the rumen. Further studies on safety are needed.