• Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• 제47권2호
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• pp.49-62
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• 2023

Background: Over the past three decades, gradual eustatic sea-level rise has been considered a primary exogenous factor in the increased frequency of flooding and biological changes in several salt marshes. Under this paradigm, the potential importance of short-term events, such as ocean storminess, in coastal hydrology and ecology is underrepresented in the literature. In this study, a simulation was developed to evaluate the influence of wind waves driven by atmospheric oscillations on sedimentary and vegetation dynamics at the Skallingen salt marsh in southwestern Denmark. The model was built based on long-term data of mean sea level, sediment accretion, and plant species composition collected at the Skallingen salt marsh from 1933-2006. In the model, the submergence frequency (number yr^-1) was estimated as a combined function of wind-driven high water level (HWL) events (> 80 cm Danish Ordnance Datum) affected by the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) and changes in surface elevation (cm yr^-1). Vegetation dynamics were represented as transitions between successional stages controlled by flooding effects. Two types of simulations were performed: (1) baseline modeling, which assumed no effect of wind-driven sea-level change, and (2) experimental modeling, which considered both normal tidal activity and wind-driven sea-level change. Results: Experimental modeling successfully represented the patterns of vegetation change observed in the field. It realistically simulated a retarded or retrogressive successional state dominated by early- to mid-successional species, despite a continuous increase in surface elevation at Skallingen. This situation is believed to be caused by an increase in extreme HWL events that cannot occur without meteorological ocean storms. In contrast, baseline modeling showed progressive succession towards the predominance of late-successional species, which was not the then-current state in the marsh. Conclusions: These findings support the hypothesis that variations in the NAO index toward its positive phase have increased storminess and wind tides on the North Sea surface (especially since the 1980s). This led to an increased frequency and duration of submergence and delayed ecological succession. Researchers should therefore employ a multitemporal perspective, recognizing the importance of short-term sea-level changes nested within long-term gradual trends.

• 한국지리정보학회지
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• 제15권1호
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• pp.144-158
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• 2012

도시의 국지기후 분석에 충분한 공간해상도의 정확한 분석을 위해서는 이를 지원할 정밀한 공간정보가 필요하다. 1~4m 해상도의 항공 LiDAR(Light Detection And Ranging) 자료와 KOMPSAT-2(Korea Multi-Purpose Satellite-2) 위성영상 자료를 이용하여 초고해상도(5m) 입체적 지형 지면 토지피복 모델을 개선하였다. CAS(Climate Analysis Seoul)를 이용하여 도시내부의 지표면 속성비율과 건물의 밀집도 높이 면적에 따른 열적용량과 국지규모 기온을 분석하였다. 자료의 정밀도 향상 결과가 국지규모 기온 분석에 미치는 효과를 평가하기 위해, 개선이전 및 이후 국지기온 분석 결과와 ASTER 위성영상 지표면온도 및 지상 기온관측 자료를 각각 비교 분석하였다. 그 결과 개선이후 국지규모 기온분석 결과와 ASTER 지표면온도 비교시, 건물(BS)지역에서 높은(R=0.76) 상관관계가 나타났다. 지상 기온관측과의 비교에서도 그 편차가 개선이전 1.27K보다 개선되어 0.70K로 나타났다. 본 연구 결과로부터 초고해상도 공간정보가 현실을 잘 반영할 뿐만 아니라 이를 이용한 상세한 기온분석이 가능함을 알 수 있었다. 향후 도시 개발 계획 시나리오에 대한 상세도시기후 예측 및 분석에 본 연구의 정밀한 지형 지면 토지피복 모델 기술 등이 활용될 수 있을 것이다.

• International Journal of Aeronautical and Space Sciences
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• 제10권1호
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• pp.91-97
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• 2009

It is undertaken systematization of results of satellite and ground observation parameters characterizing a current condition and climatic variability of two selected geographical areas. One of them covers territory of Azerbaijan and another covers a wide area of Caspian See region. Average values and mean square deviations of following values are investigated: outgoing long wave radiation during a day and night (in nebulosity and cloudless). absorbed within a day of the stream of a sunlight of the system in "a terrestrial surface-atmosphere". degree of a covering by clouds of the selected areas during a day and at night, ground temperature values of air. pressure and speed of a wind. Monthly average values of corresponding parameters create a basis of suggested investigations. It has been presented features of a time course of investigated parameters for each month and year in the whole due to the continuously observations since 1982-2000. The scientific problem consists that there are no existed models which authentically would be cover the main aspects of a realities specified changes: they are identified by economic activities. growth of the population and other features of development of a human society or internal fluctuations of biogeophysical/climatic system. Possibilities of predictability of biosphere and climate changes depend on available timely supervision. adequacy of construction of appropriate models. understanding of mechanisms of direct and feedback influences in such complicated systems.

• Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• 제30권1호
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• pp.1-7
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• 2007

A model was developed to predict the effects of rising air temperature on net photosynthetic rate of Quercus mongolica stands at Mt. Paekcheok-san, Kangwon-do in South Korea. The PFD (Photon flux density) and air temperature were determined from weather data from the research site and the Daegwallyeong meteorological station and gas exchange or release responses of each tree component were measured. Using these data, we simulated the effects of increases in mean annual air temperatures above current conditions on annual $CO_2$ budget of Q. mongolica stands. If mean annual air temperature is increased by 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 2.5 or $3.0^{\circ}C$, annual net photosynthetic rate will be increased by 8.8, 12.8, 14.5, 12.6, 9.2 and 1.0 ton $CO_2\;ha^{-1}yr^{-1}$ respectively. Simulations indicate that changes in air temperature will have a major impact on gas exchange and release in Q. mongolica stands, resulting in a net increase in the rate of carbon fixation by standing crops.

• Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• 제44권2호
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• pp.98-105
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• 2020

Background: The purpose of this study, mosquito forecast system implemented by Seoul Metropolitan city, was to obtain the mosquito prediction formula by using the mosquito population data and the environmental data of the past. Results: For this study, the mosquito population data from April 1, 2015, to October 31, 2017, were collected. The mosquito population data were collected from the 50 smart mosquito traps (DMSs), two of which were installed in each district (Korean, gu) in Seoul Metropolitan city since 2015. Environmental factors were collected from the Automatic Weather System (AWS) by the Korea Meteorological Administration. The data of the nearest AWS devices from each DMS were used for the prediction formula analysis. We found out that the environmental factors affecting the mosquito population in Seoul Metropolitan city were the mean temperature and rainfall. We predicted the following equations by the generalized linear model analysis: ln(Mosquito population) = 2.519 + 0.08 × mean temperature + 0.001 × rainfall. Conclusions: We expect that the mosquito forecast system would be used for predicting the mosquito population and to prevent the spread of disease through mosquitoes.

• 생태와환경
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• 제50권4호
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• pp.374-380
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• 2017

Pine wilt disease (PWD) is one of the hazardous pine tree diseases in whole world. In Korea, PWD has been spreading since it was first observed in Busan in 1988. Dispersion of PWD is mainly mediated by its vectors such as Japanese pine sawyer. In this study, we characterized environmental condition including meteorological factors, geographical factors, and land use factors influencing on the occurrence of PWD. The occurrence data of PWD were collected at 153 sites where were the initial occurrence sites of PWD in local government regions such as city, Gun, or Gu scale. We used Akaike Information Criterion (AIC) to evaluate the relative importance of environmental variables on the discrimination of occurrence or absence of PWD. The results showed that altitude, slope, and distance to road were the most influential factors on the occurrence of PWD, followed by distance to building. Finally, our study presented that human activities highly influenced on the long term dispersal of PWD.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• 제23권4호
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• pp.293-298
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• 2000

To study the effect of global warming on the growth of plants and plant populations throughout their life cycle under a field-like condition, we constructed a Temperature Gradient Chamber (TGC) in Tsukuba, Japan. The chamber had slender shape : 30 m long. 3 m wide, and 2.5 m high. That satisfactory performance was confirmed by a test throughout all seasons in 1998: the projected global warming condition in the near future was simulated. That is, independent of a great daily or seasonal change in ambient meteorological conditions, air temperatures at the air outlet were warmed 5$^{\circ}C$ higher than those at the ambient (the annual mean was 14.3$^{\circ}C$) with precision of ${\pm}$0.2$^{\circ}C$ (the annual means were 19.2$^{\circ}C$) with a rising rate of approximately 1$^{\circ}C$ every 5 m. This chamber will enable us to study the effects of global warming on growth of plants and plant populations because their abilities to control air temperature are excellent. TGC is expected that it would be utilized for studying the effect of global warming on plant growth under natural weather conditions.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• 제21권5_2호
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• pp.501-518
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• 1998

Mt. Paektu(2,749.6m)m the biggest mountain in Northeast Asia, located on the border line of Korea and China is characterized as an aspite with broad gentle mountain area and rich biota. however, it seems that the study of forest vegetational feature or vegetation zones in the whole area of this mountain is not yet sufficient in spite of contribution by many investigators. in this paper thermal climatic approach was carried out for the determination of vegetation zones of the mountain with the meteorological data of four stations including Cheonjj and various vegetational data. the application of Warmth Index and/or coldness Index(Kira 1977) for the determination of forest vegetation boundary was useful also here, and their boundaries largely coincided with those of thermal indicies obtained in the Korean Peninsula(Yim and Kira, 1975), including the lapse rate of air temperature along increasing elevation. However, in the mountain the boundary of vegetation zones in not clear like those of mountains in Korea. It may be due so the topographic differences between this area and the Korean Peninsula. Besides, the broad ecotones between different vegetations in this area support the vegetation continum concept rather than the unit concept, and the limit of timber line or tree line reflects various hypothesis(Steven and fox 1991). Therefore, for the explantion of vegetation zone of this area should be considered topography or soil condition, for example, as known the hierachy of ecological units (zonobiomes, orobiomes and pedobiomes, Walter, 1973).

• 대한원격탐사학회지
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• 제25권6호
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• pp.507-515
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• 2009

Land surface temperature (LST) is a key environmental variable in a wide range of applications, such as weather, climate, hydrology, and ecology. However, LST is one of the most difficult surface variables to observe regularly due to the strong spatio-temporal variations. So, we have developed the LST retrieval algorithm from COMS (Communication, Ocean and Meteorological Satellite) data through the radiative transfer simulations under various atmospheric profiles (TIGR data), satellite zenith angle (SZA), spectral emissivity, and surface lapse rate conditions using MODTRAN 4. However, the LST retrieval algorithm has a tendency to overestimate and underestimate the LST for surface inversion and superadiabatic conditions, respectively. To minimize the overestimation and underestimation of LST, we also developed day/night LST algorithms separately based on the surface lapse rate (local time) and recalculated the final LST by using the weighted sum of day/night LST. The analysis results showed that the quality of weighted LST of day/night algorithms is greatly improved compared to that of LST estimated by original algorithm regardless of the surface lapse rate, spectral emissivity difference (${\Delta}{\varepsilon}$) SZA, and atmospheric conditions. In general, the improvements are greatest when the surface lapse rate and ${\Delta}{\varepsilon}$ are negatively large (strong inversion conditions and less vegetated surface).

• Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• 제42권4호
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• pp.285-291
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• 2018

The impact of climate change on animals has been globally documented. Especially, migration of birds has been extensively monitored as migratory birds are susceptible to any changes occurring both on breeding grounds and on wintering grounds. However, in contrast to spring migration, the patterns and the factors for autumn migration have not been well documented. In this study, we investigated the relationship with climate condition and the first arrival dates (FADs) of bean geese (Anser fabalis) and white-fronted geese (A. albifrons), the representative group of wintering birds in South Korea, using the data collected by Korean Meteorological Association during 1995-2016. Average temperature of September in wintering grounds has increased, and the FADs of the geese have advanced over the 22 years. Even when the influence of autumn temperature was statistically controlled for, the FADs of the geese have significantly advanced. This suggests that warming has hastened the completion of breeding, which speeded up the arrival of the geese at the wintering grounds. In order to assess the effect of climate condition on the arrival of the wintering migratory birds such as the geese in more detail, extensive data collection over many sampling sites and with long-term monitoring is needed.