• 자원환경지질
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• 제37권3호
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• pp.269-276
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• 2004

인도네시아 열도는 지구조적으로 유라시아판의 남단부에 위치하며, 그 남부는 인도-호주판과, 그리고 동부와 북동부는 태평양판 및 필리핀판과 각각 경계를 이루고 있다. 인도네시아 지질은 섭입대와 관련된 복합체, 판구조에 수반되는 화강암 및 화산암, 그리고 이와 관련된 변성암들이 주로 분포되는 특징을 보인다. 인도네시아에 산출 발달되어 있는 금속광상은 주로 모암의 암석학적 특징과 지구조적인 환경에 크게 영향을 받았으며, 산성 내지 중성 관입암과 관련된 광상, 초염기성암에 부존하는 광상, 화산암에 수반된 광상과 퇴적층에 부존된 광상으로 크게 4가지로 분류된다. 인도네시아의 금광상은 크게 천열수 금광상, 금이 수반되는 반암형 동광상 및 사광상으로 분류된다. 특히 천열수 금광상은 인도네시아의 지체구조와 관련이 크고, island arc는 천열수 금광상의 큰 가능성을 가지며, 또한 인도네시아의 고기 및 신기 섭입대와 지표상의 칼크알카린 화산암류들은 천열수 금 광화작용의 가망성이 높은 국가임을 지시하고 있다.

• Ocean and Polar Research
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• 제32권4호
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• pp.475-482
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• 2010

Hydrothermal deposits on deep-sea floors are expected to provide potential metal resources for future demands. Korea was recently granted a prospecting licence to undertake exploration for hydrothermal metal deposits in the exclusive economic zone (EEZ) of the Kingdom of Tonga in the Pacific Ocean. The Korean Deep Seabed Mining Group (KDSMG), which consists of four Korean companies involved in marine technologies, oil and gas shipping, and smelter industries, has conducted research to evaluate the region's resource potential in cooperation with the Ministry of Land, Transport and Maritime Affairs (MLTM) of Korea. Here we present and reflect on the exploration results of these companies and their strategic plans. We also evaluate Research and Development (R&D) progress for the commercial development of seafloor hydrothermal deposits. Our own strategies and prospects for the commercial development of this potential resource are also outlined. We do acknowledge that other potentially important information regarding the amount of ore body, the inside structure, and the metal yields have not yet been clarified sufficiently. As such it is necessary to address these problems through experimental R&D and surveys.

• 자원환경지질
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• 제41권6호
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• pp.773-795
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• 2008

우리나라의 주요 수입 광종은 동광, 연-아연광, 철광, 망간광 및 몰리브덴광 등이다. 우리나라의 해외자원개발은 아시아 14개국 92개 사업, 미주 및 유럽지역 10개국 29개 사업 그리고 중동 및 아프리카 9개국 14개 사업이 있으며 주로 호주, 중국, 몽골 및 인도네시아에서 사업수가 높다. 호주, 인도네시아 및 중국의 사업은 대부분이 석탄이고 일부 망간, 철, 연-아연, 니켈, 구리, 금, 몰리브덴, 희유원소 및 우라늄 등이나 몽골은 금과 희유원소가 큰 부분을 차지한다. 금속자원에 대한 광상 유형별 대표적인 광상형은 조산 lode형 광상, VMS형 광상, 반암형 광상, SEDEX형 광상, MVT형 광상, IOCG형 광상 및 마그마성 Ni-Cu-PGE형 광상 등이 있으며 이들 유형별 광상들은 전세계적으로 도처에 분포하며 다른 유형별 광상보다 금속자원의 매장량이 높고 부산물인 미량 금속자원에 대한 품위도 높게 나타난다. 따라서 향후 해외광물자원의 탐사 및 개발에 있어 우선 각 국가별 매장량, 주요 광물자원의 생산량 및 지체구조와 함께 광상 유형별 등을 종합 검토하여 조사 및 탐사를 실시한다면, 해외자원개발의 투자 위험도가 감소될 뿐만 아니라 탐사대상지역에서 품위가 높은 광체를 확보할 수 있을 것이다.

• 자원환경지질
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• 제21권4호
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• pp.349-358
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• 1988

K-Ar ages were determined on gangue and wall rock alteration minerals from twenty metallic mineral deposits in the Gyeonggi Massif. Beryl deposits give the age of 185 Ma, whereas tungsten - molybdenum deposits reveal two different age groups such as 172~156 Ma and 91~86Ma. Lead - zinc deposits and gold - silver deposits yield the ages of 160 Ma and 71~197 Ma, respectively. Mineralization ages for each genetic type of deposits in the Gyeonggi Massif can be summarized as follows; pegmatite deposits, 185 Ma; skarn deposits, 156~160 Ma; hydrothermal deposits, 71~197 Ma. Present results together with data previously reported reveal that rare earths, tungsten-molybdenum, base and precious metal deposits in the Gyeonggi Massif were formed in Jurassic and Cretaceous time with a genetic relationship to the Daebo and Bulguksa felsic igneous activity.

• 자원환경지질
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• 제29권3호
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• pp.395-405
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• 1996

The Donjin deposits which is located in the Chinan Basin, are emplaced along $N10{\sim}40^{\circ}E$ trending fissure sets. So it is a sort of fissure-filling ore deposits. The results of paragenetic studies suggest two stages of hydrothermal mineralization; stage I: base-metal sulfides stage, stage II: late base-metal sulfides, electrum and silver-bearing sulfosalts stage. Au: Ag ratios of the electrums show that Ag atomic% are higher than that of Au. The temperature and salinity of the Donjin deposits estimated from fluid inclusion and sulfur isotope geothermometry are as follows; stage I: $240{\sim}315^{\circ}C$, 2.4~7.1 NaCl eq. wt.%, stage II: $190{\sim}268^{\circ}C$, 4.6~8.4 NaCl eq. wt.%. The estimated oxygen and sulfur fugacity during first stage mineralization, based on phase relation of associated minerals, range from $10^{-35}{\sim}10^{-39.7}$ atm. and$10^{-11}{\sim}10^{-13.4}$ atm., respectively. All these evidences suggest that the Dongjin deposits are polymetallic meso-epithermal ore deposits.

• 한국전기전자재료학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국전기전자재료학회 2000년도 하계학술대회 논문집
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• pp.259-264
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• 2000

Systematic research of metal alkoxide electrophoretic deposition has been developed. The formation mechanism of electrophoretic deposits has been offered. The structure study of dry and heat-treated electrophoretic deposits has been established. The concrete examples of one and bi-component oxide thin film formation were considered. The new approaches for thin film technology have developed on various substrates of different shapes and sizes. The correlation between thin film structure, mechanism of their formation, and physico-chemical properties has been determined.

• 한국지구물리탐사학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국지구물리탐사학회 2009년도 특별 심포지엄
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• pp.57-65
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• 2009

Selection of good mineralized area is a combination of the integration of all the available geo-scientific (i.e., geological, geochemical, and geophysical) information, extrapolation of likely features from known mineralized terrenes and the ability to be predictive. The time-space relationships of the hydrothermal deposits in the East Asia are closely related to the changing plate motions. Also, two distinctive hydrothermal systems during Mesozoic occurred in Korea: the Jurassic/Early Cretaceous deep-level ones during the Daebo orogeny and the Late Cretaceous/Tertiary shallow geothermal ones during the Bulguksa event. Both the Mesozoic geothermal system and the mineralization document a close spatial and temporal relationship with syn- to post-tectonic magmatism. The Jurassic mineral deposits were formed at the relatively high temperature and deep-crustal level from the mineralizing fluids characterized by the relatively homogeneous and similar ranges of ${\delta}^{18}O$ values, suggesting that ore-forming fluids were principally derived from spatially associated Jurassic granitoid and related pegmatite. Most of the Jurassic auriferous deposits (ca. 165-145 Ma) show fluid characteristics typical of an orogenic-type gold deposits, and were probably generated in a compressional to transpressional regime caused by an orthogonal to oblique convergence of the Izanagi Plate into the East Asian continental margin. On the other hand, Late Cretaceous ferroalloy, base-metal and precious-metal deposits in the Taebaeksan, Okcheon and Gyeongsang basins occurred as vein, replacement, breccia-pipe, porphyry-style and skarn deposits. Diverse mineralization styles represent a spatial and temporal distinction between the proximal environment of sub-volcanic activity and the distal to transitional condition derived from volcanic environments. However, Cu (-Au) or Fe-Mo-W deposits are proximal to a magmatic source, whereas polymetallic or precious-metal deposits are more distal to transitional. Strike-slip faults and caldera-related fractures together with sub-volcanic activity are associated with major faults reactivated by a northward (oblique) to northwestward (orthogonal) convergence, and have played an important role in the formation of the Cretaceous Au-Ag lode deposits (ca. 110-45 Ma) under a continental arc setting. The temporal and spatial distinctions between the two typical Mesozoic deposit styles in Korea reflect a different thermal episodes (i.e., late orogenic and post-orogenic) and ore-forming fluids related to different depths of emplacement of magma (i.e., plutonic and sub-volcanic) due to regional changes in tectonic settings.

• 자원환경지질
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• 제9권3호
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• pp.143-156
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• 1976

The Cretaceous metal ore deposits in the Gyeongsang basin of Gyeongsangbuk-do are characterized by the formation of metallogenic provinces which show zonal distribution pattern around Yeonil province where pneumatolytic type is dominated and hydrothermal type are distributed in the order of decreasing temperature type outward. Some Cretaceous granitic rocks include zoned alkali feldspars which reflect rapid variation of $H_2O$ during emplacement and crystallization of the water-saturated granitic magma. The ore deposits are considered to be originated from upward transportation of ore solution from the excess of water exhausted from uprising magma, which seems to be intimately related to the fact that the majority of the ore deposits in Daegu area are cummulated around the granites including zoned alkali feldspars. In order to collect geochemical data necessary for geochemical exploration in the study area, certain trace elements were chosen as pathfinders from monzonite and soil in the vicinity of Dalsung Tungsten Mine by studying the dispersion patterns of trace elements: Ba and Sr show trends to decrease toward ore deposit while Cu, Pb, and Mo increase. Around mining area there are distributed apparently Equisetum arvense Linne and Mentha sachinensis Kudo which may be used as index plants. In the viewpoint of geologic structure, the trends of the ore veins in contact aureole around the Palgongsan granite body correspond with the pre- and syn- plutonism joint pattern in hornfels in the area.

• 자원환경지질
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• 제28권6호
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• pp.587-597
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• 1995

한반도 중부지역과 동남부지역에 분포하는 금-은 광상들의 광화작용은 쥐라기 중기로부터 백악기 말기에 걸쳐서 진행되었으며, 이들 광상은 유행별로 산출지역 및 산출시기에 연관된 지질학적 지화학적 생성환경의 차이를 나타내고 있다. 중부지역 금-은 광상은 북동-남서의 방향성을 갖고 산출분포하는 중생대 화강암류 및 주변 선캠브리아기 변성암류내에 분포하지만, 동남부지역 금-은 광상은 백악기 퇴적암 및 화산암류내에 주로 배태되고 있다. 이는 한반도 대표적인 화성활동인 쥐라지 대보화성활동 및 백악기 불국사 화성활동과 각각 밀접한 성인적 연관성을 시사하고 있다. 이러한 각 광상들의 광화작용 특성(광물공생관계, 조직, 구조 등)과 연대측정결과 및 지질학적 분포특성은 쥐라가 중기로부터 백악기 말기에 이르기까지 광상형성과 연관된 열수유체의 성인적 차이를 의미하고 있다. 즉, 쥐라기로부터 초기 백악기에는 금광단일형 광상의 광화작용이 우세하게 진행되었으나, 후기 백악기에 이르면서 금-은혼합형광상 및 은광단일형 광상의 광화작용이 우세하게 야기되었음을 알 수 있다. 쥐라기 금광단일형 광상들은 괴상의 맥상 산출특성 및 단순한 광석 광불 공생관계를 보여주는 단성광맥으로 높은 fineness 값을 나타내지만, 백악기 금-은혼합형 광상과 은광단일형 광상은 다양하고 복잡한 구조 및 조치특성 갖는 복성 광맥내에 함은황인 및 황화광물과 함은tellurides 및 자연은 등을 포함하는 등 상대적으로 복잡한 광석광물 공생과계를 보여준다. 한편 황화광물의 지질온도계와 유체포유물 연구의 결과등에 의하면 백악기 금-은혼합형 광상과 은광단일형 광상은 천부(<0.5 kb)에서 천수가 우세한 광화유체로부터 $200^{\circ}{\sim}350^{\circ}C$ 온도조건하에서 주된 광화작용이 진행되었지만, 쥐라기 금광단일형 광상은 마그마기원의 열수용액으로부터 고온$(300^{\circ}{\sim}500^{\circ}C)$ 및 고압$({\approx}4-5kb)$의 생성환경하에서 광화작용이 진행되었음을 시사한다.

• 자원환경지질
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• 제29권5호
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• pp.545-559
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• 1996

Rare metal (Nb-Zr-REE) ore deposits are located in the Chungju area. Geotectonically, the rare metal ore deposits are situated in the transitional zone between Kyeonggi massif and Okcheon belt. The rare metal deposits are distributed in Kyemyeongsan Formation which consist of schist and alkaline igneous rocks. Alkali granite has suffered extensive post-magmatic metasomatism and hydrothermal processes. The ore contains mainly Ce-La, Ta-Nb, Y, Y-Nd, Nd-Th group minerals. More than 15 RE and REE minerals are found in the ore deposits. Allanite, one of the Ce-La rich REE minerals belonging to the epidote group, is the most common mineral in the studied area. The allanite- bearing rocks may be devided into seven types by features of occurrence and mineral associations; zircon type (ZT), allanite-vein type (AT), feldspar type (KT), fluorite type (FT), quartz-mica type (QT), iron-oxide type (MT), and amphibole type (HT). The allanite veins (AT) and zircon rich rocks (ZT) contain the highest total REE contents. Differences in REE abundance can be interpreted in terms of varying portions of magmatic hydrothermal fluid. Petrographical and chemical data are presented for allanites which were collected from different types. The allanites show wide variations in optical properties, due in part to differences in their chemical composition (depending on the types) and to the degree of crystallinity of the individual specimens. Allanite metamicts in biotite are generally surrounded by well developed pleochroic haloes. Usually, allanite is accompanied by zircon and other REE-bearing minerals. CaO and total REE contents $({\sum}RE_2O_3)$ range from 9.29 to 18.79% and 11.66 to 26.31%, respectively. Also, SiO, (28.87~32.61%), $Al_2O_3$ (8.30~16.88%), and $Fc_2O_3$ (16.74~24.38%) contents show varying contents from type to type. The ${\sum}RE_2O_3$ of allanite has positive relationships with $Fe_2O_3$ and negative relaton with CaO, $SiO_2$, and $Al_2O_3$ Backscattered electron microscope images (BEl) of allanite shows that the its mineral composition and texture is very complex. The allanite-bearing hosts show distinct light REE enrichment with strong negative Eu anomaly except for HI. The HT has an almost flat REE distribution pattern with a small negative Eu anomaly. The chemical variation of the allanites with occurrences and mineral association can be related to condition of temperature and oxidation states in precipitation environment.