• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.25 no.5
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• pp.672-680
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• 2015

As a global regulatory gene in Streptomyces, afsR can activate the biosynthesis of many secondary metabolites. The effect of afsR on the biosynthesis of a phenazine metabolite, lomofungin, was studied in Streptomyces lomondensis S015. There was a 2.5-fold increase of lomofungin production in the afsR-overexpressing strain of S. lomondensis S015 N1 compared with the wild-type strain. Meanwhile, the transcription levels of afsR and two important genes involved in the biosynthesis of lomofungin (i.e., phzC and phzE) were significantly upregulated in S. lomondensis S015 N1. The optimization of metal chlorides was investigated to further increase the production of lomofungin in the afsR-overexpressing strain. The addition of different metal chlorides to S. lomondensis S015 N1 cultivations showed that CaCl₂, FeCl₂, and MnCl₂ led to an increase in lomofungin biosynthesis. The optimum concentrations of these metal chlorides were obtained using response surface methodology. CaCl₂ (0.04 mM), FeCl₂ (0.33 mM), and MnCl₂ (0.38 mM) gave a maximum lomofungin production titer of 318.0 ± 10.7 mg/l, which was a 4.1-fold increase compared with that of S. lomondensis S015 N1 without the addition of a metal chloride. This work demonstrates that the biosynthesis of phenazine metabolites can be induced by afsR. The results also indicate that metal chlorides addition might be a simple and useful strategy for improving the production of other phenazine metabolites in Streptomyces.

• Carbon letters
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.86-92
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• 2003

A series of micro- and mesoporous activated carbons were prepared from two kinds of phenolic resin using a metal treated chemical activation methodology. $N_2$-adsorption data were used to characterize the surface properties of the produced activated carbons. Results of the surface properties and pore distribution analysis showed that phenolic resin can be successfully converted to micro- and mesoporous activated carbons with specific surface areas higher than 973 $m^2/g$. Activated carbons with porous structure were produced by controlling the amount of metal chlorides ($CuCl_2$). Pore evolvement depends on the amount of additional metal chloride and precursors used. From the SEM and EDX data, copper contents were shown to be most effected by the incremental addition of metal chloride.

• Journal of the Korean Electrochemical Society
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.57-61
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• 2002

In this study, the effect of ammonium chloride on the electrodeposition of CoP magnetic alloy film was investigated. The correlation between the electrodeposition condition and the magnetic properties was tried to elucidate by the electro- analytical tests such as cyclic voltammetry. It was observed that the magnetic properties of the films were varied extensively with the ammonium chloride contents in the solution. The reason why the magnetic properties of the films were varied with the addition of ammonium chloride was thought that the addition of ammonium chloride controlled the electrocrystallization of CoP kinetically by charge transfer and increased the grain size and the orientation factor. This may cause the variation of the magnetic properties of CoP films.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.19 no.11
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• pp.1385-1390
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• 2010

Repeated additions of untreated slurry to soil affected ecology and caused high levels of heavy metal in soil and ground water. The objective of this study was to evaluate heavy metal from hanwoo slurry with ferrous sulfate ($FeSO_4{\cdot}7H_2O$), aluminum sulfate [$Al_2(SO_4)_3{\cdot}14H_2O$, alum] and aluminum chloride ($AlCl_3{\cdot}6H_2O$) as a way to improve environmental management in hanwoo industry. The treatment rates, which were incorporated totally within the hanwoo slurry, were 1.0 g and 1.5 g of ferrous sulfate, alum and aluminum chloride/25 g of hanwoo slurry. The various rates of chemical additives significantly increased dry matter (9.98~13.94%) and decreased pH (3.48~6.52) compared with the controls. The use of chemical additives decreased Fe (11~29%), Al (7~12%), Zn (13~36%), and Cu (4~32%) contents, except for Fe in hanwoo slurry with ferrous sulfate and Al in hanwoo slurry with alum and aluminum chloride. In addition, the reduction in heavy metal should be associated with reduction in pH. In conclusion, the results of this study suggest that alum and aluminum chloride additives at rate of 1.5 g were cost-effective management practice that significantly reduces heavy metal from hanwoo slurry, while it may be improved environmental management.

• Journal of environmental and Sanitary engineering
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.81-91
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• 1993

This paper was carried out to isolate and identify Aeromonas caviae which can degrade Sodium Dodecyl Benzene Sulfonate(SDBS) effectively. And the affecting factors for the ability of bacterial degradation were also studied. Frm October 1991 to February 1992, two hundred samples from sweage in Taegu area and Nakdong river waters in Talsung Gun area were tested. Minimal salt medium which contain SDBS only as a carbon source was used as a culture medium. The isolated new strain was identified as Aeromonas caviae Kim & Kweon. The optimal pH for SDBS degradation were 7.0 and temperature, $32^{\circ}C.$ It was taken 24 hours to degrade SDBS of 20mg/l completely under the optimal pH and temperature. And in the case of 30 mg/l of SDBS, it was taken 36 hours. The nitrogen sources were added to the minimal salt media containing 20mg/l of SDBS, and they were incubated at $32^{\circ}C$ for 14 hours. 86.9% SDBS were degraded after addition of 0.03% peptone as a organic nitrogen source. And 70.5% SDBS after addition of 0.05% ammonium sulfate as a inorganic nitrogen source. In the case of metal compounds(0.015%), the degradation rate for SDBS were 3.5 fold increased in the media containing magnesium chloride and calcium chloride than in the media that were not containing these metal compounds. And where the media containing magnesium chloride was 0.05%, the degradation rate was 65.8%. And above 0.3% NaCI, the degradation rate was decreased slowly.

• Journal of the Korean Ceramic Society
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• v.26 no.5
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• pp.601-608
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• 1989

Electrical properties of ZrF4-based heavy metla fluoride glasses were measured by the ac complex impedance method. The effects of alkali and chloride ions addition into fluoro zirconate glasses on the electrical conductivity were examined. The electrical conductivities of fluoride glasses show Arrhenian behavior in the temperature range of the experiment and were decreased by the addition of sodium fluoride up to 15mol%. Mixed alkali substitution resulted in conductivity minimum at intermediate composition which is commonly observed as mixed alkali effect' in alkali oxide glasses. Chloride ion substituted for fluoride ion was found to lower the conductivity.

• Proceedings of the Membrane Society of Korea Conference
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• 1993.10a
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• pp.46-51
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• 1993

Poly(vinyl chloride) was modified by reacting with sodium N-methyldithiocarbamate or N-methyl-N-carboxymethyldithiocarbamate to obtain crosslinked dithiocarbamated PVC(PMD, PSDC). In addition PSDC were substituted with metal ions of $Ma^+, Li^+$ and $Cs^+$. PLMD and PSDC were reacted with copper ions in alcohol or aqueous solution to produce chelate complexes of dithiocarbanated PVC, respectively(PMD-$Cu^{2+}$, PSDC-$Cu^{2+}$). PSDC was irradiated by ultraviolet light to enhance crosslinking(PSDC-UV).

• Corrosion Science and Technology
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• v.17 no.5
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• pp.225-230
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• 2018

The effects of birch sap, a possible natural corrosion inhibitor, on the corrosion behavior of steel in chloride solution were investigated. The corrosion rate was significantly reduced by the addition of 1~5 mL of birch sap to 500 mL of 3wt% NaCl or 3wt% $CaCl_2$ solution. A remarkable increase in the pitting potential in NaCl solution was observed by the addition of birch sap although it was almost constant in $CaCl_2$ solution. The corrosion rate of steel in both NaCl and $CaCl_2$ birch sap solution without addition of water was higher compared to that of aqueous solution without birch sap as the pH of the birch sap was 4.0. The presence of organic compounds like, fructose, galactose, glucose, and palmitic acid in the birch sap are thought to be adsorbed effectively on the metal surface, which provided corrosion protection. However, the inorganic elements including Na, Ca, K, Mg, Mn, S, etc. present in the birch sap exhibited no role in corrosion inhibition.

• Journal of Hydrogen and New Energy
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.361-368
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• 2017

Alanate-based materials, which were known to have high hydrogen storage capacity, were synthesized by mechanochemically metathesis reaction of metal chloride and sodium alanate without solvent. XRD patterns of synthesized materials showed that metathesis reaction of cations between metal chloride and sodium alanate was progressed favorably without any solvent. Magnesium alanate showed that 3.2 wt.% of hydrogen was evolved by the thermal decomposition. The addition of a small amount of Ti to the magnesium alanate greatly reduced hydrogen evolution temperature. Also, Ti doped magnesium alanate had a good regeneration property. Both the calcium and lithium-magnesium alanate showed the lower starting temperature of the two step hydrogen evolution and fast kinetics for the hydrogen evolution.

• Analytical Science and Technology
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.349-355
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• 2001

A series of micro- and mesoporous activated carbons were prepared from phenolic resin using a metal treated chemical activation methodology. $N_2$-adsorption data were used to characterize the surface properties of the produced activated carbons. Results of the surface properties and pore distribution analysis showed that phenolic resin can be successfully converted to micro- and mesoporous activated carbons with specific surface areas higher than $962.3m^2/g$. Activated carbons with porous structure were produced by controlling the amount of metal chlorides($CdCl_2$, $CuCl_2$). Pore evolvement was shown to be most effected by the incremental addition of metal chloride. From the thermodynamic DSC data, enthalpy formations(${\Delta}H$) of first endothermic reaction were increase with the incremental addition of metal chloride.