• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제28권2호
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• pp.180-187
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• 2015

This study was conducted to determine the effects of feeding by-product feed (BF)-based silage on the performance, blood metabolite parameters, and carcass characteristics of Hanwoo steers. The BF-based silage was composed of 50% spent mushroom substrate, 21% recycled poultry bedding, 15% cut ryegrass straw, 10.8% rice bran, 2% molasses, 0.6% bentonite, and 0.6% microbial additive (on a wet basis), and ensiled for over 5 d. Fifteen steers were allocated to three diets during the growing and fattening periods (3.1 and 9.8 months, respectively): a control diet (concentrate mix and free access to rice straw), a 50% BF-based silage diet (control diet+50% of maximum BF-based silage intake), and a 100% BF-based silage diet (the same amount of concentrate mix and ad libitum BF-based silage). The BF-based silage was fed during the growing and fattening periods, and was replaced with larger particles of rice straw during the finishing period. After 19.6 months of the whole period all the steers were slaughtered. Compared with feeding rice straw, feeding BF-based silage tended (p = 0.10) to increase the average daily gain (27%) and feed efficiency (18%) of the growing steers, caused by increased voluntary feed intake. Feeding BF-based silage had little effect on serum constituents, electrolytes, enzymes, or the blood cell profiles of fattening steers, except for low serum Ca and high blood urea concentrations (p<0.05). Feeding BF-based silage did not affect cold carcass weight, yield traits such as back fat thickness, longissimus muscle area, yield index or yield grade, or quality traits such as meat color, fat color, texture, maturity, marbling score, or quality grade. However, it improved good quality grade (1+ and 1++) appearance rates (60% for the control group vs 100% for the BF-based silage-fed groups). In conclusion, cheap BF-based silage could be successfully used as a good quality roughage source for beef cattle.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제20권3호
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• pp.424-431
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• 2007

The aim of this study was to determine the effects of short road transportation in an open truck during hot season on live weight shrink, physiological responses, and carcass and meat quality of Omani sheep at 6 and 12 months of age. Thirty-six male sheep, 18 of each age group, were used. Age groups were assigned randomly to transported and not-transported groups. The transported group was transported to the slaughterhouse the day of slaughter in an open truck covering a distance of approximately 100 km. The average temperature during transportation was $37^{\circ}C$. The not-transported group was kept in a lairage of a commercial slaughterhouse with ad libitum feed and water for 48 h prior to slaughter. Blood samples were collected from sheep before loading and prior to slaughter via jugular venipuncture to assess their physiological response to transport in relation to hormonal levels. Animals were weighed just before loading onto a truck and after transport to assess shrinkage. Muscle ultimate pH, expressed juice, cooking loss percentage, WB-shear force value, sarcomere length and colour L*, a*, b* were measured on samples from longissimus dorsi, biceps femoris and semitendinosus muscles collected at 24 h postmortem at $1-3^{\circ}C$. Live weight shrinkage losses were 1.09 and 1.52 kg for 6 and 12 month transported sheep, respectively. The transported sheep had significantly (p<0.05) higher cortisol, adrenaline, noradrenaline, and dopamine concentration levels prior to slaughter at both ages than the not-transported sheep. Transportation significantly influenced meat quality characteristics of three muscles. Muscle ultimate pH and shear force values were significantly higher, while CIE L*, a*, b*, expressed juice and cooking loss were lower in transported than not-transported sheep. Age had a significant effect on meat quality characteristics of Omani sheep. These results indicated that short-term pre-slaughter transport at high ambient temperatures can cause noticeable changes in physiological and muscle metabolism responses in sheep.

• 한국유기농업학회지
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• 제25권1호
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• pp.113-124
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• 2017

목화진딧물과 복숭아혹진딧물은 채소를 포함한 다양한 작물에 큰 피해를 주는 해충이다. 이들 해충의 친환경 방제를 위해 진딧물에 병원성이 높은 곰팡이(B. bassiana) 유래 대사물질을 이용한 방제 연구를 수행하였다. 이 균주의 배양여액의 살충율은 목화진딧물에 처리 3일 후 100%, 복숭아혹진딧물에 처리 5일 후 99%였다. 이 추출물을 $CHCl_3$ : MeOH 비율을 달리하여 silica gel column chromatography 한 결과, 50:1 ($CHCl_3$ : MeOH)의 추출물 분획의 살충률이 목화진딧물과 복숭아혹진딧물에 각 80%와 75.4%로 다른 분획에 비해 현저하게 높았다. 또 각 용매비율별 추출물을 1:1로 혼합하여 처리한 결과, 분획 추출물 혼합에 의한 상승효과는 보이지 않았으며 두 진딧물에 모두 50:1 ($CHCl_3$ : MeOH) 단독처리에서 살충률(목화진딧물 77.3%, 복숭아혹진딧물 76.4%)이 가장 높았으며 50:1 + 70:1이 두 번째로 높았다(목화진딧물 72%, 복숭아혹진딧물 70.2%). 앞으로 안정적인 진딧물 방제를 위해 50:1 분획 추출물 내 진딧물 살충성 물질을 분리 동정 및 대량생산 연구를 진행할 예정이다.

• Molecules and Cells
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• 제19권1호
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• pp.114-123
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• 2005

Nitropyrene, the predominant nitropolycyclic hydrocarbon found in diesel exhaust, is a mutagenic and tumorigenic environmental pollutant that requires metabolic activation via nitroreduction and ring oxidation. In order to determine the role of ring oxidation in the mutagenicity of 1-nitropyrene, its oxidative metabolites, 1-nitropyrene 4,5-oxide and 1-nitropyrene 9,10-oxide, were synthesized and their mutation spectra were determined in the coding region of hprt gene of CHO cells by a PCR amplification of reverse-transcribed hprt mRNA, followed by a DNA sequence analysis. A comparison of the two metabolites for mutation frequencies showed that 1-nitropyrene 9,10-oxide was 2-times higher than 1-nitropyrene 4,5-oxide. The mutation spectrum for 1-nitropyrene 4,5-oxide was base substitutions (33/49), one base deletions (11/49) and exon deletions (5/49). In the case of 1-nitropyrene 9,10-oxide, base substitutions (27/50), one base deletions (15/50), and exon deletions (8/50) were observed. Base substitutions were distributed randomly throughout the hprt gene. The majority of the base substitutions in mutant from 1-nitropyrene 4,5-oxide treated cells were $A{\rightarrow}G$ transition (15/33) and $G{\rightarrow}A$ transition (8/33). The predominant base substitution, $A{\rightarrow}G$ transition (11/27) and $G{\rightarrow}A$ transition (8/27), were also observed in mutant from 1-nitropyrene 9,10-oxide treated cells. The mutation at the site of adenine and guanine was consistent with the previous results, where the sites of DNA adduct formed by these compounds were predominant at the sites of purines. A comparison of the mutational patterns between 1-nitropyrene 4,5-oxide and 1-nitropyrene 9,10-oxide showed that there were no significant differences in the overall mutational spectrum. These results indicate that each oxidative metabolite exhibits an equal contribution to the mutagenicity of 1-nitropyrene, and ring oxidation of 1-nitropyrene is an important metabolic pathway to the formation of significant lethal DNA lesions.

• Investigative Magnetic Resonance Imaging
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• 제8권2호
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• pp.79-85
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• 2004

목적: 정상인 뇌에서 측정한 신호대잡음비율, 주사 시간, 그리고 대사물질의 상대 비율을 이용하여 서로 다른 1.5T 자기공명영상기기에서의 수소자기공명분광법의 유용성과 차이점을 알아보고자 하였다. 대상 및 방법: 총 10명의 정상인 (20-45세)에서 PROBE (PROton Brain Exam) 라는 자동화된 방법을 이용하여 수소 자기공명분광술을 시행하였다. 수소 자기공명분광술은 1 channel 코일의 기존의 자기공명영상기기(Signa Horizon)와 1 channel 및8 channel 코일을 이용한 다른 자기공명영상기기(Echospeed plus with EXCITE)에서 3번씩 시행하였다. 각각 방법에서 팬톰과 생체에서의 스펙트럼의 신호 대 잡음비와 주사 시간을 측정하였다. 모든 정상인에서 뇌의 2 부분, 즉 기저핵과 심부백질 부위를 위의 방법으로 각각 검사하였고 각 부위에서 대사물질의 상대적인 비율의 차이(NAA/Cr, Cho/Cr, mI/Cr)를 측정하였다. 모든 스펙트럼에서 STEAM(Stimulated Echo Acquisition Method) 방법을 이용하여 다음과 같은 조절치로 검사하였다: TR=3.0/2.0 sec, TE=30 msec, TM=13.7 msec, SW=2500 Hz, SI=2048 pts, AVG=64/128, NEX=2/8 (Signa/Echospeed). 결과 : 신호대잡음비율은 Echo speed 기계에서 약 $30\%$이상 더 높았고 주사 시간은 거의 같았다. 각각의 방법에서 모두에서 믿을만한 스펙트럼을 얻었고 정상 뇌의 2부분에서 얻은 스펙트럼 모양과 대사물질의 상대적인 비율의 차이는 서로 의미있는 차이를 보이지 않았다 (p>0.05). 결론: 새로운 자기공명영상기기와 코일을 이용한 수소자기공명분광소견은 매우 믿을만 하였고 높은 신뢰성과 재현도를 보였으며 기존의 자기공명영상기기의 수소자기공명분광소견과 의미있는 차이는 없었다.C의 높은 T2 자기이완율은 T2 강조영상에서의 정상 간실질의 신호강도를 감소시켜 간실질과 VX2 암종의 구분을 쉽게 하였다. MnPC 주입시 T1 강조영상에서는 간세포 특이성 조영제의 주입시보다 종양의 경계가 명확하였고, 조영증강은 주입후 최소한시간 이상 높게 유지되었다. 결론 : MnPC가 간세포로 흡수되어 담관으로 배설된다는 사실은 Mn-DPDP와 유사한 특성이며 이는 MnPC가 새로운 간특이성 조영제임을 확인시켜 준다. 또한 MnPC의 R2값이 기존의 조영제에 비해 매우 크다는 사실은 T1 조영제로서 뿐만 아니라 T2 조영제로서의 사용 가능성을 보여준다. 이러한 사실들을 좀더 정확하게 뒷받침하기 위해서는 임상적으로 사용되기 이전에 생체 내 그리고 시험관내 연구가 더 필요하며 다른 동물모델에서의 추가적인 연구가 요구된다.유발 가능자를 1차 적으로 선별 할 수 있는 지표 개발 가능성을 제시하였다고 사료된다.대상자 선정이 어려워서 자원자를 대상으로 연구가 행해졌다. 둘째. 적은 수의 연구 대상자를 대상으로 연구가 행해졌다. 셋째. 연구기간이 짧았던 까닭에 좀더 상세한 사례 연구가 이루어질 수 없었다 좀 더 신뢰할 수 있는 표본 추출 방법을 통하여 선정된, 많은 연구 대상자를 가지고, 심도 있는 연구가 추후 반복적으로 이루어져야 할 것이다.더욱 더 발전을 거듭하고 있으며, 외식은 여행과 여가 활동의 필수적인 요소로써 그 역할을 일조하고 있다. 이와 같은 여가시간의 증가는 독신자들에게는 좀더 많은 여유시간을 가족을 이루고 있는 가족구성원들에게는 가족과의 유대를 강화하는 휴식과 오락의 소비 트렌드를 창출시켰다. 이와 더불어 외식은 식사를 해결하기 위한 단순한 수단에서 벗어나 동기와 동반자에 따라 달라지는 행동 패턴을 나타내고 있으며, 연령과 목적에 따라 세분화되는 분명한 선호도를 나타낸다. 지난 10여 년간 외국으로부터 수입된 다양한 음식과 레스토랑 업태 등은 우리나라의 외식문화 발전과 소비자들의 외식 선택

• 한국산업보건학회지
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• 제19권1호
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• pp.73-79
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• 2009

This study was undertaken to investigate the effects of single and combined exposure of toluene (T) and xylene (X) on the cytochrome-450(CYP)-mediated metabolizing capacity, induction of CYP isozymes and the excretion of their metabolites in urine. Animal were adults male Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats and divided into 4 groups such as control, T (treated with 63.7 mg/body kg), X (treated with 65.9 mg/body kg) and TX(T=X). Organic solvents was administrated by intraperitoneal injection for 3 days. The contents of protein and CYP in liver microsomes of control group were $16.48{\pm}0.56 mg/m{\ell}$ and $0.744{\pm}0.025$ nmol/mg protein, respectively, and they contents were significantly lower than in derived from treated groups (p<0.01). The activities of PROD and ${\rho}NPH$ were significantly higher in single treated groups than in control and combined group (TX). When Western immunoblotting were carried out with two monoclonal antibodies (MAb 1-98-1 and MAb 2-66-3) which were specific against CYP2B1/2 and CYP2E1, respectively, a strong signal corresponding to CYP2B1/2 was observed in microsomes obtained from rats treated with X and TX. The color density against CYP2E1 was slightly increased in T and TX groups compared with C and X groups. The amounts of urinary hippuric acid in T single treated group was $3.29{\pm}1.97$ g/g creatinine and TX combined group was $2.91{\pm}1.76$ g/g creatinine, but was not significant. However, amount of urinary methy hippuric acid in X single treated group ($1.62{\pm}0.72$ g/g creatinine) was significantly higher than TX combined group ($0.93{\pm} 0.63$ g/g creatinine)(p<0.01). These results suggested that CYP2E1 isozyme might be responsible for the metabolism of T, and CYP2B1/2 isozyme is for X. And also, difference of metabolites level between single and combined group may be speculated that the intermediates of T and X interacted each other in the process of their metabolite formation reaction.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• 제26권2호
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• pp.104-109
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• 1983

phorate와 그 대사산물(代謝産物)들의 잔류분(殘留分) 분석방법(分析方法)을 확립(確立)코자 10% DC-200+8% Reoplex-400+2% QF-1(2 : 1 : 1, w/w/w) on Gas Chrom Q( $80{\sim}100$ mesh), $1.8m{\times}2mm$ ID, borosilicate glass column인 mixed phase column을 이용(利用), flame photometric detector가 부착(附着)된 gas chromatograph로 조사(調査)하였다. 본(本) mixed phase column은 비록 phorate와 5가지 대사산물(代謝産物)을 동시(同時)에 분리(分離)하지는 못하였으나 column온도(溫度)를 programming$(130{\sim}200^{\circ}C,\;5^{\circ}C/min)$함으로써 phoratoxon sulfoxide를 제외(除外)한 5가지 화합물(化合物)의 분리(分離)가 가능(可能)하였다(phoratoxon sulfoxide는 phoratoxon과 중첩되었음). 또는 검출감도(檢出感度)도 매우 높아 $0.05{\sim}3.15ng$범위(範圍)이었다. 한편 토양(土壤)과 채소(菜蔬)에 처리(處理)한 phorate와 그 대사산물(代謝産物)들을 methanol-acetone-benzene(1 : 1 : 1, v/v/v)으로 Soxhlet장치(裝置)에서 12시간(12時間) 추출(抽出)한 후 benzene으로 이들 화합물(化合物)을 분리(分離)한 결과(結果) 90%이상(以上)의 높은 회수율(回收率)(phoratoxon은 약(約) 84%)을 얻었다. 따라서 본(本) mixed phase column은 분리(分離)와 감도면(感度面)에서 그 성능(性能)이 우수(優秀)하여 phorate의 분해(分解)와 대사(代謝)의 연구(硏究)에 효율적(效率的)으로 이용될 수 있을 것이다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제23권11호
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• pp.1427-1435
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• 2010

The present study was conducted to examine the effect of a stair-stepped feed intake pattern on growth, feed efficiency, and meat quality of Hanwoo steers. Twenty-seven 11-month-old Hanwoo steers were randomly divided into three groups. The control group was fed according to the Korean steer feeding program, and the other two groups were fed according to an alternated feeding schedule of 3-2-4-2 months. During the first three months of the experiment, treatment group 1 (T1) and treatment group 2 (T2) were fed 20% and 30% less than the control group, respectively. For the following two months, the T1 group was fed 20% more than the control group while the T2 group was fed 20% less than the control group. In the third step, T1 and T2 groups were fed 20% and 10% less, respectively, than the control group for four months. In the last two months, T1 and T2 groups were fed 20% more than the control group. After the stair-step feeding trial, steers were fed concentrated feed ad libitum for five months. The altered feed intake pattern did not affect daily body weight gain. However, daily feed intake tended to decrease and growth efficiency tended to increase in the two treatment groups compared to the control group. Altered feed intake also affected blood metabolite levels. The serum glucose and BUN level of the T1 group increased in the first re-fed period compared to the T2 and control groups. The serum cholesterol level of the T2 group decreased in the first restricted-re-fed growth period compared to the T1 and control groups. The serum NEFA levels of the two treatment groups increased from the first restricted period compared to the controls. The serum insulin level of the T2 group increased in the last period compared to the T1 and control groups. Regarding meat yield index, the control group was significantly higher than the T2 group (p<0.05). Regarding meat yield grade, the carcass back fat thickness of the T2 group was significantly higher than the control group (p<0.05). In marbling score, the T1 group was the highest (4.9), followed by the control group (4.1) and the T2 group (4.0). These results indicate that using a stair-stepped growth pattern (T1) can contribute to improvements in growth efficiency and muscle marbling.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
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• 제36권6호
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• pp.481-489
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• 2010

Introduction: TLR-5, a member of the toll-like receptor (TLR) family, is a element of the type I transmembrane receptors, which are characterized by an intracellular signaling domain homolog to the interleukin-1 receptor. These receptors recognize microbial components, particularly bacterial flagellin. All-trans retinoic acid (atRA, tretinoin), a natural metabolite of vitamin A, acts as a growth and differentiation factor in many tissues, and is also needed for immune functions. In this study, THP-1 human macrophage-monocytes were used to examine the mechanisms by which atRA regulated the expression of TLR-5. Because the molecular mechanism underlying this regulation at the transcriptional level is also unclear, this study examined which putative transcription factors are responsible for TLR-5 expression by atRA in immune cells. Materials and Methods: This study examined whether atRA induces the expression of TLR-5 in THP-1 cells using reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), and which transcription factors are involved in regulating the TLR-5 promoter in RAW264.7 cells using a reporter assay system. Western blot analysis was used to determine which signal pathway is involved in the expression of TLR-5 in atRA-treated THP-1 cells. Results: atRA at a concentration of 10 nM greatly induced the expression of TLR-5 in THP-1 cells. Human TLR-5 promoter contains three Sp-1/GC binding sites around -50 bp and two NF-kB binding sites at -380 bp and -160 bp from the transcriptional start site of the TLR-5 gene. Sp-1/GC is primarily responsible for the constitutive TLR-5 expression, and may also contribute to NF-kB at -160 bp to induce TLR-5 after atRA stimulation in THP-1 cells. The role of NF-kB in TLR-5 expression was further confirmed by inhibitor pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate (PDTC) experiments, which greatly reduced the TLR-5 transcription by 70-80%. Conclusion: atRA induces the expression of the human TLR-5 gene and NF-kB is a critical transcription factor for the atRA-induced expression of TLR-5. Accordingly, it is conceivable that retinoids are required for adequate innate and adaptive immune responses to agents of infectious diseases. atRA and various synthetic retinoids have been used therapeutically in human diseases, such as leukemia and other cancers due to the antiproliferative and apoptosis inducing effects of retinoids. Therefore, understanding the molecular regulatory mechanism of TLR-5 may assist in the design of alternative strategies for the treatment of infectious diseases, leukemia and cancers.

• 한국의학물리학회지:의학물리
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• 제21권1호
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• pp.35-41
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• 2010

본 연구는 생체 외 $^1H$ 고분해능 매직앵글스핀닝($^1H$ High-Resolution Magic Angle Spinning; $^1H$ HR MAS) 기술을 이용하여 정상군 adult mice의 뇌에서의 부위별 뇌 신경화학 대사물질(brain neurochemical metabolites)을 정량적으로 분석하고, 이를 이용하여 정상군의 뇌 대사물질의 표준 data base를 정립하기 위함이다. 실험에 사용된 adult mice는 C57BL/6J 모델의 체중 25~28 g, 40주령 수컷 10마리를 사용하였으며, 연령과 성별을 일치시켰다. 또한 뇌의 전두엽(frontal cortex), 측두엽(temporal cortex), 해마(hippocampus), 시상(thalamus) 총 4개의 부위를 채취하여 생체 외 $^1H$ 고분해능 매직앵글 스핀닝 실험을 진행 하였다. 생체 조직의 뇌 대사물질의 절대농도를 획득하기 위하여 대표적인 대사물질(Ace, NAA, NAAG, tCr, Cr, tCho, Cho, mIns, GPC+PC, Lac, GABA, Glu, Gln, tau, Ala)을 각 피크의 면적과 대사물질의 프로톤 개수를 계산하였다. 결과적으로 정상 군에서의 mice 뇌의 신경화학 대사물질들을 Acet, NAA, NAAG, Cho, mIns가 부위별로 절대농도차의 유의성을 나타내었으며, 이 외의 대사물질에서는 유의성이 없는 것으로 나타났다. 본 연구 결과를 토대로 $^1H$ HR-MAS을 이용한 생체조직 실험은 뇌조직 내 대사물질의 절대농도를 측정하고 기본적인 지표를 확보하는데 매우 정확하고 정량적인 방법이 될 수 있을 것으로 사료되며, 더 나아가 mice를 이용한 인간질병 모델의 실험동물에서의 뇌 신경화학 대사물질의 표준 자료화 하는데 도움이 될 수 있을 것으로 판단된다.