• Korean Journal of Ichthyology
• /
• v.19 no.1
• /
• pp.1-7
• /
• 2007

The effect of water temperature (T) and body weight (W) on the oxygen consumption of the fasted black rockfish, Sebastes schlegeli was investigated to provide empirical data for the culture management and bioenergetic growth model of this species. The mean wet body weights of two fish groups used for the present experiment were $12.9{\pm}2.7g$ ($mean{\pm}SD$) and $351.1{\pm}9.2g$. The oxygen consumption rate (OCR) was measured under three water temperature regimes (15, 20 and $25^{\circ}C$) at an interval of 5 minutes for 24 hours using a continuous flow-through respirometer. In each treatment three replicates were set up and 45 fish in small size groups and 6 fish in large size groups were used. The OCRs increased with increasing water temperature in both size groups (p<0.001). Mean OCRs at 15, 20 and $25^{\circ}C$ were 414.2, 691.5 and $843.8mg\;O_2\;kg^{-1}h^{-1}$ in small size groups, and 182.0, 250.7 and $328.2mg\;O_2\;kg^{-1}h^{-1}$ in large size groups, respectively. The OCRs decreased with increasing body weights in three water temperature groups (p<0.001). The mass effect on metabolic rate can be expressed by the power of 0.69~0.75. The data are best described by the relationship: OCR=89.12+28.79T-1.17W. $Q_{10}$ values ranged 1.90~2.79 between 15 and $20^{\circ}C$, 1.49~1.71 between 20 and $25^{\circ}C$, and 1.80~2.03 over the full temperature range, respectively. The energy loss by metabolic cost increased with increasing water temperature and decreasing body weight (p<0.001). Mean energy loss rates by oxygen consumption at 15, 20 and $25^{\circ}C$ were 282.9, 472.3 and $576.3kJ\;kg^{-1}d^{-1}$ in small size groups and 124.3, 171.3 and $224.1kJ\;kg^{-1}d^{-1}$ in large size groups, respectively.

• Journal of Life Science
• /
• v.18 no.11
• /
• pp.1532-1537
• /
• 2008

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of different arthroplasty designs on knee kinematic and lower limb muscular activation for up-stair and down-stair movement. 3-D video analysis of whole body and joint kinematics and EMG analysis of quadriceps and hamstrings were conducted. One-way ANOVAs were used for statistical analyses (p=0.05). The single-radius group exhibited more arthroplasty limb quadriceps EMG and hamstring coactivation EMG than the multi-radius group. Single-radius demonstrated more abduction angular displacement and reached peak abduction earlier than the multi-radius arthroplasty limb. The single- radius the percent body fat showed similar values in the Elderly, Single and Multi-radius group among the periods, however Control group was Lowered among the periods. Single-radius group limb also increased the quadriceps muscle activation level to produce more knee extension moment to compensate for the short quadriceps moment arm. Resting metabolic rate was significantly increased in control group in the period of LI. Energy expenditure was extremely increased in all groups except control group among the periods. We can say this is the exercise effects.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Radiology
• /
• v.11 no.1
• /
• pp.43-48
• /
• 2017

Measurement of bone marrow measurements may occur if bone marrow examination performed with bone marrow examination (bone marrow examination) and bone density (bone scan) are performed together recently. Thus, it was examined in clinical aspects that $^{99m}Tc-MDP$ compounds were affected by bone mineral density measurements. The average age of the participants in the experiment was $35.17{\pm}9.45$ and the patient fractures of the lumbar vertebrae that could affect the metabolic disease and bone density measurements affecting the metabolic disease of the 17 subjects. 6 patients with normal bone mineral density T-scores>-1.0 in 12 patients were analyzed before and after the administration of $^{99m}Tc-MDP$. In the lumbar spine, the average of $0.975{\pm}0.084g/cm^2$ and $0.966{\pm}0.078g/cm^2$ were increased by $0.009g/cm^2$. respectively In the right proximal femur, mean values were $0.909{\pm}0.078g/cm^2$ and $0.913{\pm}0.086g/cm^2$. In the right proximal thigh, mean values were $0.909{\pm}0.078g/cm^2$ and $0.913{\pm}0.08 g/cm^2$, respectively, which decreased by $0.004g/cm^2$. In the left side proximal femur, mean $0.887{\pm}0.099g/cm^2$ and $0.881{\pm}0.103g/cm^2$, respectively, increased by $0.007g/cm^2$. Therefore, the BMD changes in the lumbar region were larger than that in the proximal thigh. In addition, $^{99m}Tc-MDP$ did not affect the BMD. And a bone scan test using a technetium-labeled compound emitting a gamma-ray energy of 140 keV did not significantly affect bone density measurements. However, if the nuclear medical examination and the osteoporosis test are to be performed together, the examination should be carried out at intervals considering the exposures of the patient.

• Korean Journal of Ichthyology
• /
• v.21 no.1
• /
• pp.7-14
• /
• 2009

The effect of water temperature (T) and body weight (W) on oxygen consumption of fasted starry flounder Platichthys stellatus was investigated in order to assess the metabolic response of this species at given conditions. The oxygen consumption rate (OCR) was measured under six different water temperatures (4, 7, 10, 13, 16 and $19^{\circ}C$) and at two different body weights (mean weight of fry group : 1.5 g; fingerling group : 37.4 g) at an interval of 5 minutes for 24 hours using a continuous flow-through respirometer. In each treatment three replicates were set up and a total 540 fish in fry groups and 90 fish in fingerling groups were used. The OCRs increased with increase of water temperature in both groups (p<0.001). Mean OCRs at 4, 7, 10, 13, 16 and $19^{\circ}C$ were 1386.0, 1601.7, 1741.0, 1799.2, 2239.1 and $2520.3mg\;O_2\;kg\;fish^{-1}\;h^{-1}$ in fry groups, and 83.8, 111.4, 126.3, 147.1, 187.7 and $221.3mg\;O_2\;kg\;fish^{-1}\;h^{-1}$ in fingerling groups, respectively. The OCRs decreased with increasing body weights at six different water temperatures (p<0.001). The relationship between water temperature and body weight is described by the following equation : OCR=1520.91+40.85T-49.22W ($r^2=0.95$, p<0.001). The energy loss by metabolic response increased with an increase in water temperature and a decrease in body weight (p<0.001). Mean energy loss rates by oxygen consumption at 4, 7, 10, 13, 16 and $19^{\circ}C$ were 907.9, 1046.5, 1141.6, 1177.0, 1467.3 and $1650.1kJ\;kg\;fish^{-1}\;d^{-1}$ in fry groups and 54.8, 73.0, 82.9, 96.2, 122.9 and $144.6kJ\;kg\;fish^{-1}\;d^{-1}$ in fingerling groups, respectively. The $Q_{10}$ values of fingerling groups were higher than those of fry groups at given temperature ranges. The $Q_{10}$ values at $4{\sim}7^{\circ}C$, $7{\sim}10^{\circ}C$, $10{\sim}13^{\circ}C$, $13{\sim}16^{\circ}C$ and $16{\sim}19^{\circ}C$ were 1.62, 1.32, 1.12, 2.07 and 1.48 in fry groups, and 2.59, 1.52, 1.67, 2.25 and 1.73 in fingerling groups, respectively.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
• /
• v.62 no.5
• /
• pp.659-667
• /
• 2020

This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of different levels of crude protein (CP) and protease on nitrogen (N) utilization, nutrient digestibility, and growth performance in growing pigs. A total of six crossbred ([Landrace × Yorkshire] × Duroc) barrows were individually accepted in 1.2 m × 0.7 m × 0.96 m stainless steel metabolism cages. The pigs (average initial body weight of 27.91 ± 1.84 kg) randomly assigned to six diets with six weeks (6 × 6 Latin square design). The experiment was carried out in an environment with a temperature of 23 ± 1.5℃, a relative humidity of 83 ± 2.3% and a wind speed of 0.25 ± 0.03 m/s. The dietary treatments were arranged in a 2 × 3 factorial design with two levels of CP (15.3% or 17.1%) and three levels of protease (0 ppm, 150 ppm, or 300 ppm). The average daily gain and gain to feed ratio (G:F) tended to increase (p = 0.074) with increasing amounts of protease. The low CP level diet reduced (p < 0.050) urinary and fecal N concentrations, the total N excretion in feces, and increased (p < 0.050) N retention. Different protease levels in the diet did not affect (p > 0.05) at N intake, but supplementation of the diets with 300 ppm protease decreased (p < 0.050) the N concentration in urine and feces and tended to increase (p = 0.061) the percentage of N retention retained of the total N intake. The dietary CP level did not affect (p > 0.050) the apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of dry matter, digestible energy (DE), and metabolic energy (ME), but diet supplementation with 300 ppm protease showed higher (p < 0.050) ATTD of DE and ME than in the protease-free diet. Therefore, a low protein diet with protease could improve the utilization of nitrogen, thereby reducing the negative effect of N excretion into the environment while maintaining or increasing growth performance compared to a high protein diet.

• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
• /
• v.34 no.1
• /
• pp.132-141
• /
• 2017

The objective of this study was to determine the influence of dietary metabolic energy (ME) on blood parameters in duck under heat stress. A total of 240 meat ducks Cherry valley (Anas platyrhynchos) were assigned into four treatment groups with a randomized block design for 42 days. The four treatments were: ME 2900 kcal/kg, ME 3000 kcal/kg, ME 3100 kcal/kg, and ME 3200 kcal/kg. Blood lipid profiles was higher in ME 2900 but lower in ME 3100 and ME 3200 than that of ME 3000 (p < 0.05). Blood aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels were higher in ME 3100 and ME 3200 compared those in ME 3000 (p < 0.05). The blood red cell and platelet profiles were increased in ME 3100 and ME 3200, but reduced in ME 2900 compared to those in ME 3000 (p < 0.05). Among blood electrolytes, chloride ($Cl^-$) concentration was decreased in ME 2900 compared to that in ME 3000. Blood gas $PCO_2$ was reduced in ME 2900 compared to that in ME 3000 (p < 0.05). Blood immunoglobulin (IgG) level was reduced in ME 2900 compared to that in ME 3000 (p < 0.05). Level of stress hormone, corticosterone was increased in ME 2900, but decreased in ME 3100 and ME 3200 compared to that in ME 3000 (p < 0.05).

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• v.24 no.9
• /
• pp.1233-1242
• /
• 2011

The in vivo digestibility of mulberry leaves (Morus alba) and the effects of the partial replacement of cotton seed with fresh mulberry leaf in rations on the performance of growing Vietnamese cattle was investigated. For the in vivo digestibility trial, twenty castrated rams of Phanrang breed (a local prolific breed) with an initial weight of 23-25 kg, were first assigned to four groups according to weight and then randomly assigned to one of four dietary treatments to determine digestibility of nutrients in mulberry leaves (M. alba), natural Bermuda grass (Cynodon dactylon), elephant grass (Pennisetum purpureum) and buffalo grass (Panicum maximum cv. TD 58). All forages were cut and chopped daily before being offered (at 120% maintenance) to the sheep. In the feeding trial, 20 Laisind (Vietnam yellow cows${\times}$Red Sindhy bulls) crossbred bulls averaged 18 month old and 184 kg were used to investigate the effect of partial replacement of cottonseed in the diet by mulberry leaves on live weight gain and feed conversion rate. The experiment was a randomized complete block design with four levels of fresh mulberry leaves which varied from 0 to 15% of total dietary dry mater and five animals per treatment over an 84 day period. The in vivo digestion trial showed the superior quality of mulberry leaves compared with the grasses. Chemical analysis indicated that mulberry leaves had the highest CP and the lowest NDF contents (22.3 and 31.1% DM, respectively) among the four forages tested. Digestibility of DM and OM of the mulberry leaf (66.4 and 71.8%, respectively) was also the highest but that of CP (58.2%) and NDF (58.4%) was the lowest of the four forages evaluated (p<0.05). Consequently, the ME value and therefore net energy (NE) and unit feed for lactation (UFL) values of the mulberry leaves, which was estimated from chemical composition and digestibility values, were the highest among the forages investigated in the present study. Results of the feeding trial showed no treatment effect on average daily gain (ADG) of the cattle. The values were 554, 583, 565 and 568 g/d for animals in the diets of 0, 5, 10, and 15% mulberry leaves inclusion, respectively. Total DM intake of the animal was not affected by the treatment when expressed as kg/animal/d. However, when adjusted for metabolic weight of the animal the DM intake was reduced (p<0.05) as whole cottonseed was replaced by mulberry leaves in the ration. When the level of mulberry leaves in the ration increased from 5 to 15% of dietary DM at the expense of whole cottonseed, CP and ME intakes of the cattle were significantly decreased (p<0.05) and the feed to gain ratio reduced by 8 to 14% as compared with the control diet (p<0.05). Mulberry leaf is a good feed ingredient for ruminants because of its high level of crude protein and high digestibility of nutrients and energy. Mulberry leaves can be efficiently used as a source of protein supplement to replace cottonseed, a more expensive animal feeds ingredient, in the diet for Vietnamese cattle.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• v.16 no.1
• /
• pp.63-69
• /
• 2003

Ten barrows, weaned at 28 days (7.2$\pm$0.1 kg BW), were used to evaluate the effects of feeding extruded full-fat soybeans on intestinal morphology and mucosal cell turnover time. All pigs were fed corn-based diets with half of the pigs receiving diets supplemented with 15.5% soybean meal and 3% soybean oil and the remaining pigs fed a diet in which the soybean meal and oil were replaced by 18.5% extruded full-fat soybeans. The pigs were individually placed in $80{\times}150cm$ metabolic cages and fed twice daily an amount approximately equal to their ad libitum intake for a period of 14 days. On day 14, pigs were weighed and then injected intraperitoneally with $^3$H]thymidine ($100{\mu}Ci/kg$ of BW, specific activity 20 Ci/mmol) 6 h after the morning meal. A pig from each treatment was killed 1, 4, 8, 16, or 24 h postinjection and intestinal tissues were collected. Daily gains for pigs fed the soybean diet and extruded full-fat soybean diet were 0.24 and 0.31 kg/day (p=0.05) with feed conversions of 1.58 and 1.39 (p=0.05), respectively. In comparison with pigs fed soybean meal, pigs fed moist extruded full-fat soybeans had a decreased crypt depth in their duodenum and cecum (p<0.1), while the villus height in the mid jejunum and ileum and the total height (villus height plus crypt depth) of the ileum and mid jejunum increased (p<0.05). The villus width in the duodenum and mid jejunum decreased (p<0.05). The number of crypt epithelial cells in the upper jejunum increased but decreased in the ileum, colon and cecum (p<0.05). The number of villus epithelial cells in the ileum and the upper and mid jejunum increased (p<0.05). The time for migration of epithelial cells in the crypt-villus column decreased (p<0.05) in all sites except the upper jejunum, ileum and cecum. The mucosal turnover rate for all intestinal sites except the upper jejunum, colon and cecum decreased (p<0.05). From these data, we conclude that inclusion of moist extruded full-fat soybeans in weanling pig diets can improve the intestinal morphology and slow the migration rate and turnover time of epithelial cells of the small intestine, especially in the mid jejunum compared with soybean meal.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
• /
• v.44 no.2
• /
• pp.152-161
• /
• 2011

Koreans have undergone many changes in dietary patterns with economic growth. The purpose of this research was to examine changes in dietary patterns using data from the 1998, 2001, and 2005 Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. The study included 21,525 subjects (8,295 from 1998, 6,880 from 2001, and 6,350 from 2005) who were 20 years or older and who participated in a 24-h diet recall. The percentage energy intake from 22 food groups was calculated, and a cluster analysis was applied to identify dietary patterns. Two dietary patterns emerged; the first pattern was characterized by high intake of white rice, legumes, vegetables, kimchi, and seaweeds, the so-called "traditional" pattern (53%), whereas the other pattern was characterized by high intake of other grains, noodle dumplings, floured bread, pizza, hamburgers, cereals and snacks, potatoes, sugared sweets, nuts, fruits, meat·its products, eggs, fish, milk and dairy products, oils, beverages and seasoning, or the so-called "modified" pattern. The modified pattern comprised a higher proportion of younger aged, metropolitan residents with more education and higher incomes. However, the gender distribution was not significantly different. The modified pattern had a significantly higher intake of all nutrients except carbohydrates and had a higher proportion of energy from fat and protein. No association with a risk for metabolic syndrome was found for either dietary pattern. After age was standardized, the traditional pattern included 52% of the respondents in 1998, 54% in 2001, and 50% in 2005. However, the modified pattern was significantly more prevalent in the younger age group (20-29 yr), whereas the traditional pattern increased significantly in the older age group (${\geq}$ 65 yr). In conclusion, a secular trend was found for dietary pattern by age group, suggesting that it is necessary to monitor the changes in dietary pattern by age group and to develop appropriate dietary education and guidelines.

• Journal of Life Science
• /
• v.17 no.8 s.88
• /
• pp.1075-1081
• /
• 2007

We investigated whether 1) capsaicin ingestion (100 mg) enhances autonomic nervous system (ANS) activities associated with thermogenic sympathetic activity as energy metabolic modulator, 2) UCP1 and ${\beta}_{3}$-AR variants of each subjects influence with ANS activity. Eight healthy males (24.7 ${\pm}$ 1.8 yr) volunteered for this study. The cardiac autonomic nervous activities evaluated by means of heart rate variability of power spectral analysis and energy metabolism were continuously measured during 5-min rest for total 90-min resting condition with placebo or capsaicin oral administration chosen at random. The results indicated that there were no significant differences in heart rate during rest between both trials. Autonomic nervous activity increased in capsaicin tablet trial, but the difference did not reach the statistical significance. Capsaicin, however, induced significantly lower respiratory gas exchange ratio at Test3 (CAP: 0.80 ${\pm}$ 0.02 vs. 0.85 ${\pm}$ 0.02), means ${\pm}$ SE, p<0.05). In conclusion, it may be suggested the capsaicin consumption as a valuable supplement for the treatment of individual with hyperlipidemia and/or obesity by improving lipolysis. Further studies will also be considered genetic variants such as UCP1 and/or ${\beta}_{3}$-AR associated with obesity.