• IMMUNE NETWORK
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• v.3 no.3
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• pp.248-254
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• 2003

Oral administration of antigen has long been used in the induction of immune tolerance in various animal models of autoimmune diseases including rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Alleveation of arthritogenic symptoms has been reported from RA patients who received oral administration of type II collagen (CII) without side effects, however its rather inconsistent therapeutic efficacy and variation among patients calls for more detailed investigation on the mechanism of oral tolerance to be settled as regular treatment for RA. In an attempt to understand the immunogenic processes underpinning tolerance induction by orally administered CII, we analyzed changes in the expression of costimulatory molecules and STAT/SOCS signaling messengers in the mouse model of collagen induced arthritis (CIA). We found thatin the spleen of CIA mice, that has been undergone repeated oral feeding of CII prior to the induction of arthritis, showed increased promortion of CTLA4 expressing lymphocytes than in the spleen of PBS fed control. On the other hand, cells expressing CD28 or ICOS were decreased in the spleen of tolerized mice. Tolerance induction by oral CII administration also enhanced the expression of STAT6 in both RNA and protein level, while not affecting the expression of STAT3. The expression of SOCS3, which hasbeen known to transmit STAT-mediated signals from Th2 type cytokines, remained unchanged in the spleen of tolerized mice. Interestingly transcript of SOCS1, which has been associated with Th1 related pathways, was only visible in the spleen of tolerized but not of control mice, suggesting that as in the case of IL-6 signaling, it may exert a feed back inhibition toward the Th1 type stimulation.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.16 no.12
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• pp.1345-1353
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• 2007

The effect of salicylic acid(SA) on antioxidant system and protective mechanisms against UV-B induced oxidative stress was investigated in cucumber(Cucumis sativus L.) leaves. UV-B radiation and SA were applied separately or in combination to first leaves of cucumber seedlings, and dry matter accumulation, lipid peroxidation and activities of antioxidant enzymes were measured in both dose and time-dependant manner. UV-B exposure showed reduced levels of fresh weight and dry matter production, whereas SA treatment significantly increased them. SA noticeably recovered the UV-B induced inhibition of biomass production. UV-B stress also affected lipid peroxidation and antioxidant enzyme defense system. Malondialdehyde(MDA), a product of lipid peroxidation, was greatly increased under UV-B stress, showing a significant enhancement of a secondary metabolites, which may have antioxidative properties in cucumber leaves exposed to UV-B radiation. Combined application of UV-B and SA caused a moderate increase in lipid peroxidation. These results suggest that SA may mediate protection against oxidative stress. UV-B exposure significantly increased SOD, APX, and GR activity compared with untreated control plants. Those plants treated with 1.0 mM SA showed a similar pattern of changes in activities of antioxidant enzymes. SA-mediated induction of antioxidant enzyme activity may involve a protective accumulation of $H_2O_2$ against UV-B stress. Moreover, their activities were stimulated with a greater increase by UV-B+SA treatment. The UV-B+SA plants always presented higher values than UV-B and SA plants, considering the adverse effects of UV-B on the antioxidant cell system. ABA and JA, second messengers in signaling in response to stresses, showed similar mode of action in UV-B stress, supporting that they may be important in acquired stress tolerance. Based on these results, it can be suggested that SA may participates in the induction of protective mechanisms involved in tolerance to UV-B induced oxidative stress.

• The Journal of the Institute of Internet, Broadcasting and Communication
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• v.17 no.6
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• pp.1-10
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• 2017

Advanced ICT Technologies support the chance for success in business however there are challenges that should be overcome in messenger development and the overcoming challenges will be a base line for succession in business. In this paper, we identify the characteristics of mobile messengers and evaluate users' preferences using AHP. As a result, we evaluated the critical success factors which are important in mobile messenger development. The results of AHP were generated 0.098 consistency ratio(CR). When the result is less than 0.1 in CR, the result could be accepted as trusted questions. The priority of factors was security(1.409), entertainment(0.19), communication (0.187) then this shows the users concerned in security and entertainment. These are not only development's success factors but also a good milestone to check ICT trends for setting up business chances.

• Journal of Plant Biotechnology
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• v.36 no.1
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• pp.53-58
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• 2009

Calcium signals can be transduced by binding calmodulin (CaM), a $Ca^{2+}$ sensor in eukaryotes, is known to be involved in the regulation of diverse cellular functions. We isolated a CaM-binding protein 63 kD (AtCBP63) from the pathogen-treated Arabidopsis cDNA expression library. Recently, AtCBP63 was identified as a CaM bining protein. The CaM binding domain of AtCBP63 was reported to be located in its N-terminal region, In this study, however, we showed that ACaM2 could specifically bind to second CaM-binding domain (CaMBD) of AtCBP63 at the C-terminal region. The specific binding of CaM to CaM binding domain was confirmed by a gel mobility shift assay, a split ubiquitin assay, site-directed mutagenesis, and a competition assay using a $Ca^{2+}$/CaM-dependent enzyme. The gene expression of AtCBP63 was induced by pathogens and pathogens related second messengers. This result suggests that a CaM binding protein, AtCBP63, may play role in pathogen defense signaling pathway.

• Molecules and Cells
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• v.37 no.12
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• pp.907-911
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• 2014

The function of reactive oxygen species (ROS) as second messengers in cell differentiation has been demonstrated only for a limited number of cell types. Here, we used a well-established protocol for BMP2-induced neuronal differentiation of neural crest stem cells (NCSCs) to examine the function of BMP2-induced ROS during the process. We first show that BMP2 indeed induces ROS generation in NCSCs and that blocking ROS generation by pretreatment of cells with diphenyleneiodonium (DPI) as NADPH oxidase (Nox) inhibitor inhibits neuronal differentiation. Among the ROS-generating Nox isozymes, only Nox4 was expressed at a detectable level in NCSCs. Nox4 appears to be critical for survival of NCSCs at least in vitro as down-regulation by RNA interference led to apoptotic response from NCSCs. Interestingly, development of neural crest-derived peripheral neural structures in Nox4-/- mouse appears to be grossly normal, although Nox4-/- embryos were born at a sub-Mendelian ratio and showed delayed over-all development. Specifically, cranial and dorsal root ganglia, derived from NCSCs, were clearly present in Nox4-/- embryo at embryonic days (E) 9.5 and 10.5. These results suggest that Nox4-mediated ROS generation likely plays important role in fate determination and differentiation of NCSCs, but other Nox isozymes play redundant function during embryogenesis.

• Journal of Digital Convergence
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.243-248
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• 2014

The demand for messenger service goes on growing rapidly with widespread use of smartphones. Generally, the smartphone messenger provides group communication functions in which users can make the group and communicate with each other. In the mobile meeting, the attendees can participate in the meeting with use of smartphone messengers wherever they are. To make the mobile meeting put to practical use, the mobility and privacy should be ensured to attendees. To satisfy the mobility requirement, the user which is not belong to the group members should not be able to participate in the meeting. To ensure the privacy requirement, the attendees should have not to repudiate the meeting results. In this study, the mobile meeting authentication scheme is proposed which provides mobility and privacy. The proposed scheme consists of meeting group creation, group key generation, group signature and verification protocols. All attendees should have to participate in the signature verification because it is based on the challenge-response type protocol. Thus, it's not possible to collude with malicious attendees to change the meeting results.

• BMB Reports
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• v.41 no.6
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• pp.415-434
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• 2008

Phosphoinositide-specific phospholipase C is an effector molecule in the signal transduction process. It generates two second messengers, inositol-1,4,5-trisphosphate and diacylglycerol from phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate. Currently, thirteen mammal PLC isozymes have been identified, and they are divided into six groups: PLC-$\beta$, -$\gamma$, -$\delta$, -$\varepsilon$, -$\zeta$ and -$\eta$. Sequence analysis studies demonstrated that each isozyme has more than one alternative splicing variant. PLC isozymes contain the X and Y domains that are responsible for catalytic activity. Several other domains including the PH domain, the C2 domain and EF hand motifs are involved in various biological functions of PLC isozymes as signaling proteins. The distribution of PLC isozymes is tissue and organ specific. Recent studies on isolated cells and knockout mice depleted of PLC isozymes have revealed their distinct phenotypes. Given the specificity in distribution and cellular localization, it is clear that each PLC isozyme bears a unique function in the modulation of physiological responses. In this review, we discuss the structural organization, enzymatic properties and molecular diversity of PLC splicing variants and study functional and physiological roles of each isozyme.

• Journal of Korea Society of Industrial Information Systems
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• v.13 no.5
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• pp.78-86
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• 2008

Many people have conveniently used various messengers to talk with remote friends or to send urgent files to remote co-workers. Recently, it is also possible to use messenger with user's image. However, these messenger technologies are of no use for the blind. In order to cope with this problem, we propose voice-based messenger with a Braille system for the blind. The proposed messenger enables the blind to listen to the received sentences from remote user. It also enables them to listen to the written sentences before sending to remote user for the purpose of checking that the sentences are correctly written. The Braille system for writing sentences can be implemented by using the programmable NXT system, which contains a 32-bit ARM-7 micro-controller, with 4 touch-sensors. Finally, we apply the Bluetooth technology for wireless communication between the Braille system and the proposed messenger.

• Journal of the Korea Society of Computer and Information
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• v.12 no.1 s.45
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• pp.117-126
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• 2007

Web Forensics algorithm used to an extraction of technical Web Forensics data to be adopted to proof data regarding a crime cyber a computer at data of a great number of log History is an essential element. Propose Web Forensics algorithm, and design at these papers, and try to implement in a Web server system of an actual company. And make the Web dispatch Loging system configuration experiment that applied integrity regarding Web log History information or authentication regarding an information source. Design Web Forensics algorithm and the Flow which used for Web log History analyses at server of e-mail, webmail, HTTP (Web BBs. Blog etc.), FTP, Telnet and messengers (MSN, NateOn, Yahoo, DaumTouch, BuddyBuddy, MsLee, AOL, SoftMe) of a company, and implement through coding. Therefore have a purpose of these Paper to will contribute in scientific technical development regarding a crime cyber a computer through Web Forensics.

• Journal of Intelligence and Information Systems
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.1-13
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• 2002

In this paper, we propose an object tracking system which can be convinced of moving area shaped on objects through color sequential images, decided moving directions of foot messengers or vehicles of image sequences. In static camera, we suggests a new evaluating method extracting co-occurrence matrix with feature vectors of RGB after analyzing and blocking difference images, which is accessed to field of camera view for motion. They are energy, entropy, contrast, maximum probability, inverse difference moment, and correlation of RGB color vectors. we describe how to analyze and compute corresponding relations of objects between adjacent frames. In the clustering, we apply an algorithm of FCM(fuzzy c means) to analyze matching and clustering problems of adjacent frames of the featured vectors, energy and entropy, gotten from previous phase. In the matching phase, we also propose a method to know correspondence relation that can track motion each objects by clustering with similar area, compute object centers and cluster around them in case of same objects based on membership function of motion area of adjacent frames.