• 대한지역사회영양학회지
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• 제10권4호
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• pp.484-492
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• 2005

The purposes of the study were to analyze nutrients of the menus served and to evaluate students' nutrient consumption at school food services. Three middle schools (boys, girls, and co-ed schools) were located in Seoul and Kyunggi Province. A weighed plate method was employed to measure plate wastes and consumption of the menus served. Data was collected for 3 consecutive days at each school. Nutrient analyses for the served and consumed menus were performed using CAN-PRO. On average the students consumed $67\%$ of the menus they were served. By menu category, the students consumed more than $90\%$ of the rice and one-dish foods they were served. Kimchis ($54\%$) and soups/stews ($55\%$) were the menu categories with the lowest consumption rates. The menus served at the boys and coed schools did not meet 1/3 of the recommended daily allowances (RDA) for calcium, iron, and vitamin $B_2$. Due to the plate wastes, the actual consumption of the boys school students did not meet the 1/3 RDA for calories, calcium, iron, vitamin A, vitamin $B_1$ vitamin $B_2$ and niacin. The menus served at the girls school exceeded the 1/3 RDA for all nutrients, but the actual consumption did not meet the 1/3 RDA for calcium, iron, and vitamin $B_2$. During the 3-day periods, the served and consumed menus provided $27\%$ and $24\%$ of energy from fat, which exceeded the recommended proportion of $20\%$. To improve nutrition management at school food services, dietitians should understand factors that influence students' consumption and implement nutrition education programs that emphasize balanced diets.

• 대한지역사회영양학회지
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• 제9권6호
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• pp.734-741
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• 2004

The purposes of this study were 1) to understand customers' expectations and satisfaction on menus in family restaurants, 2) to compare customer satisfaction and brand image for positioning new menus, and 3) to analyze customer satisfaction and loyalty to each menu. From May 8th to 28th, 2004, a total of 3,594 membership customers responded to the email survey. Statistical analyses such as t-test, ANOVA and Pearson Correlation were performed using SPSS 12.0. The results of this study consist of four major parts: general findings, customer expectation analysis, new menu positioning and customer satisfaction analysis. The customer expectation analysis discovered that taste was the most expected attribute in menus of family restaurants, followed by quantity, appearance and price. Statistically different expectations existed among different customer groups categorized by their general characteristics including demographics. Also, high correlations existed among the expectations over all the attributes: food quality, shape, quantity and price of food. Over all the attributes, customer expectation was higher than customer satisfaction. Thus, a discrepancy existed between expectation and satisfaction. Positioning of new menus was determined by brand image and customer satisfaction. Lastly, the customer satisfaction analysis revealed that customers in different gender and age have different satisfaction. In addition, high correlation existed between satisfaction and loyalty on new menus of a family restaurant. In consequence, the research findings suggest managers should understand customer expectation and satisfaction and reposition their menus regularly by menu engineering.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제47권6호
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• pp.443-451
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• 2014

본 연구에서는 어린이집에서 제공하는 간식에 대한 식품 가이드 등 구체적인 기준을 설정하기 위한 기초자료를 마련하기 위하여 어린이집 간식식단의 유형 및 식품의 다양성을 평가하고자 하였다. 이를 위해 서울시 소재 육아종합지원센터 총 14개소에서 2013년 3월 중 어린이집에 제공한 오전 및 오후 간식 630식을 분석하였다. 연구결과, 제공시간에 따라 간식식단의 유형 및 식품 다양성에 차이가 있었다. 전체적으로 두 가지 메뉴 품목을 포함한 간식식단이 가장 많았으나 (66.8%), 오전간식 (1.63개)에 비해 오후간식 (1.74개)의 메뉴 품목 가짓수가 유의적으로 더 많았다. 스낵 음료 조합 패턴을 살펴본 결과, 전체적으로 스낵과 음료를 각 한 개 포함한 (Food + Beverage) 비율이 가장 높았다 (56.7%). 간식식단의 식품군별 제공비율을 분석하였으며 총 630식의 간식식단에서 곡류, 고기 생선 달걀 콩류, 채소류, 과일류, 우유 및 유제품류를 포함하고 있는 식단은 각각 63.5%, 20.3%, 24.9%, 23.0%, 45.6%였다. 간식식단의 식품군 패턴에서는 곡류 (G)와 곡류+우유 및 유제품류 (G + D) 패턴이 각 18.9%, 17.1%로 가장 비율이 높았다. 식품군별 다빈도 메뉴 품목을 분석하였으며, 곡류에서는 '빵류 (21.3%)', 고기 생선 달걀 콩류에서는 '콩류 (32.5%)', 채소류에서는 '숙채류 (66.7%)', 과일류에서는 '생과일 (85.1%)', 우유 및 유제품류에서는 '우유 (66.9%)'가 제공된 비율이 가장 높았다. 본 연구결과 특히, 오후간식 식단에서 한 가지 식품군만으로 구성된 경우가 절반 정도로 제공되는 식품이 다양하지 못했다. 또한 오후간식의 경우 전체 식단의 약 1/3이 곡류만으로 구성되어 있어 충분한 무기질과 비타민 공급이 부족할 가능성이 있었다. 식사로 섭취하기 어려운 우유 및 유제품류는 간식으로 제공되는 것이 바람직하나 본 연구 결과 전체 간식식단의 46%에만 포함되어 있었으며, 과일류 제공 비율은 23%에 불과하였다. 따라서 어린이집을 이용하는 영유아들에게 질적, 양적으로 보다 바람직한 간식을 제공하기 위해서는 오전과 오후간식의 기본 형태, 식품군 구성, 메뉴유형 등에 대한 보다 구체적이며 통합적인 기준이 마련되어야 할 것이다.

• 대한지역사회영양학회지
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• 제18권4호
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• pp.386-401
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• 2013

This study was conducted to analyze traditional aspects of school lunch menus in Korea. We conducted a content analysis of menu-related contents included in guidelines for school lunch programs provided by 16 city and provincial education offices. In addition, the data of 10,495 menus for the third week of December 2010 and March, July, October 2011 from 557 elementary, middle, and high school were analyzed by school grade, area, and province. The results showed that there were no specific and detailed guidelines for menu planning in terms of traditional food culture in most of the guidelines for school lunch programs. However, the basic traditional menu composition was maintained in school lunch menus. The percentage of menus including rice and Kimchi was 97% and 95%, respectively, and that including Korean soup was about 72%. However, the frequency of serving Namul, Korean seasoned vegetable dish, accounted for only about 52% of the menus. The percentage of the menus following the traditional food group pattern including such five food groups as rice, Korean soup, Kimchi, Namul, and optional Korean side dish was only about 35%. The percentage of the menus following the traditional food group pattern excluding Namul from the five food groups accounted for about 30%. The traditional food group score, calculated by allocating 1 point to each of the five food groups was 4.06 out of 5 points on average. Elementary schools and schools in rural area and in Jeolla-do province served traditional menus more frequently. In conclusion, school lunch programs need to consider establishing traditional foods-based standards and relevant guidelines for school lunch, particularly for high schools and schools in urban areas and in some provinces.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제30권10호
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• pp.1244-1257
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• 1997

The goals of the School Lunch Program(SLP) are to provide school children with approximately one -third of their daily nutrition requirements at a reasonable price, to foster good food habits, and to contribute to a better understanding of nutrition. In order to provide guidelines and appropriate nutritional information for SLP planning, and to identify inexpensive sources of each nutrient, representative SLP menus were analyzed for nutrient density using the Index of Nutritional Quality(INQ) and for nutrient cost. Recipes and prices of 776 meals were collected from 10 SLP primary schools in Seoul and Kyunggi province in Korea during 1995. From 4829 menu items in 776 meals, the 100 most frequently used menus were selected as representative SLP menus. From these 100 menus, eleven categories of menu were identified according to cooking methods and ingredients. Selected menus were placed into these 11 groups, with 3 to 5 menus in each except the milk group which contained only milk. The mean nutrient content, INQs, and nutrient-cost ratios were calculated for each menu and menu group. Among the 100 representative SLP menus, 'Jiajang-rice' contained the highest energy per serving portion. 'Grilled pollack ' was the highest in protein, 'Seasoned spinach ' in vitamin A, 'Spagehetti' in vitamin B1 , niacin and iron, 'Kongjorim'(hard-boiled bean with sauce) in vitamin B2 , strawberry in vitamin C, and 'fish stew ' and milk in calcium. Among the 11 menu groups, the 'One-dish' group was found to be the highest in energy , protein, vitamin A, B$_1$ and iron. The milk group was a good source of vitamin B$_2$ and calcium . The meat side dish group (panbroiled, fried or steamed )was the most suitable for providing niacin. The fruit group provided the highest level of vitamin c per portion. The nutrient densities(INQs) were found in the soup group (protein), Kimchi group(vitamin A), fruit group(vitamin B$_1$ and C), milk group(vitamin B$_2$ and calcium), stew group(niacin )and vegetable side dish group(energy, protein, vitamin B$_1$ and niacin) , vegetable side dish group(vitamin A), milk group(vitamin B$_2$ and calcium) , fruit and Kimchi groups(vitamin C), and stew group(iron). This information should be useful for school dietitians in planning most nutritious SLP menus with limited budgets. It could also be used for basic guidelines in nutrition education, and for future improvement of the SLP in Korea.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제31권9호
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• pp.1508-1521
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• 1998

The purpose of this study was to analyze and evaluate the menu served in business & industry contract foodservice by assessing nutritional value and by using menu-engineering technique from managers' view point. CAN-Pro program and Kasavana k Smith's Menu Engineering technique were used to evaluate the nutritional value and menu analysis, respectively. The data were analyzed using the SAS package program for descriptive analysis, t-test, ANOVA, and Pearson Correlation Analysis. As the result of nutritional value of lunch menu, all nutrient contents per meal were higher than a third of Korean recommended dietary allowances(RDA), But there was no problem when 20∼30% of plate waste was considered. Carbohydrate : Protein fat ratio was 62.7 : 16.4 : 20.8. Because animal : vegetable source ratios of protein, fat, calcium, iron were 44 : 56, 42 : 58, 22 : 78, 24 : 76, respectively, animal sources of calcium and iron needed to be supplemented. Plural set menus of A site were classified as STAR, PUZZLE, PLOWHORSE, DOG by Menu engineering technique. Set menus and soups & pot-stews among cafeteria menus in C site were operated properly without DOG and PUZZLE item. Side dishes of fishes, meats 8t eggs among cafeteria menus in C site were, for the most part, classified as STAR item, and side dishes of vegetables & salads and noodles among cafeteria menus in C site were STAR, PUZZLE, and DOG items. (Korean J Nutrition 31(9) : 1508-1521, 1998)

• 대한영양사협회학술지
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• 제21권4호
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• pp.320-332
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• 2015

This study investigated the main dishes of menus at university faculty cafeterias to understand current lunch menu trends. A sample of 1040 menus was collected from Internet homepages of 52 universities between March and May, 2014. The main dishes of menus were categorized into six groups based on main ingredients and cooking methods. The most frequently served main dish ingredient was pork followed by fish/seafood, and poultry. Pork dishes and chicken dishes were mainly roasted, pan fried, or deep fried with various carbohydrate ingredients to bulk them up. Large amounts of chili pepper, corn syrup, and oil were added to improve the bland flavor of these dishes, which contain starchy ingredients. In contrast to pork dishes or chicken dishes, 40.2% of beef dishes was served in a more traditional way as soup. Fewer kinds of fish or seafood were used, and the cooking methods also lacked diversity. In conclusion, main dish menus at university faculty cafeterias have undergone changes in terms of ingredients and cooking methods. Meat dishes cooked using traditional methods are becoming less common, especially for pork and chicken dishes, which are quite sweet, salty, and spicy. Extensive use of carbohydrate ingredients was found in some meat dishes and side dishes in one-dish meals.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제33권2호
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• pp.216-229
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• 2000

This study was conducted to evaluate the degree of maintenance of traditional dietary patterns in school lunch menus based on cooking methods. One week of school lunch menus for April and October and 3 dishes with high preference were obtained from school food service dietitians in 353 schools representing all of Korea's provinces and major cities. Based on cultural characteristics, a total of 992 different kinds of dishes were classified into 6 types (Korean, Western, Eastern, modified Korean, modified Eastern, modified Western). The dishes were also divided into 24 categories by cooking method. The most frequently served dish type was 'Korea' (78.4%) and the most frequently served meal followed the pattern 'rice+soup+kimchi+side dishes'. The percentage of 'Korea' side dishes other than rice, soup, an kimchi on menus was 76.3% and that for desserts was 50.8%. These figures indicate that traditional dietary patterns have been changing in the categories of side dishes and desserts. A total of 44.3% of the dishes fell under the 'Korean' category. Among the meals served, the percentage of 'Korean' dishes was relatively low, indicating that students prefer foreign foods or dishes made according to foreign cooking methods. These results suggest that in order to improve the quality of school food services, it will be necessary to search for common ground between the traditional diet and student preferences.

• 한국식생활문화학회지
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• 제28권6호
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• pp.562-575
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• 2013

Century-old nutrition and health concepts can be revived and applied in the modern age in the forms of newly developed menus, recipes, and lifestyle education. Current medical nutrition therapy concepts were first described in the Chosun Dynasty (1392-1897) in Korea based on the philosophy that food and medicine originate from the same source, which is known as 'food as medicine'. Recognizing the importance of culture, tradition, local diet, and lifestyle on health and medical nutrition therapy, we tried to rediscover traditional Korean approaches towards food consumption and nutrition through systematic review of the literature and developed contemporary menus accordingly. The medical nutrition therapy prescriptions described in 'Shikryochanyo' (1460) by the Chosun Dynasty's royal physician Soonyi Jeao cover 45 different diseases. In this project, we developed contemporary menus for those disease models that are most prevalent in modern society. Menus developed with foods that are readily available today were evaluated for their nutritional content and adequacy using a computer-aided nutritional analysis program (CAN pro 3.0, developed by the Korean Nutrition Society for comparison with RDA for Koreans). Therefore, century-old nutrition and health concepts can be revived and applied in modern society as newly developed menus recipes and lifestyle education.

• 대한지역사회영양학회지
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• 제11권6호
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• pp.761-770
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• 2006

The purpose of this study was to plan a 5-day menu using antioxidant-rich foods (vitamin A. vitamin C, vitamin E, phytochemicals) for a congregate meal program for the elderly and to evaluate the satisfaction of menus. The elderly participated in the congregate meal program at Guro Elderly Welfare Facility during October, 2003 (120 persons / day). The elderly liked yungyangbab, cooked rice with sweet potato and pumpkin, soybean paste soup with chinese cabbage, pan-fried cuttlefish patty with chopped soybean sprout, pan-fried beef patty with tofu and ginseng, fresh vegetable salad and most of desserts. The leftovers of menus were negatively correlated with satisfaction of menus. The 5-day menu contained over 1/3 of KDRIs (Dietary Reference Intakes for Koreans) except fiber calcium, vitamin K and vitamin E. In conclusion, menus using antioxidant-rich foods for a congregate meal program for the elderly will improve nutrient intakes and satisfaction of the meal program. It may help to prevent chronic diseases and improve healthy lives of the Korean elderly.