• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.58 no.6
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• pp.234-237
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• 2015

Hepatic glycogenosis in type 1 diabetes mellitus (DM) can be caused by poor glycemic control due to insulin deficiency, excessive insulin treatment for diabetic ketoacidosis, or excessive glucose administration to control hypoglycemia. Mauriac syndrome, which is characterized by hepatomegaly due to hepatic glycogenosis, growth retardation, delayed puberty, and Cushingoid features, is a rare diabetic complication. We report a case of hepatic glycogenosis mimicking Mauriac syndrome. A 14-year-old girl with poorly controlled type 1 DM was admitted to The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital for abdominal pain and distension. Physical examination revealed hepatomegaly and a Cushingoid face. The growth rate of the patient had decreased, and she had not yet experienced menarche. Laboratory findings revealed elevated liver enzyme levels. A liver biopsy confirmed hepatic glycogenosis. Continuous glucose monitoring showed hyperglycemia after meals and frequent hypoglycemia before meals. To control hyperglycemia, we increased insulin dosage by using an insulin pump. In addition, we prescribed uncooked cornstarch to prevent hypoglycemia. After strict blood glucose control, the patient's liver functions and size normalized. The patient subsequently underwent menarche. Hepatic glycogenosis is a complication of type 1 DM that is reversible with appropriate glycemic control.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.450-459
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• 2007

This study was performed to assess the relationships between bone mineral density(BMD), anthropometric measurements, and maternal factors in postmenopausal women. The anthropometric measurements were taken by a trained practitioner, and the maternal factors of the 85 subjects in Chungnam were acquired by an interview questionaire. The BMDs of the lumbar $spines(L_2-L_4)$, femoral necks(FN), ward's triangles(WT), and trochanters(TR) were measured by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry(DEXA). The BMDs(T-score) for $L_2-L_4$, FN, and WT were 0.996 $g/cm^2$(-1.601), 0.697 $g/cm^2(-1.657)$, and 0.793 $g/cm^2(-1.512)$ respectively, which were assessed as osteopenia by the T-score ; TR was noma1 at 0.718 $g/cm^2(-0.675)$. The 85 subjects in Chungnam were divided into three groups according to their BMD measurements for $L_2-L_4$ and FN, assessed by the T-score. The percentages in the osteoporosis, osteopenia, and normal groups were 32.9%, 42.4, and 24.7%, respectively. The average age was significantly the highest in the osteoporosis group than in the other two osteopenia and normal group(p<0.001). The subjects' BMDs were positively correlated with weight, height, BMI, waist, WHR, OBR and hip circumference, and negatively correlated with the age, duration time after menopause, lactation, the age of last delivery, menarche age, and number of children. The average age at menopause was 48.8. The osteoporosis group's average age at menopause was lower than those of the other groups. However, the BMD of the lumbar spine positively correlated with duration time after menopause and the BMD of the femoral neck with lactation, last delivery, menarch age, number of children. Therefore, researches are needed to find out the effective way to minimize the effect of age and other physiological conditions on the decrease of bone mass density.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.36 no.2
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• pp.167-174
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• 2003

This study investigated associations between nutrient intake, lumbar bone mineral density (BMD) , and bone mineral content (BMC) among 33 ovariectomized women (mean age =47.2 y) . Forty-five premenopausal women participated as a control group. The BMD and BMC of the lumbar spine (L$_2$-L$_4$) were measured by dual energy x-ray absorptiometry. Nutrient intake was estimated by the convenient method and a quantitative food frequency questionnaire was designed for this study that included the most commonly consumed foods sources of calcium. Participants were asked to identify all daily physical activities, and the number of hours per activity. The participants were also grouped by calcium intake. The total calcium intake of all participants was estimated by dietary calcium intake and then the subjects were divided into quartiles to assess the lumbar BMD and BMC of the highest quartile and the lowest quartile of calcium intake. The ovariectomized women consumed 602 mg/d of calcium which is 86% of RDA. There were significant differences in lumbar BMD and BMC between control and ovariectomized group. Within ovariectomized group the highest quartile calcium intake group had significantly greater lumbar bone mineral density and bone mineral content than the lowest quartile calcium intake group. Correlation analysis revealed that the ALP was positively associated with calcium index in control women, while ALP was positively associated with energy intake in ovariectomized women. And body weight was positively correlated with the spinal BMD and BMC in all women. The spinal BMD was negatively associated with menarche age, number of child, and the age of last child delivery, and age in control women. However, neither menarche age nor the age of last child delivery were associated with both spinal BMD in ovariectomized women. These results confirmed that ovariectomized and low calcium intake is associated with poor bone mineral density. Energy and calcium intake and adequate body weight should be recommended in ovariectomized women to prevent osteoporosis.

• The Journal of Korean Obstetrics and Gynecology
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.169-185
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• 2007

Purpose : The purpose of this study was to investigate menstrual symptoms and patterns of high school girls by Sasang constitution and relationship between such symptoms and Sasang constitution. Methods : For the study, QSCCII and 'M.B.Q' employed to analyze the data collected from 581 high school girls in Pusan from July 11 to July 20, 2006. Results : As for menstrual characteristics of the subjects by Sasang constitution Taeeumins start menarche is relatively early in contrast with Soeumins who experienced menarche relatively late(P=.012). This survey proves that menses last relatively long for Soeumin whereas Soyangins have relatively short period of menstruation(P=.043). Furthermore, Taeeumins account for majority of those who have much quantity of menstruation with 22.7% while Soeumins account for majority with 13.2%. From the analysis into menstrual symptoms of the subjects put under 5 categories of Sasang constitution, it became evident that Soeumins turned out to have most negative affect(11.8${\pm}$3.78) (P=.053). Soeumins scored the highest points in the response area of autonomic reactions(10.6${\pm}$3.24)(P=.014). In the total points of menstrual symptoms including the above 5 sub-categories, Soeumins recorded the highest scores(52.4${\pm}$12.5), followed by Soyangins(50.0${\pm}$12.2) and Taeeumins in order, showing that there is no statistically significant difference(F = 2.859, p = .058) among them although Soeumins seem to feel slightly more menstrual symptoms than Soyangins and Taeeumins. Conclusion : We hope these results could be helpful to diagnosis and treatment of mestrual diseases.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.9 no.5
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• pp.644-653
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• 2004

This study was conducted to detennine the dietary and lifestyle factors related to bone the mineral density (BMD) of postmenopausal women with decreased BMD. The subjects (N =163) were recruited from women who visited a orthopedic clinic for BMD check up. A trained dietition interviewed subjects individually to obtain data about dietary behavior, consumption frequency of foods known as main dietary source of calcium and potassium, and clinical symptoms. The risk factors were identified by correlation and multiple regression analysis of variables. The mean age of the subjects was 66.8 yews. Most of them showed low levels of education and monthly income. The mean age of menarche and menopause were 17.2 and 48 year, respectively. The mean menopause duration was 18.7 year. Most of the consumption of calcium was centered to vegetable foods. Education level were positively correlated (r =0.272, P < 0.05) with BMD whereas age, menarch age, menopause duration, number of children were negatively correlated (r=-0.355, r=-0.240, r=-0.283, r=-0.193, respectively, p < 0.05) with BMD. The consumption of soybean, radish were positively correlated (r=0.187, r=0.158, respectively, p < 0.05) with BMD. Potassium intake with rice showed significantly negative correlation with BMD (r =-0.189, P < 0.05), but calcium intake with brown seaweeds, bean sprouts were positively correlated (r =0.247, r =0.254 respectively, p < 0.05) with BMD. Protein intake with roasted pork was also positively correlated (r =0.216, P < 0.05) with BMD. Multiple regression analysis showed that the most prominent negative predictor influencing the BMD was age. Minor negative factors influencing the BMI were age of menarche, potassium intake from rice. But the significantly positively factors influencing the BMD were consumption of radish and soybean intake, education, and protein intake with roasted pork. In conclusion brown seaweeds, radish or soybeans can be promoted as cheap foods replacing milk and milk products for menopausal women with low income.

• Journal of Korean Public Health Nursing
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.53-63
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• 2005

The purpose of this study was to identify menstrual discomforts and coping m adult women. The subjects were 577 adult women. aged 20 years old and over. selected by convenient sampling. Data were collected through a questionnaire survey from December 2. 2004 to December 31. 2004. Two instruments were modified and used in this study. the Menstrual Discomfort Questionnaire by Park(1988) and the Menstrual Coping Questionnaire by Billings & Moos(198l). The data were analyzed by descriptive statistics. t-test. and ANOVA with SPSS 10.0 program. The results of this study were as follows. 1. The prevalence rate of dysmenorrhea was $85.6\%$. 2. The total mean score for menstrual discomforts was 2.82 of a possible total of 5. The mean score for each category was 3.10 for water retention. 2.93 for negative affect. 2.89 for pain. 2.74 for autonomic reactions. 2.73 for behavioral change. and 2.59 for concentration. 3. Statistical differences were found for menarche age(F=9.351. p<.00l), feeling to menstruation(F=12.376. p<.001). dysmenorrhea(t=7.3l7. p<.001). onset of dysmenorrhea (F= 12.766. p<.001). taking medication(t=6.289. p<.001). and degree of taking medication (F=12.924. p<.00l). 4. The coping modes with the highest scores were 'rest and go to the bed '$(83.3\%)$. 'regard menstruation as a physiological and temporary phenomenon' $(68.6\%)$, and 'take a warm shower' $(64.5\%)$. We conclude that there were many women with dysmenorrhea. that the first day was the onset of menstrual discomfort. and that it differed by menarche age. feeling to menstruation. dysmenorrhea. onset of dysmenorrhea. taking medication. and degree of taking medication. Nursing intervention has to be considered in programs to reduce menstrual discomfort.

• Research in Community and Public Health Nursing
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.68-76
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• 2005

Purpose: The aims of this study were to evaluate early breast cancer screening rate of occupational health nurses and to analyze factors affecting their behavior. Method: We reviewed and analyzed the structured questionnaires of III respondents from 230 participants in continuing education of occupational health nurses. Result: Breast self examination was performed in 72.1%, clinical breast examination was received in 30.6% and mammography was received in 40.5% significant factors affecting breast self examination were age and the age of menarche. significant factors affecting clinical breast examinations for breast cancers were age and the place of residence, and factors affecting mammography were age, monthly income, alcohol intake, the age of menarche, and attitude about early screening for breast cancers. Conclusion: Early breast cancer screening rate of occupational health nurses was higher than that of general population of women. But the rate of clinical breast examination and mammogaphy were lower of less than 50% of respondents. Therefore occupational health nurses who are responsible for health management of working women need more education for themselves to promote the motivation and to increase the rate of participation in early breast cancer screening.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.32 no.2
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• pp.197-203
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• 1999

A total of 216 women of natural menopause over 40 years were interviewed to find the relationships among general environmental fctors, anthropometric measurements, daily nutrient intake, and BMD. The average age of the subjects was 54.0 years. Average ages of menarche and menopause were 16.7 years and 47.7 years, respectively. In general, energy and nutrients intake of the subjects were relatively low compared to the Korean recommended dietary allowances(RDA). Specifically, intakes of energy, protein, clcium, iron, and vitamin A were lower than Korean RDA, BMD levels of lumbar spin (LS), femoral neck(FN), ward's triangle(WT), and trochanter(TC) were significantly decreased wit age in descending order of LS, FN, TC, and WT BMD, accordingly. BMD levels of FN and TC of the subjects were higher compared to those of the same age but BMD levels of LS and WT were lower than those of the same age from the general population. For factors related to BMD levels, hight, weight, BMI, and hip circumference had positive correlations with BMD. On the other hand, menarche, and WHR had negative correlations with BMD. Protein, lipid, iron, vitamin B1, vitamin B2, and niacin intake among factors related nutrient intakes were positively correlated with BMD levels. Based on the stepwise regression analysis, the factors and vitamin B1 intakes. Overall, BMD was decreased with age as can be expected. For those being tall, moderately weighed, and smaller waist circumference, BMD levels were high when the relationships of body characteristics and BMD levels were considered. The higher BMD levels were found for those with high intake of protein and vitamin B1. From the findings, it is suggested that the women after menopause keep the optimum body weight and good eating habits. Specially intakes of good quality protein, vitamin B1 seemed to be important.

• Journal of the Korean Society of School Health
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.99-109
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• 2011

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate factors influencing dysmenorrhea in middle school girls and to analyze the differences in dysmenorrhea according to personal factors of the subjects. Methods: This study was conducted from March 22 to April 2, 2010. The subjects of the study were 572 girls who attended three middle schools in Seoul and experienced dysmenorrheal. All were surveyed using the same questionnaire. Data were analyzed by the SPSS/WIN 12.0 program and included descriptive statistics, ANOVA and multiple regression analysis. Results: 1) The mean age of the subjects was 13.53 years, and the mean age of first menstruation (menarche) was 11.94 years. The number of days between the onset of menstrual cycles was 30.01 days. Most of the respondents had irregular menstrual cycles and menstrual periods lasting 3 to 7 days long. 2) Chief menstrual pains were lower abdominal and back pain. Subjects reported experiencing severe lower abdominal and/or back pain, most commonly on the second day of menstruation. The average score of menstrual discomfort was over 60 points (63%). The average score per 6 points of dysmenorrhea was as follows: fatigue (3.48), sensitivity (3.27), disability of movement (3.27), napping or lying down (2.98), mood swings (2.95), interference with studies (2.87). 3) Individual subject characteristics influencing the onset of dysmenorrhea were as follows: high stress levels, being in poor health, having an irregular diet, being younger and having longer menstrual periods than most other subjects. Conclusion: During puberty, girls with earlier menarche complained of physical and emotional discomfort, and irregular menstrual periods. Therefore, we need to explain overall menstrual characteristics and individual differences in the occurrence of dysmenorrhea, in health education programs.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.50 no.7
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• pp.678-685
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• 2007

Purpose : Recent reports pointed out that gonadotropin releasing hormone analogue (GnRHa) therapy alone is not so promising for improving adult height in precocious puberty. So, that we studied the growth promoting effect of combined therapy with GnRHa and growth hormone (GH) in early pubertal girls. Methods : Twenty three early pubertal girls ($9.73{\pm}1.59yr$) with predicted adult heights (PAH) below-2 standard deviation score (SDS) were included. They were divided into two groups as follows; Group I before menarche (n=19) and Group II after menarche (n=4). After combined therapy, various growth parameters were compared between two groups and between the before and after therapy. Results : Between the two groups before therapy, chronologic age (CA), growth velocity (GV), body mass index (BMI), target height (TH), PAH and serum insulin-like growth factor binding protein-3 were not different, but BA, height and difference between bone age (BA) and CA were significantly higher and insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) was marginally higher in group II. After therapy, BA still remained higher in group II, but other parameters were not different. In both groups, after therapy, the difference between BA and CA, the ratio of BA over CA, and GV were significantly decreased, but PAH, height SDS and BMI were significantly increased. Regarding IGF-1 level, a significant increase was noted in group I, but not in group II. Conclusion : With combined therapy of GnRHa and GH, PAH in early pubertal girls might be improved significantly and even approach TH. Among them, those who were before menarche might have greater potential for the height gain than those after menarche in view of IGF-1 changes during therapy.