• Journal of Audiology & Otology
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• 제25권4호
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• pp.178-188
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• 2021

Background and Objectives: The influence of musical aptitude on cognitive test performance in musicians is a long-debated research question. Evidence points to the low performance of nonmusicians in visual and auditory cognitive tasks (working memory and attention) compared with musicians. This cannot be generalized to all nonmusicians, as a sub-group in this population can have innate musical abilities even without any formal musical training. The present study aimed to study the effect of musical aptitude on the working memory and selective attention. Subjects and Methods: Three groups of 20 individuals each (a total of 60 participants), including trained-musicians, nonmusicians with good musical aptitude, and nonmusicians with low musical aptitude, participated in the present study. Cognitive-based visual (Flanker's selective attention test) and auditory (working memory tests: backward digit span and operation span) tests were administered. Results: MANOVA (followed by ANOVA) revealed a benefit of musicianship and musical aptitude on backward digit span and Flanker's reaction time (p<0.05). Discriminant function analyses showed that the groups could be effectively (accuracy, 80%) segregated based on the backward digit span and Flanker's selective attention test. Trained musicians and nonmusicians with good musical aptitude were distinguished as one cluster and nonmusicians with low musical aptitude formed another cluster, hinting the role of musical aptitude in working memory and selective attention. Conclusions: Nonmusicians with good musical aptitude can have enhanced working memory and selective attention skills like musicians. Hence, caution is required when these individuals are included as controls in cognitive-based visual and auditory experiments.

• 인지과학
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• 제21권4호
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• pp.697-723
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• 2010

최근 연구들은 생존 맥락에서의 대상 기억이 다른 여러 맥락 조건들에서보다 더 정확함을 보고하고 있다(예, Nairne 등, [1]). 본 연구에서는 이러한 생존 맥락의 효과가 과제와 무관한 대상의 위치에 대한 기억에서도 나타나는지를 알아보고, 대상 위치 기억의 성차가 맥락에 따라 달라지는가를 살펴보고자 두 개의 실험을 진행하였다. 참가자들은 생존 맥락이나 혹은 이주 맥락 중 하나의 맥락 하에서 여러 위치에 순차적으로 제시된 사진(실험 1)이나 혹은 단어(실험 2)에 대한 맥락 적합도를 평가하는 과제를 수행한 후, 각 자극에 대한 회상 검사와 위치 기억 검사를 받았다. 실험 결과, 두 개의 실험 모두에서 생존 맥락 조건에서의 대상에 대한 회상율이 이주 맥락 조건에 비해 더 높은 것으로 나타났다. 위치 기억의 경우는 여성이 남성보다 더 좋은 것으로(실험 1), 그리고 생존 맥락에서 더 정확한 것으로(실험 2) 나타났으며, 자극의 종류 및 제시 방식에 따라 기억맥락 조건과 성별간의 상호작용 효과가 나타났다. 이 결과는 위치 기억에 있어서 기억의 부호화 맥락이 성별에 따라 다른 영향을 미치고 있음을 시사하는 것이다.

• 재활간호학회지
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• 제5권2호
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• pp.205-216
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• 2002

This quasi-experimental study was done to test the effects of meta-memory enhancing program for elderly women. Data were collected 12 to 30, August 2002 from 34elderly women over 65 years living in Busan city. Subjects were 15 of experimental group and 19 of control group. The metamemory enhancing program was developed by five sessions composing of 1.5-2.0 hours one session. In experiment group, this program was performed for three weeks, twice per week. The degrees of four memory performance tasks were measured using instrument of Elderly Verbal Learning Test(Choi Kyung Mi, 1988) and Face Recognition Instrument(Min Hye Sook, 1999) and the metamemory were measured using MIA questionnaire(Dixon et al., 1988). Research results are as following. 1. After participating in five times memory training programs, experimental group has the significant increase of metamemory in comparison with control group.(t=59.58, p< 0.0001). In particular, the concepts of strategy(t=20.44, p< 0.0001), achievement (t=21.94, p< 0.0001), and locus degree (t=59.58, p< 0.0001) among sub-concepts of the metamemory are increasing significantly. 2. After participating in five time memory training programs, the degree of immediate word recall(t=17.25, p< 0.0001) and face recognition(t=16.69, p< 0.0001) among four memory tasks in experimental group are increasing significantly compared with those measures of control group. Considering this results, this metamemory enhancing program was found as an effective nursing program for metamemory improvement of elderly women's memory.

• 정보보호학회논문지
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• 제28권4호
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• pp.919-928
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• 2018

OOB(Out-Of-Bounds)는 힙 메모리에서 발생하는 취약점 중 가장 강력한 취약점 중 하나이다. OOB 취약점을 이용하면 Array의 길이를 속여 해당 길이만큼의 메모리를 읽기 혹은 쓰기가 가능하기 때문에 공격자는 기밀 정보에 대한 무단 액세스를 악용할 수 있다. 본 논문에서는 동적 기호 실행과 쉐도우 메모리 테이블을 활용하여 힙 메모리에서 발생하는 OOB 취약점을 자동으로 탐지하는 방법을 제안한다. 먼저, 힙 메모리 할당 및 해제 함수 후킹을 통해 쉐도우 메모리 테이블을 구축한다. 이후 메모리 액세스가 발생할 때, 쉐도우 메모리를 참조하여 OOB가 발생할 수 있는지를 판단하고, 발생 가능성이 존재할 경우 크래시를 유발하는 테스트케이스를 자동으로 생성한다. 제안하는 방법을 활용할 경우, 취약한 블록 탐색에 성공한다면 반드시 OOB를 유발하는 테스트케이스를 생성할 수 있다. 뿐만 아니라 전통적인 동적 기호 실행과는 다르게 명확한 목표 지점을 설정하지 않더라도 취약점 탐색이 가능하다.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• 제28권6호
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• pp.691-698
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• 2005

Phlorotannins, the polyphonic compounds found in brown Eisenia and Ecklonia algae, have several pharmacologically beneficial effects such as anti-inflammation. In addition, our recent data show that these compounds may improve the cognitive functions of aged humans suggesting the potential ability to enhance memory in several neurodegenerative disorders. To examine the experimental hypothesis that two effective components of Ecklonia cava, dieckol and phlorofucofuroeckol (PFF), have memory-enhancing abilities, both were administered orally to mice before a passive avoidance test. The repeated administration of either dieckol or PFF dose-dependently reduced the inhibition of latency by the administration of ethanol. To investigate the mode of memory-enhancing actions, the levels of major central neurotransmitters in three different regions (striatum, hippocampus, and frontal cortex) of the mouse brain were measured. The levels of some of the neurotransmitters were significantly changed by ethanol. Both dieckol and PFF altered the levels of some neurotransmitters modified by the ethanol treatment. It is noteworthy that both dieckol and PFF increased the level of acetylcho-line, and they exerted anticholinesterase activities. Overall, the memory-enhancing abilities of dieckol and PFF may result from, at least in part, the increment of the brain level of acetylcho-line by inhibiting acetylcholinesterase.

• 말소리와 음성과학
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• 제8권2호
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• pp.41-48
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• 2016

The purpose of this study is to evaluate the association among articulation rate, speech intelligibility and working memory in children with dysarthria. Two subject groups of 11 spastic and 11 flaccid dysarthria, respectively, aged between 8 and 17 years of age participated in this study. All participants were administered the following tests: K-WISC III PIQ test, speech intelligibility, working memory and articulation rate. Group differences were compared by an independent t-test. Pearson correlation were computed between all measures. The results of this study are as follows: First, articulation rate and intelligibility were significantly lower for the spastic dysarthria than for the flaccid dysarthria. Second, there was a significant correlation between articulation rate and intelligibility in children with flaccid dysarthria. Lastly, there was no significant correlation between articulation rate and working memory in both groups. The results suggest that articulation rate is not necessarily accompanied by working memory capacity in children with dysarthria, and there are differences in the effect of articulation rate on intelligibility depending on the type of dysarthria.

• 생명과학회지
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• 제9권5호
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• pp.548-555
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• 1999

Long-term effects of Ganoderma lucidum (GL) on memory and oxidative stress of senescence-accelerated mice (SAM) were investigated. Senescence-resistant (R1) and prone (P8) strains of SAM were fed GL diets, premixed with low (20 mg/kg/day, T1) or high (200 mg/kg/day, T2) levels of GL powder for 9 months starting from young (3 months of age) or for 5 months starting from old (7 months of age). After the final feeding at 12 months of age, all animals were subjected to passive avoidance test for the evaluation of memory function. In addition, the changes in hepatic thiobarbituric acid-reactive substance (TBARS) and glutathione were analyzed. SAMP8 fed GL diets from old age (7 months) exhibited the improvement of memory, although GL rather inhibited the memory function of both SAMR1 and SAMP8 mice fed diets from young (3 months of age). Hepatic TBARS contents were decreased in SAMP8 fed high GL diet for 9 months and in SAMR1 fed low GL diet for 5 months. Hepatic glutathione content was also remarkably increased in SAMR1 following both feeding periods, and less extent in SAMP8 fed diet for 5 months of age. Taken together, it is proposed that GL extracts may play an anti-aging role through antioxidant action, and thereby may improve the senescence-related memory dysfunction.

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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• 제30권2호
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• pp.66-73
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• 2019

Objectives: This study aimed to investigate the trajectory of change of diverse attention and working memory in Koreans from 4 to 40 years of age. Methods: The data of 912 subjects from 4 to 15 years of age obtained from a previous standardization study of the computerized comprehensive attention test were merged with the newly obtained data of 150 subjects aged 16 to 40 years from this study. We evaluated the various kinds of attention, in which each subtest had five indicators. Working memory, with parameters such as number of correct responses and span, was also measured. Results: Our findings indicated that attention developed as age increased, and it decreased or was maintained after a certain age. Selective and sustained attention developed rapidly in children and adolescents, until mid-teens or 20 s when it ceased development. Divided attention, however, developed up to approximately age 20. In addition, working memory developed until mid-teens or 20 s. Conclusion: We presented the standardized data on diverse kinds of attention and working memory in children, adolescents, and adults in Korea. We could recognize any patterns of change in attention and working memory with increasing age.

• 동의생리병리학회지
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• 제16권5호
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• pp.976-988
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• 2002

The aim of this study was to examine the memory and attention enhancement effect of YMG-1 and YMG-2, which are modified herbal extracts from Yukmijihwang-tang (YMJ). YMJ, composing six herbal medicine, has been used for restoring the normal functions of the body to consolidate the constitution, nourishing and invigorating the kidney functions for hundreds years in Asian countries. A series of studies reported that YMJ and its components enhance memory retention, protects neuronal cell from reactive oxygen attack and boost immune activities. Recently the microarray analysis suggested that YMG-1 protects neurodegeneration through modulating various neuron specific genes. A total of 55 subjects were divided into three groups according to the treatment of YMG-1 (n=20), YMG-2 (n=20) and control (C; n=15) groups. Before treatments, all of subjects were subjected to the assessments on neuropsychological tests of K-WAIS test, Rey-Kim memory test, and psychophysiological test of Event-Related Potential (ERP) during auditory oddball task and repeated word recognition task. They were repeatedly assessed with the same methods after drug treatment for 6 weeks. Although no significant effect of drug was found in Rey-Kim memory test, a significant interaction (P = .010, P < 0.05) between YMG-2 and C groups was identified in the scores digit span and block design, which are the subscales of K-WAIS. The very similar but marginal interaction (P = .064) between YMG-1 and C groups was found too. In ERP analysis, only YMG-1 group showed decreasing tendency of P300 latency during oddball task while the others tended to increase, and it caused significant interaction between session and group (p= .004). This result implies the enhancement of cognitive function in due to consideration of relationship between P300 latency and the speed of information processing. However, no evidence which could demonstrate the significant drug effect was found in neither amplitude or latency. These results come together suggest that YMG-1, 2 may enhance the attention, resulting in enhancement of memory processing. For elucidating detailed mechanism of YMG on learning and memory, the further studies are necessary.

• 대한감각통합치료학회지
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• 제14권1호
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• pp.19-30
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• 2016

목적 : 본 연구는 상호작용식 메트로놈(Interactive Metronome: IM) 훈련이 지적장애 아동의 집중력과 단기기억력에 미치는 영향에 대해 알아보고자 하였다. 연구방법 : 지적장애로 진단 받은 아동 2명을 대상으로, 개별실험 연구방법(single-subject experimental research design)중 ABA 설계 사용하였다. 총 18회기로 매주 2회기씩 총 9주 진행하였다. 기초선 기간에는 IM 훈련을 하지 않은 상태에서 Electroencephalogram(EEG)를 부착하여 단축형 검사(short form test)로 뇌파를 측정하였으며, 대상자가 무작위(random)로 선택한 단기기억 과제로 측정을 실시하였다. 중재기 12회기는 IM 훈련을 40~50분간 실시한 후 단기기억 과제(shot-term memory test)를 측정 하였으며, 단축형 검사를 측정하였다. 재기초선 3회기에도 기초선 기간과 동일하게 진행하였다. 결과 : 상호작용식 메트로놈 훈련 후 집중력의 향상과 뇌파에서 변화를 보였으며, 단기기억 과제에서도 향상된 결과를 보였다. 결론 : 상호작용식 메트로놈 훈련은 지적장애 아동에게 집중력과 단기기억력의 향상을 위한 중재방법으로 기대되며, 본 연구는 이를 위한 근거 자료로 사용될 수 있을 것이다.