• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.156-160
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• 1997

The combination of biological wastewater treatment process and membrane separation has many advantages such as better effluent quality and system stability over the conventional biological wastewater treatment process. In this study, direct membrane separation using nonwoven fabric was applied to biological wastewater treatment. A nonwoven fabric module was submerged in the aerated bioreactor. And accumulated biomass in the bioreactor was separated by suction. The system was operated with various condition to investigate pollutant removal efficiencies and flux. After formation of biomass layer on nonwoven fabric surface, a day, the stable effluent water quality was obtained. The flux decreased at a high suction pressure faster than a low pressure. The stable flux was obtained at the pressure of $21{\sim}25cmHg$. In spite of variation of hydraulic retention time, organic loading rate, the removal efficiencies of BOD, $COD_{Cr}$. $COD_{Mn}$ were very high as follows : $95.2%(0.14{\sim}0.97\;BODKg/m^3/day)$, $86.0%(0.17{\sim}1.39\;COD_{Cr}Kg/m^3/day)$, $90.0%(0.097{\sim}0.61\;COD_{Mn}Kg/m^3/day)$.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.44 no.3
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• pp.137-142
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• 2001

In order to prove physiological function of biopolymer from Bacillus coagulans CE-74, in vitro experiments simulating the passive membrane transport of gastrointestinal tract were carried out using dialysis membrane. And inhibition effect of isolated biopolymer on tyrosinase and angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) were observed. The glucose retardation index after 30 min dialysis was 43.5% in the presence of 2% biopolymer. As the dialysis period became longer, the retarding effect toward glucose absorption decreased and the effect was close to zero after 5 hr dialysis. The bile acid retardation index after 30 min dialysis was 34% and 44.2% in the presence of 1% and 2% biopolymer, respectively. The effect decreased as the dialysis time elapsed. It was measured by arosinase inhibition activity of biopolymer that inhibition effect was 48.5% in $20\;{\mu}g/{\mu}l$. In a ACE inhibition activity, biopolymer showed inhibition activity as 97% in $10\;{\mu}g/{\mu}l$.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.43 no.4
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• pp.236-240
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• 2000

Correlations between mitochondrial respiration, glycolysis activity and overall growth activity of rice (Oryza sativa: cv. Dasan) seedlings during low temperature exposure were studied in order to provide insights into the underlying mechanism for the primary phase of chilling injury in plants. Among cellular membranes involved in energy metabolism, only the mitochondrial inner membrane showed not only physical phase transition at ca. $13^{\circ}C$, as monitored by ESR spin label, but also functional phase transition at the same temperature, as assessed by cytochrome c oxidase activity. The main regulatory enzyme of glycolysis, phosphofructokinase, in situ did not suffer phase transition of its activity at least in the $4{\sim}27^{\circ}C$ range. Low temperature caused a significant accumulation of glucose 6-phosphate (G6P) and fructose 6-phosphate (F6P), which disappeared almost completely on rewarming of the seedlings. Temperature profiles of the steady state levels of G6P and F6P revealed the inflection point appearing at around phase transition temperature of the mitochondrial membrane. The results conform to our previous proposition on the mechanism for the early stage events of chilling injury that the accumulation of glycolytic metabolites in cells due to metabolic imbalance at low temperature gives rise to an excess supply of electrons during rewarming period, which, in turn, results in overproduction of active oxygen in mitochondria.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.43 no.4
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• pp.247-252
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• 2000

As functionality investigation of Korean traditional soybean fermentation foods, an antihypertensive peptide was separated during Chunggugjang fermentation by Bacillus subtilis CH-1023 and investigated inhibitory effect against angiotensin converting enzyme. After incubation at $20^{\circ}C,\;30^{\circ}C,\;40^{\circ}C,\;50^{\circ}C,\;60^{\circ}C$ for the $0{\sim}72$ hrs, protein content, protease activity and angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitory rate were determined. The protein content and protease activity were increased and reached maximum at 60 hrs fermentation with $40^{\circ}C$ and decreased after the 60 hrs fermentation. The optimum condition for antihypertensive peptide from Chunggugjang was appeared for 60 hrs at $40^{\circ}C$. Crude extract of Chunggugjang was partially purified by Amicon YM-3 membrane filtration and Sephadex G-10, G-25 gel filtration. The purified peptide showed inhibitory rate of 94.3% with 0.5 mg peptide content. The most prominent amino acid composition of the peptide from Chunggugjang was alanine, followed by phenylalanine, histidine.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.29 no.4
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• pp.359-365
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• 1986

Exponentially growing cells of S. cerevisiae were cultivated in the concomitant presence of $2{\times}10^{-3}\;M$ paraquat for 12 hours. Cellular growth became slower as the time passed and then, it was completely inhibited after 6 hours of cultivation. More than 70 percent of the yeast cells were killed with in 12 hours of paraquat treatment. It was observed that size of the yeast cell varied from $4.5{\times}5.5{\um}m$ to $2.5{\times}3.5{\um}m$ in diameter, while that of control was uniform. The number of budding cells became rare, Cell wall of the paraquat treated cell was thinner$(0.15{\mu}m)$ than that of control cell$(0.20{\mu}m)$. Outer part of the cell wall had higher density than inner part. Membrane structures such as plasma membrane and mitochondria was decomposed during the paraquat treatment for 12 hours.

• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.222-227
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• 2008

In this work we have studied the antifouling properties of the hydrophobic sol-gel modified sensing membrane and its optical properties for sensor application. E. coli JM109, B. cereus 318 and P. pastoris X-33 were cultivated in confocal cultivation dishes with glass surface, respectively. The glass surface was coated with the hydrophobic sol-gels prepared by the dimethoxy-dimethyl-silane (DiMe-DMOS) and tetramethyl-orthosilicate (TMOS). After cultivation, microorganisms adhered on the surface coated with sol-gels and glass surface were dyed by gram-staining method and the numbers of microorganisms were analyzed based on the image data of the scanning electronic microscope (SEM). A great number of microorganisms, about $2{\sim}3{\times}10^4/mm^2$, was adhered on the glass surfaces which no hydrophobic sol-gels were coated. However, the antifouling effect of the hydrophobic sol-gels was large, that microorganisms of less than $200{\sim}300/mm^2$ were adhered on the coated glass surface. The performance of the sensing membranes for detection of pH and dissolved oxygen was enhanced by recoating the light insulation layer prepared with the mixture of the hydrophobic sol-gel and graphite particles.

• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.527-532
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• 2005

Ionic polymer metal composites (IPMC) are soft polymeric smart materials having large displacement at low voltage in air and water. The polymeric electrolyte actuator consists of a thin and porous membrane and metal electrodes plated on both faces, in impregnation electro-plating method. The response and actuation of actuator are governed. Among many factors governing the activation and response of IPMC actuator, the surface electrode plays an important role. In this study, the well-designed modification of electrode surface was carried out in order to improve the chemical stability well as electromechanical characteristics of the IPMC actuator. We employed Ion Beam Assisted Deposition (IBAD) method to prepare the topologically homogeneous thin surface electrode. After roughing the surface of Nafion membrane in order to get a larger surface area, the IPMC was prepared by impregnation for electro-plating and re- coating on the surface through traditional chemical deposition, followed by an additional surface treatment with high conductive metals with IBAD. It was observed that our IPMC specimen shows the enhanced surface electrical properties as well as the improved actuation and response characteristics under applied electric field.

• Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea
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• v.46 no.2
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• pp.133-145
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• 2020

This study utilized nano-liposomes for the purpose of stabilizing and increasing the solubility of biotin, a water-soluble active material with low solubility. The particle size, zeta potential, and polydispersity index were confirmed with a nano zetasizer. It was possible to manufacture nano liposomes at 100 to 250 nm of particle size and -80 to -30 mV of zeta potential. Dialysis membrane method (DMM) was used to measure the capsulation efficiency of biotin in biotin nano-liposomes, and results showed that pH increased biotin nano-liposomes had higher capsulation efficiency than normal biotin nano-liposome. Through this experiment, it was confirmed that the pH has a great influence on the stability of biotin nano-liposomes. In vitro franz diffusion cell method was used to measure in vitro skin absorption rate of biotin nano-liposomes. The shape of the formulation and biotin solubility in nano-liposome was observed by cryogenic transmission electron microscopy (cryo-TEM). Through this study, we confirmed that biotin, which is introduced as closely related to hair health, can be incorporated into a nano-liposome drug delivery system, to make biotin nano-liposome with improved solubility and precipitation problems.

• Journal of Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.57 no.2
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• pp.103-111
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• 2014

A1E is an extract from traditional Asian medicinal plants that has therapeutic activities against cancers, metabolic disease, and other intractable conditions. However, its mechanism of action on cervical cancer has not been studied. In order to ascertain if A1E would have pronounced anti-cervical cancer effect, cervical cancer cells were incubated with A1E and apoptosis was detected by nuclear morphological changes, annexin V-FITC/PI staining, cell cycle analysis, western blotting, Reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction, and measurement of mitochondrial membrane potential. Expression of human papiloma virus E6 and E7 oncogenes was down-regulated in A1E-treated cervical cancer cells, while p53 and retinoblastoma protein levels were enhanced. A1E also perturbed cell cycle progression at sub-G1 and altered cell cycle regulatory factors in SiHa cervical cancer cells. A1E activated apoptotic intrinsic pathway markers such as caspase-9, caspase-3 and poly ADP-ribose polymerase, and down-regulated expression of Bcl-2 and Bcl-xl. A1E induced mitochondrial membrane potential collapse and cytochrome c release, and inhibited phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt, key factors involved in cell survival signaling. Taken all these results, A1E induced apoptosis via activation of the intrinsic pathway and inhibition of the PI3K/Akt survival-signaling pathway in SiHa cervical cancer cells. In conclusion, A1E exerts anti-proliferative action growth inhibition on cervical cancer cells through apoptosis which demonstrates its anti-cervical cancer properties.

• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.274-280
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• 2014

Polysulfone (PSf) hollow fiber membranes were prepared via the nonsolvent induced phase separation technique. The cosolvent of ${\gamma}$-butyrolactone (GBL) was added to the polymer solution containing a mixture of PSf and N,N-dimethylacetamide (DMAc). Water was utilized as a precipitation nonsolvent. The morphology of prepared membranes was investigated using a field emission scanning electron microscopy. The fabricated membrane showed a typical asymmetric structure such as the dense layer on the porous support layer by the addition of GBL to the polymer solution. As the concentration of GBL increased, the asymmetric porous structure was shown to be more intensified. It was thought that the added GBL played a role of enhancing the liquid-liquid phase separation of the polymer solution, since the cosolvent of GBL might change the thermodynamic solubility parameter of the doping solution. Permeation properties through the prepared hollow fiber membranes were characterized by measuring the pure water flux and the solute rejection using $0.05{\mu}m$ polystyrene latex (PSL) beads. Experimental results revealed that the use of PEG as the internal coagulant enhanced the pure water flux up to 130 times compared to the use of EG while the rejection of the PSL beads decreased only 5%.