• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• 제23권4호
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• pp.345-349
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• 2015

Betulinic acid, a pentacyclic triterpene isolated from Jujube tree (Zizyphus jujuba Mill), has been known for a wide range of biological and medicinal properties such as antibacterial, antimalarial, anti-inflammatory, antihelmintic, antinociceptive, and anticancer activities. In the study, we investigated the antiviral activity on influenza A/PR/8 virus infected A549 human lung adenocarcinoma epithelial cell line and C57BL/6 mice. Betulinic acid showed the anti-influenza viral activity at a concentration of $50{\mu}M$ without a significant cytotoxicity in influenza A/PR/8 virus infected A549 cells. Also, betulinic acid significantly attenuated pulmonary pathology including increased necrosis, numbers of inflammatory cells and pulmonary edema induced by influenza A/PR/8 virus infection compared with vehicle- or oseltamivir-treated mice in vivo model. The down-regulation of IFN-${\gamma}$ level, which is critical for innate and adaptive immunity in viral infection, after treating of betulinic acid in mouse lung. Based on the obtained results, it is suggested that betulinic acid can be the potential therapeutic agent for virus infection via anti-inflammatory activity.

• 한국자원식물학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국자원식물학회 2019년도 춘계학술대회
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• pp.105-105
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• 2019

Dendropanax morbifera H.Lev is an evergreen tree that lives in subtropical climates. About 75 species of D. morbifera live in East Asia, but only one species live in Korea(Korean dendropanax). D. morbifera belonging to Aralicacae family 98% of D. morbifera are distributed in Jeollanam-do in the Korea and the grow wild in Gyeongsangnam-do and Jeju Island. The harvest time and usage of D. morbifera were recorded in traditional medicinal books. The roots and stems of D. morbifera had been used for traditional medicine to treat migraine, menstrual irregularity and skin disease. And D. morbifera leaves are contain flavonoids and polyacetylene compounds. In this study, we were investigated the physiological activity of D. morbifera by different areas collected at the same time, and compared to characteristics of plants. D. morbifera collected from Jeollanam-do (Goheung-gun), Gyeongsangnam-do (Namhae-gun) and Jeju Island, and dried at $50^{\circ}C$ for three days. We used dried D. morbifera powder for antioxidant tests. Each sample was extracted with hot water under the same conditions. The contents of total polyphenols and total flavonoids from D. morbifera were identified. Also, we performed to DPPH radical scavenging activity, ABTS cation radical scavenging activity and Superoxide anion scavenging activity efficacy for antioxidant activity determination. The contents of total polyphenols and total flavonoids in hot water extract of D. morbifera harvested from Gyeongsangnam-do and Jeollanam-do were higher than Jeju. However, D. morbifera harvested from Gyeongsangnam-do and Jeollanam-do showed no significant difference those content of total polyphenols and total flavonoids. And the antioxidant capacity was showed the similar patterns in antioxidant activity.

• Natural Product Sciences
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• 제24권4호
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• pp.235-240
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• 2018

Betula platyphylla var. japonica (Betulaceae), also known as Asian white birch, is an endemic medicinal tree, the bark of which has been used in Chinese traditional medicine for the treatment of various inflammatory diseases. In our continuing search for bioactive compounds from Korean natural resources, a phytochemical investigation of the bark of B. platyphylla var. japonica led to the isolation of 7-oxo-${\beta}$-sitosterol (1) and soyacerebroside I (2) from its ethanol extract as main components by liquid chromatography (LC)/mass spectrometry (MS)-based analysis. The structures of isolates were identified by comparison of $^1H$ and $^{13}C$ nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopic data and physical data with the previously reported values and LC/MS analyses. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to demonstrate that the isolated compounds, 7-oxo-${\beta}$-sitosterol and soyacerebroside I, were isolated in B. platyphylla var. japonica. We examined the effects of the isolates on the regulation of adipocytes and osteoblast differentiation. These isolates (1 and 2) produced fewer lipid droplets compared to the untreated negative control in Oil Red O staining of the mouse mesenchymal stem cell line without altering the amount of alkaline phosphatase staining. The results demonstrated that both compounds showed marginal inhibitory effects on adipocyte differentiation but did not affect osteoblast differentiation.

• Mycobiology
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• 제49권1호
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• pp.1-14
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• 2021

Pleurotus species are commercially essential mushrooms and widely cultivated throughout the world. The production of Pleurotus mushrooms alone accounts for around 25% of that total cultivated mushrooms globally. In America and Europe, Pleurotus species are considered specialty mushrooms, whereas, in Korea, their cultivation is economically profitable, and it is one of the highly consumed species. Pleurotus species are predominantly found in tropical forests and often grow on fallen branches, dead and decaying tree stumps, and wet logs. Biographical studies have shown that the Pleurotus genus is among the more conspicuous fungi that induce wood decay in terrestrial ecosystems worldwide due to its formidable lignin-modifying enzymes, including laccase and versatile peroxidases. Pleurotus species can be grown easily due to their fast colonization nature on diversified agro-substrates and their biological efficiency 100%. Pleurotus mushrooms are rich in proteins, dietary fiber, essential amino acids, carbohydrates, water-soluble vitamins, and minerals. These mushrooms are abundant in functional bioactive molecules, though to influence health. Pleurotus mushrooms are finding unique applications as flavoring, aroma, and excellent preservation quality. Apart from its unique applications, Pleurotus mushrooms have a unique status delicacy with high nutritional and medicinal values. The present review provides an insight into the cultivation of Pleurotus spp. using different agro-waste as growth substances paying attention to their effects on the growth and chemical composition.

• Journal of Forest and Environmental Science
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• 제37권4호
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• pp.309-314
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• 2021

This study aimed to enhance seed productivity and secure genetic resources for Pinus densiflora for. multicaulis. We analyzed the characteristics of cone and seed generated by control pollination between Pinus densiflora (PD) and Pinus densiflora for. multicaulis (PDM). The highest number of cone scales (63.0) was obtained from the self-pollinated (sp) PDM clone B (PDM-sp-B), whereas the lowest number of cone scales (44.7) was obtained from two combinations designated as PDM-A×PD-075 and PDM-A×PD-0111. Both female parents of the hybrids were PDM-A. The highest seed production capacity (80.8) was obtained from the open-pollinated (op) PDM clone B (PDM-op-B). The seed potentials of PDM-B×PD-0111, PDM-op-A, and PDM-sp-B were 67.4, 66.5, and 63.1, respectively. The highest number of fertile scales (41.5) was obtained from PDM-op-B, and the lowest number of fertile scales (28.8) was obtained from PDM-A×PD-075. The total number of aborted ovules and 1st aborted ovules was not statistically significant in the mating design. The cross combination of PDM-B×PD-0111 had the highest number (34.8) of filled seeds and the lowest number of 2nd aborted ovules (5.2) and empty seeds (9). PDM-op-B had the highest number of developed seeds (47.6), although the number of empty seeds was the highest (41.2). Therefore, we conclude that the mating design of PDM-B×PD-0111 is useful for future breeding programs to improve seed yield of PDM. Our results showed that there was a strong correlation between the following two parameter pairs: number of scales and number of fertile scales, and the number of fertility scales and seeds potential (r=0.89 and r=0.84, respectively; both p<0.01).

• Journal of Plant Biotechnology
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• 제49권3호
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• pp.193-206
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• 2022

Astringent persimmon (Diospyros kaki Thunb.) is an important fruit crop in Korea; it possesses significant medicinal potential. However, knowledge regarding the pathogens affecting this crop, particularly, viruses and viroids, is limited. In the present study, reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and high-throughput transcriptome sequencing (HTS) were used to investigate the viruses and viroids infecting astringent persimmons cultivated in Korea. A one-step multiplex RT-PCR (mRT-PCR) method for the simultaneous detection of the pathogens was developed by designing species-specific primers and selecting the primer pairs via combination and detection limit testing. Seven of the sixteen cultivars tested were found to be infection-free. The RT-PCR and HTS analyses identified two viruses and one viroid in the infected samples (n = 51/100 samples collected from 16 cultivars). The incidence of single infections (n = 39/51) was higher than that of mixed infections (n = 12/51); the infection rate of the Persimmon cryptic virus was the highest (n = 31/39). Comparison of the monoplex and mRT-PCR results using randomly selected samples confirmed the efficiency of mRT-PCR for the identification of pathogens. Collectively, the present study provides useful resources for developing disease-free seedlings; further, the developed mRT-PCR method can be extended to investigate pathogens in other woody plants.

• Advances in nano research
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• 제13권4호
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• pp.325-339
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• 2022

Endophytes ascertain a symbiotic relationship with plants as promoters of growth, defense mechanism etc. This study is a first report to screen the endophytic population in Waltheria indica, a tropical medicinal plant. 5 bacterial and 3 fungal strains in leaves, 3 bacterial and 1 yeast species in stems were differentiated morphologically and identified by biochemical and molecular methods. The phylogenetic tree of the isolated endophytes was constructed using MEGA X. Silver nanoparticles were biosynthesized from a rare endophytic bacterium Cupriavidus metallidurans isolated from the leaf of W. indica. The formation of silver nanoparticles was confirmed by UV-Visible spectrophotometer that evidenced a strong absorption band at 408.5 nm of UV-Visible range with crystalline nature and average particle size of 16.4 nm by Particle size analyzer. The Fourier Transform Infra-Red spectrum displayed the presence of various functional groups that stabilized the nanoparticles. X-ray diffraction peaks were conferred to face centered cubic structure. Transmission Electron Microscope and Scanning Electron Microscope revealed the spherical-shaped, polycrystalline nature with the presence of elemental silver analyzed by Energy Dispersive of X-Ray spectrum. Selected area electron diffraction also confirmed the orientation of AgNPs at 111, 200, 220, 311 planes similar to X-ray diffraction analysis. The synthesized nanoparticles are evaluated for antimicrobial activity against 7 bacterial and 3 fungal pathogens. A good zone of inhibition was observed against pathogenic bacteria than fungal pathogens. Thus the study could hold a key aspect in drug discovery research and other pharmacological conducts of human clinical conditions.

• 한국전통조경학회지
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• 제37권1호
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• pp.56-67
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• 2019

성경에 쓰인 에셀나무(Tamarix aphylla)의 올바른 명칭문제를 고찰하기 위해서 식물의 형태분류학적인 특성 분석, Tamarix속에 대한 상징성 고찰, 한국고전과 중국고전에서의 용례 분석, 그리고 한중일 성경에 나타난 에셀나무 번역상에 나타난 문제점에 대한 고찰 결과는 다음과 같다. 식물분류학적으로 Tamarix속 유사종의 구별은 잎과 꽃의 형태로 구분하지만, 그 크기가 2-4mm 정도로 매우 작기 때문에 육안으로 구분하기 어렵다. 그러나 이스라엘 광야에 분포하는 T. aphylla와 중국과 한국의 T. chinensis는 가지가 처지는 모양이나 개화기간에서 확연한 차이점을 나타내고 있다. Tamarix속은 고대 메소포타미아와 한(漢)나라에서는 궁궐 안뜰에 심을 정도로 귀한 나무였고, 고대 이집트에서는 죽은 사람에게 생명을 주는 나무로 여겼다. 또한 성경에서는 아브라함이 하느님께서 함께하심을 드러내는 계약의 표지로, 예언자 사무엘을 상징하기도 하고 사무엘의 법정을 상징하였다. 한국고전 용례를 통해서 볼 때 Tamarix속은 이미 조선시대에 일반화된 용어로 쓰였는데 '정류(檉柳)'는 의학적인 용어로 많이 쓰인 반면에, '위성류(渭城柳)'는 문학적 용어로 쓰였다. 중국의 본초서 가운데 정류(檉柳)와 관련된 문헌들의 연대와 명칭을 고증한 결과에 의하면 모두 16개 용어가 쓰였는데, 이 용어들 가운데 중국 성경에 쓰였던 '수사류(垂絲柳)'라는 단어는 없었다. 또한 당나라 왕유(王維 699-759)의 시 때문에 생겨난 '위성류(渭城柳)'라는 단어도 없었고, 오히려 주나라와 관계있는 '하류(河柳)'라는 용어가 많이 쓰이고 있다. 그런데 현재 사용하고 있는 중국의 학술용어를 조사해 보면 '수사류(垂絲柳)'와 '정류(檉柳)'가 대등하게 나타나기 때문에, 중국성경에서 에셀에 관한 번역은 '수사류(垂絲柳)'로 하던지 '정류(檉柳)'로 하던지 문제가 없어 보인다. 일본성경은 명치역 "구신약전서(舊新約全書)(1887)"에서 'やなぎ(버드나무)'로 번역하는 오류가 있었는데, "구어역(口語譯) 성서(聖書)(1955)"부터 'ぎょりゅう(정류(檉柳))'로 번역하고 있다. 그러나 일본에서 'ぎょりゅう(정류(檉柳))'는 야생종이 아니라 에도시대 도입종이라는 주장이 있기 때문에 용어 설정을 재검토할 필요성이 있다. 한국고전 용례분석에서 나타난 것과 같이, 한국의 T. chinensis는 약용 및 관상용으로 일찍부터 한반도에서 생육하였을 가능성이 매우 높다. 그러므로 한국 성경에서 의약학 용어인 '정류(檉柳)' 사용하거나 혹은 문학적인 용어인 '위성류'를 사용하더라도 큰 문제는 없을 수도 있다. 그러나 '위성류'라는 용어는 중국에서 조차 사용빈도가 극히 낮은 용어이고, 조선시대 문학하던 분들의 모화사상과 연결될 수 있는 부분이므로 이 용어 사용에 신중한 검토가 필요하다. 그러므로 성경에서는 논란이 있는 용어를 사용하기 보다는 히브리어로 음역하여 '에셀나무'라고 하는 것이 타당하다.

• 한국환경농학회지
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• 제30권1호
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• pp.9-15
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• 2011

본 실험은 비료 공급원으로서 1) 대조구(NF), 2) 상업용 유기질 비료($10N-2P_2O_5-8K_2O$, Nature Safe$^{(R)}$)(CF), 3) 계분 비료(PL)를 포함하였고, 멀칭 공급원으로는 4) 나무껍질 멀칭(WC), 5) 재활용 종이 멀칭(SP), 6) 식물성 퇴비 멀칭(GC), 7) 초생멀칭(GR)을 포함하였다. 유기질 비료와 멀칭의 양은 매해 유기농 사과나무 포장에 시비하였던 (50 g 질소/한 나무, 10 cm 멀칭시용/한 나무) 질소량과 체적에 각각 비례해서 각 포트에 시비하였다. CF, PL, 그리고 GR 급원은 미생물이 유기태 질소를 무기화(N-mineralization) 하는데 이상적인 탄소:질소(30:1이하)비를 보였는데, 처리 후 90일 째 되던 날에 토양중 무기태 질소 농도를 증가시켰다. CF, PL, 그리고 GR 처리된 유묘는 가장 넓은 총 엽면적과 두꺼운 직경, 그리고 큰 수고 및 건물중을 나타내어서 식물생장을 증가시키기 위한 가장 유용한 자재로 평가되었다.

• Journal of Forest and Environmental Science
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• 제30권2호
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• pp.243-252
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• 2014

Forest tree species usually takes for long periods to be harvested and cultivated but spearmints are a good model system for woody plant because of reducing and shortening cultivation time. Spearmints are good model plants (Mentha species) for research about terpenoids production and industrial essential oil manufacture. Isopentenyl pyrophosphate isomerase (Iso) and limonene synthase (Limo) are the key enzymes of terpenoid biosynthesis pathway. Transgenic and wild spearmints (Mentha spicata, MS) were cultured in vitro and assessed for the essential oil contents. The content of essential oil of transgenic spearmint also was enhanced slightly depending on the target terpenoid genes. In an attempt to increase productivity of terpenoids further, salt and fungal elicitation strategy was adopted on transgenic Mentha spicata. The salt (800 mM NaCl) as abiotic and two fungi (Botrytis cinerea and Glomerella cingulata) as biotic were used for elicitors. In the absence of salt stress four terpenoids were detected from the spearmint extracts, all of them being monoterpenes. On the other hand, the transgenic (MSIso) extracts contained eleven terpenoids (10 monoterpenes and 1 phenylpropene) while transgenic (MSLimo) extracts contained seven monoterpenes. After 3 days of fungal infection, the resistance indices further increased to 4.38, 3.89 and 2.04 for wild type, MSIso and MSLimo, respectively. The salt and fungal elicitators proved beneficial towards modifying both the terpenoids profile and improvement in the composition of essential oil. These results have important applications for the large-scale production of essential oils and forest biotechnology with respect to spearmint.