• The Korean Journal of Pharmacology
• /
• v.5 no.1
• /
• pp.65-72
• /
• 1969

After administration of tetrabenazine (TBZ) 40 mg/kg), the pressor and cardioaccelerator responses of rabbits (whole anesthetized and spinal) to norepinephrine and tyramine were studied. The maxmal potentiation of the pressor activity of norepinephrine developed about 10 hours after TBZ administration. At this time the preesor response to tyramine was not decreased. The cardioaccelerator responses to both amines were not significantly altered. The TBZ-induced supersensitivity to norepinephrine was not increased by additional intravenous reserpine, but it was further increased by giving desipramine. Carbachol, given 2 and 6 hours after TBZ administration, inhibited the development of supersensitivity to norepinephrine by TBZ. The TBZ-induced supersensitivity was discussed in relation to reserpine-induced supersensitivity.

• The Korean Journal of Pharmacology
• /
• v.29 no.1
• /
• pp.23-32
• /
• 1993

Recent studies have shown that a GABAergic mechanism in the brain modulates arterial blood pressure (BP) through alterations of sympathetic activity in the brain. The purpose of the present study was to determine if this modulation is involved in the pressor response to raised intracranial pressure (ICP). The pressor response to raised ICP was abolished by pretreatment of anesthetized rabbits with intracerebroventricular (icv) muscimol (a GABA agonist) as well as with icv clonidine $(an\;{\alpha}_2-agonist)$. Raising ICP in the hypertensive state after icv yohimbine $(an\;{\alpha}_2-antagonist)$ did not cause an additional increase in the BP, whereas raising ICP in the hypertensive state following icv bicuculline (a GABA antagonist) produced a further increase. Bicuculline produced an increase of the BP which had been lowered by muscimol or by clonidine, whereas it failed to increase the hypertensive state induced by either previous yohimbine or raised ICP. Yohimbine reversed the BP which had been made low by clonidine but was incapable of raising the hypotensive state after muscimol. Yohimbine failed to increase the heightened BP due to raised ICP, whereas bicuculline-induced pressor state was further elevated by yohimbine. Muscimol, besides the bicuculline-antagonizing property, inhibited the pressor response to yohimbine, suggesting participation of a GABAergic mechanism in the pressor action of yohimbine. From these results it was inferred that there were three ways in which BP could be increased via raised ICP: inactivation of the inhibitory sympathetic activity through (1) ${\alpha}_{2}-adrenoceptors$, (2) bicuculline-sensitive GABA receptors, (3) yohimbine-sensitive, clonidine-acting GABAergic sites.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
• /
• v.22 no.3
• /
• pp.378-384
• /
• 2012

In aquatic invertebrates, particularly marine gastropods, organotin compounds induce irreversible sexual abnormality in females, which is termed imposex, at very low concentrations. Organotin compounds are agonists for nuclear receptors such as RXRs and $PPAR{\gamma}$. However, the imposex phenomenon has not been reported to act as an antagonist on estrogen receptors in other species, including vertebrates and invertebrates. In order to gain insights into the antagonistic activity of organotin compounds on estrogen receptors (ERs), we examined the inhibitive effect of these compounds on estradiol-dependent ${\beta}$-galactosidase activity using the yeast two-hybrid detection system consisting of a combination of the human estrogen receptor ($hER{\beta}$) ligand-binding domain and the co-activator steroid receptor co-activator-1 (SRC1). Tributyltin-hydroxide (TBT-OH) and triphenyltin-chlorine (TPT-Cl) exhibited an inhibitive effect on $E_2$-dependent transcriptional activity, similar to antagonistic chemicals such as 4-hydroxytamoxifen (OHT) or ICI 182,780, at a very low concentration of $10^{-14}$ M TBT or $10^{-10}$ M TPT, respectively. The yeast growth and transcriptional activity with transcriptional factor GAL4 did not exhibit any effect at the tested concentration of TBT or TPT. Moreover, the yeast two-hybrid system using the interaction between p53 and the T antigen of SV40 large did not describe any effect at the tested concentration of OHT or ICI 182,780. However, the interaction between p53 and T antigen was inhibited at a TBT or TPT concentration of $10^{-9}$ M, respectively. These results indicate that TBT and TPT act as inhibitors of ER-dependent reporter gene transcriptional activation and of the interaction between $hER{\beta}$ LBD and the co-activator SRC1 in the yeast two-hybrid system. Consequently, our data could partly explain the occurrence of organotin compound-induced imposex on the endocrine system of mammals, including humans.

• Journal of Distribution Science
• /
• v.6 no.1
• /
• pp.5-24
• /
• 2008

Pharmaceutists are interested in drugstores which are selling, the sundries, cosmetics, medical devices, with drugs. Because drug stores without prescription issued by doctor have faced on finacial difficulties since speciality between doctors and pharmaceutists set us law. There are two types of drugstore which is a type of common drugstore, other is a type of traditional drugstore based on pharmaceuties in steady of big size of store based on studies, cosmetics and so on. Expansion of business for drugstore show us that most of customer are who are very sensitive in circumstance. Since 2,000 it has been expanded to large scale, so market analysts expect that volume of market will be increased to 10 times within 5 years. Drugstores have several kinds of merchandises which customers can take a choice for their demands, so most of customers the young generations. However, market customers will be changed to medium, and old generations as drugstores set freely. Furthermore everybody will enjoy in at drugstores effectively this reports that include of counter based on proposals and validities. This study show examples that have been executed successfully by the advanced countries, moreover big companies in domestic market have been expanding their market share for drugstore business. Through out change of circumstance surrounding drugstores, this report indicate how to induce the large drugstore with validities and trends. Since speciality of pharmaceutists and doctors executed, direction and a forecast of developing drugstores under change of distribution of them and may be suggested. I hope that this research will be helpful of interesting in drugstores, and also lot of distributors focuses on drugstores to develop the drugstores in future.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
• /
• v.34 no.5
• /
• pp.885-888
• /
• 2002

Prevalence of food allergic disease was examined by identifying the most common foods implicated in allergic reactions in Korea. Patients were subjected to test determining the amount of specific IgE antibody in serum against food allergens by CAP system. A total 9054 CAP analyses on egg white, egg yolk, cow milk, ${\alpha}-lactalbumin,\;{\beta}-lactoglobulin$, casein, wheat, rice, buckwheat, soybean, peach, crab, shrimp, pork, beef, chicken, tuna, salmon, mackerel, and food mix were undertaken. The results were considered to be positive when CAP value was same and/or greater than +2 (0.7 U/mL). Positive results of CAP analyses were 11.3% (1022/9054 cases), consisting of 336 on egg white, 266 on cow milk, 95 on egg yolk, 76 on soybean, 69 on ${\alpha}-lactalbumin$, 61 on casein, 58 on ${\beta}-lactoglobulin$, 39 on buckwheat, 12 on wheat, 3 on beef, 2 on crab, and 1 on rice, shrimp, pork, chicken or mackerel, and 0 on peach, tuna or food mix. Egg, cow milk, soybean, buckwheat, and wheat were identified as the most common allergic foods in Korea, showing an average of two different food sources for allergy per patient.

• Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea
• /
• v.39 no.4
• /
• pp.313-322
• /
• 2013

Ultraviolet irradiation in the cells and skin produces reactive oxygen species (ROS), which induces the synthesis of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) causing skin photoaging. Using the human dermal fibroblast (HDF), we investigated the antioxidative and anti-aging effects of the extracts from Talinum paniculatum. Talinum paniculatum leaf and stem extracts (LSE) showed free radical scavenging effect by 98.45% at 500 ${\mu}g/mL$ and superoxide radical scavenging effect by 97.01% at 500 ${\mu}g/mL$ in the xanthine/xanthine oxidase system. The photoprotective potential of LSE was tested in HDF exposed to ultraviolet irradiation. It was revealed that LSE had an inhibitory effect on MMP-1 expression in UVA-irradiated HDF without any significant cytotoxicity. The treatment of UVA-irradiated HDF with LSE resulted in dose-dependent decreases in the expression levels of MMP-1 mRNA and protein. Also, UVB-induced cytotoxicity and cell death were effectively suppressed by treatment of LSE. Additionally, the senescence-associated ${\beta}$- galactosidase (SA-${\beta}$-gal) activity was decreased in the presence of LSE. These results suggest that Talinum paniculatum leaf and stem extracts (LSE) may have anti-aging effects and can be used as new functional materials against oxidative stress-mediated skin damages.

• Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea
• /
• v.44 no.1
• /
• pp.73-79
• /
• 2018

The primary cilium protrudes from the cell body like a bio-antenna that has many receptors, channels and signaling molecules to sense and response to external stimuli. The external environment such as ultraviolet irradiation, temperature, humidity, gravity and shear stress always influences skin. Skin responds to external stimuli and differentiates by making melanin, collagen and horny layer. Ciliogenesis participates in developmental processes of skin, such as keratinocyte differentiation and hair formation. And it was reported that skin pigmentation was inhibited when ciliogenesis was induced by sonic hedgehog-smoothened-GLI2 signaling. When skin is exposed to ultraviolet irradiation, alpha-melanocyte stimulating hormones (${\alpha}$-MSH) increase melanin synthesis through activation of the cAMP pathway in melanocytes. We observed that ${\alpha}$-MSH and cAMP production inducers inhibited ciliogenesis of melanocytes. Therefore, we thought that regulation of ciliogenesis is potential candidate target for the development of agents to treat undesirable hyperpigmentation of skin. As a result, we found out that an ethanol extract of Glycyrrhiza glabra (EGG) root and 3,4,5-trimethoxy cinnamate thymol ester (TCTE, Melasolv) significantly inhibit melanin synthesis of normal human melanocyte by inducing primary cilium formation. This study proposed new theory to regulate skin pigmentation and cosmetic components for skin whitening.

• Journal of agricultural medicine and community health
• /
• v.40 no.2
• /
• pp.72-79
• /
• 2015

Objectives: To identify the importance of preventing tuberculosis for HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus) infectees and to monitor their management of health, we investigated the proportion of HIV-TB (Tuberculosis) deaths among the HIV deaths and its related factors. Methods: Data for HIV deaths from 2002 to 2010 was acquired from Statistics Korea, after which the HIV deaths were reclassified into HIV-TB deaths or other deaths according to the KCD (Korean Classification of Diseases). We analyzed the proportion of HIV-TB deaths among HIV disease deaths and the relationship between HIV-TB deaths and related variables such as sex, age, educational level, marital status, etc. Results: There were 774 HIV deaths in South Korea between 2002 and 2010. TB was the main cause of death in 10.1% of all HIV deaths. The total proportion of HIV-TB deaths was 10.1% but its proportion reached 16.3% between 2005-2007 and then decreased to 4% in 2010. Also, the proportion of HIV-TB deaths was significantly high in the young age groups, but its proportion was significantly low in married groups and well educated groups (p<0.05). Conclusions: The result implies that the policy that takes care of HIV infectee regarding TB prevention has been getting systemized on a national scale. Also, HIV-TB deaths have been affected by social factors such as education and marriage status.

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
• /
• v.5 no.1
• /
• pp.133-140
• /
• 1994

Conduct disorder is a heterogenous disorder of various etiology affecting 4-10% of school-age children. There is suggestive evidence that the comorbid group of conduct disorder and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder is different from these two separated diseases groups. There findings suggest that this comorbid group may present a meaningful subgroup. This study is conducted to examine the content validity of hyperkinetic conduct disorder that accepted first in International Classification of Disease 10th edition. The results are summarized as follows : 1) Using Conners Parenting Rating Scale, Parent Rating Scale Form for DSM-III-R, the mean scores of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in conduct disorder were significantly higher compared with those of normal controls. 2) 72.4% of conduct disorder and 41.5% of normal control groups showed simultaneous attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. The diffenence between conduct disorder and normal control groups was significant. There were many previous informations that children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder had conduct disorder as comorbid disorder and these result show that children with conduct disorder also significantly had attention attention deficit hyperactivity disorder reversibly. Then these show that hyperkinetic conduct disorder-diagnosis used when both the overall criteria for hyperkinetic disorders and the overall criteria for conduct disorders are met-have satisfactory content validity. Biological, familial or long term studies are needed to further validate this diagnostic category.

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
• /
• v.23 no.2
• /
• pp.57-62
• /
• 2012

Objectives : Characteristic symptoms, including hyperactivity and easy distractibility, in children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) suggest that their brain status, even at rest, might differ from that of healthy children. This study was conducted in order to determine whether resting state brain activity is compromised in medication-naive children with ADHD. Methods : Twenty medication-naive children with ADHD (mean age $10.3{\pm}2.5$) and 28 age- and gender-matched healthy volunteers (mean age $10.3{\pm}2.0$) underwent measurements for resting state brain activity using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Among resting state related-independent components (RSICs) extracted from fMRI data using independent component analysis, a significant difference in RSICs was observed between groups, using a mixed Gaussian/gamma model. Results : Except for IQ, which was higher in the healthy control group, no demographic difference was observed between the two groups (p<.001). Significantly less activation of one RSIC, which includes the bilateral precuneus/posterior cingulate cortex, occipito-temporal junction, and anterior cingulate cortex, was observed in the ADHD group, compared with the control group (p<.05). Conclusion : An abnormal RSIC, posterior default mode network (DMN), was observed in the medication-naive ADHD group. Results of our study suggest that abnormality of posterior DMN is one of the main pathophysiologies of ADHD.