• 대한수학회보
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• 제60권3호
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• pp.785-827
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• 2023

In this paper, under some new appropriate conditions imposed on the parameter and mappings involved in the resolvent operator associated with a P-accretive mapping, its Lipschitz continuity is proved and an estimate of its Lipschitz constant is computed. This paper is also concerned with the construction of a new iterative algorithm using the resolvent operator technique and Nadler's technique for solving a new system of generalized multi-valued resolvent equations in a Banach space setting. The convergence analysis of the sequences generated by our proposed iterative algorithm under some appropriate conditions is studied. The final section deals with the investigation and analysis of the notion of H(·, ·)-co-accretive mapping which has been recently introduced and studied in the literature. We verify that under the conditions considered in the literature, every H(·, ·)-co-accretive mapping is actually P-accretive and is not a new one. In the meanwhile, some important comments on H(·, ·)-co-accretive mappings and the results related to them appeared in the literature are pointed out.

• 대한한의학원전학회지
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• 제21권2호
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• pp.21-28
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• 2008

After translating the contents of "Treatise on Bundon Disease in Chapter 8 of the Essence of the Synopsis of the Golden Chamber" and it was compared with the contents of "The Lecture of Synopsis of Prescriptions of the Golden Chamber" and speculated to review the characteristics of the comments of Ui(尤怡) and the following conclusions were made. As the causes of bundon(奔豚) disease, which means gas rushing like a running piggy from the lower abdomen to the throat, they could be categorized into the cases belongs to miscellaneous diseases (雜病) and into the cases of suffering from cold diseases(傷寒). If it was diagnosed as miscellaneous disease, terror and fear(驚恐) could be regarded as its cause and if it was diagnosed as cold disease, insufficiency of heart Gi(心氣) due to the excessive sweating and the invasion of exterior coldness could be regarded as its cause. As the pathogenesis of this disease, the pathogenic factors of liver and kidney could be found. Since the liver and Soyang meridian(少陽經) are subjected to the exterior and interior relation in case of the pathogenic factor of liver, alternate attacks of chills and fever(寒熱往來) could be characteristic for the disease. If this disease was caused by the pathogenic factor of kidney, there are two cases. One is the palpitation under the umbilicus(欲作奔豚: 臍下動悸) developed by the lack of heart Gi(心氣) and the other is gas rushing like a running piggy from the lower abdomen to the throat which could be developed by the exterior cold disease which invade into the interior and reach into the kidney when the heart Gi(心氣) was insufficient. In its treatment, bundon disease caused by the pathogenic factor of liver could be treated with Bundontang(奔豚湯), and the understanding of Ui(尤怡) on Pinellia ternata Breitenbach(半夏) having the effect of perspiration in the prescription is quite unique concept. In case of bundon disease caused by the pathogenic factor of kidney, treatment is focused to treat exterior coldness by applying moxibustion(灸) and Gyejigagyetang(桂技加桂湯), and in case of the palpitation under the umbilicus(欲作奔豚: 臍下動悸), its pathogenic factor of kidney is controlled with Cinnamomum louerii Nees(桂技), Polia cocos Walf and the spleen Gi(脾氣) is cared by using Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fischer et. De Candolle(甘草) and Zizyphus jujuba Mill(大棗). Especially, Ui(尤怡) emphasized Cinnamomum louerii Nees(桂技) as the medication to treat the pathogenic factor of kidney.

• Journal of Hospice and Palliative Care
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• 제17권1호
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• pp.10-17
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• 2014

목적: 본 연구는 의료인과 간호학생의 웰다잉 의미와 주관성 유형을 확인하고, 유형별 특성을 분석하기 위해 Q 방법론을 적용한 조사연구이다. 방법: 간호학과 학생 8명, 호스피스전문병원 임상간호사 3명을 대상으로 심층면담과 선행연구고찰을 통해 102개의 Q-모집단을 구성하였으며, 이후 Q-방법론의 전문가인 간호학과 교수 1명과 간호학과 박사과정 중인 2명의 의견 교환 및 재조정을 통하여 총 33개의 Q-표본을 선정하였다. 4년제 간호학과 학생 11명과 경기도 일개 3차 종합병원의 간호사 9명과 의사 2명을 대상으로 총 22명의 P-표본을 대상으로 하였다. P-표본은 선정된 33개의 진술문을 강제 정상분포가 되도록 7점 척도 상에 분류하도록 하였고, 양극단에 분류한 진술문과 관련하여 추가 진술문을 작성하도록 하였다. 수집된 자료는 PC-QUANL Program으로 요인 분석하였다. 결과: 분류된 의료인의 웰다잉 의미 유형은 모두 3가지로 나타났으며 이들 유형에 의해 설명된 전체 변량은 57.97%였다. 제1형은 '현실중시형'으로 부담 없이 아름다운 모습으로 임종하는 것에 의미를 두었다. 제2형은 '관계중시형'으로 죽기 전 자선을 베풀고 주변인들과 화해와 용서의 시간을 갖는 것에 의미를 두고 있었다. 제3형은 '자연순응형'으로 살만큼 살다 가족의 간호를 받으며 임종하는 것에 의미를 두었다. 결론: 웰다잉에 관한 의료인과 간호학생의 주관성은 임종을 맞이하는 환자간호에 영향을 미친다. 따라서 의료인과 간호학생은 삶과 죽음에 대한 깊은 통찰을 가져야 하며, 이를 위해 웰다잉에 대한 주관성 유형별 특징에 맞는 죽음교육이 필요하다.

• 한국응급구조학회지
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• 제17권3호
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• pp.9-20
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• 2013

Purpose: This research project addressed the need to designing more safe and efficient interior of the future ambulance in Korea. Methods: The study sample contained 760 paramedics in 4 districts. Data was collected by using a revised and complemented questionnaire based on literature review. Results: In relation to the efficacy and safety of work, answers related to storage closet showed to be the highest, and the most difficult part of paramedic work in an ambulance was lurching. CPR is the most frequently used emergency care inside an ambulance, but 66% of the paramedics responded that accurate CPR is not possible during vehicle transfer. Safety belts are not worn for 82.8% of the time, because of discomfort (51.3%). 13.8% of the paramedics responded that stretchers are unstable, 29.5% had an experience of having patients fall off the stretcher inside an ambulance. There were comments on installing equipments to prevent noise, and assist communication. Conclusion: The suggested practical layout contains five main modifications 1. Developing specially designed belt is needed for paramedic safety & efficient work. 2. The seats are molded to be ergonomically friendly. 3. Equipments to secure the body and safety devices for CPR are needed. 4. System improvement for communication between the driver seat and paramedics is needed. 5. The stretchers are molded to be maximize efficiency and minimize injury.

• Korean Journal of Acupuncture
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• 제32권4호
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• pp.177-189
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• 2015

Objectives : To develop and validate a survey form for adverse events(AEs) associated with acupuncture and moxibustion treatment. Methods : The 1st version of a survey form consisting of 9 categories was developed and modified based on the analysis of questionnaires from previous studies on AEs. To evaluate content validity of the 1st version, a Delphi survey where experts in acupuncture and moxibustion, and research methodology were invited, was conducted alongside a separate content validity questionnaire. The content validity indices for each item and total scale were calculated as the proportion of the number of experts judging each item or scale valid to the number of total experts. Results : After the Delphi round 1, the content validity of 2 items and total scale was rated as inadequate. The 1st version was modified accordingly, and the 2nd version of the survey form was developed. The content validity of the 2nd version was assessed in the Delphi round 2 and the final version was completed after incorporating the expert comments. The final version consists of 13 questions regarding practitioner/patient information, condition/disease, intervention, treated body parts, safety issue and AE occurrence related with practitioner's behavior or instruments, AEs associated with treatment and emergency actions taken if necessary, time to AE occurrence, outcomes, serious AEs or death, and time to AE disappearance. Conclusions : This newly developed and validated survey form will serve to collect AEs associated with acupuncture and moxibustion treatments in Korea and contribute to establishing the evidence on safety of Korean acupuncture treatment.

• 대한한의학회지
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• 제25권1호
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• pp.198-204
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• 2004

Backgrounds & Methods : Asthma is considered to be chronic inflammatory disease characterized by airway hyperresponsiveness and pulmonary eosinophilia. Recently, there has been many researches about asthma. IBS(Irritable Bowel Syndrome), PUD(peptic Ulcer disease) and GERD(gastroesophageal reflux disease) are the most common diseases of the gastrointestinal tract. Recent studies suggest that IBS, PUD and GERD are associated with bronchial hyper-responsiveness and bronchial asthma might be more prevalent in IBS and GERD patients than in control subjects. In addition, there are many comments about the interrelationship between the gastrointestinal problem and asthma in the oriental medical books. Actually, many oriental medical doctors don$^{\circ}$Øt consider the gastrointestinal condition when they deal with the asthmatic patients these days. So, we assessed the prevalence of gastrointestinal symptoms and histories in a cohort of patients with asthmatic symptoms. We evaluated 128 outpatients with asthmatic symptoms(60 males and 68 females, aged 13-75). All subjects enrolled completed the GSRS(Gastrointestinal Symptom Rating Scale). GSRS is an interview based rating scale consisting of 15 items for assessment of gastrointestinal symptoms in IBS and PUD developed by Jan Svedlund. Results : The limit of total score of GSRS in asthmatic patients is zero to 30. The number of patients with no GI symptoms is 66(51.5%). The number of patients with GSRS>5 is 62(48.4%), GSRS>10 is 24(18.8%), GSRS>15 is 8(6.25%). The number of patients with history of gastritis is 54(42.2%), gastric ulcer is 13(10.2%), gastroptosis is 8(6.25%), IBS is 6(4.68%), others is 6(4.68%). Conclusions : This study suggests that patients with bronchial asthma have an significant prevalence of gastrointestinal symptoms. Additional studies are needed to find the mechanism of the association between gastrointestinal symptoms and asthma.

• 의학교육논단
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• 제9권2호
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• pp.1-12
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• 2007

Purpose: The aim of this study is to identify the elements of success in curriculum reformation using focus group interview and faculty survey. Methods: We analyzed the 105 questionnaires that were collected horn 450 faculties in Yonsei University College of Medicine from September 1 to September 12, 2005. The interview of focus group was conducted to 105 faculty and students using 10 interview questions from July 25 to August 29, 2005. The data of focus group interview and faculty survey were analyzed by content analysis. frequency and percentile. Results : 66.7% of faculty have pointed out that it is right a direction of new curriculum but there are some problems in curriculum management. The most frequently addressed problem in the new curriculum is as follows : ability of self-directed learning(15.3%). deficiency of faculty understanding(10.5%). The faculty comments on the improvement areas of new curriculum such as curriculum revision (8.6%). efficiency of curriculum management (6.7%), reward and incentive system of education(6.7%). The focus groups pointed out the important factors of curriculum reformation such as horizontal and vertical integrity between subjects, improvement of student achievement test, enhancement of self-directed learning. responsibility and authorities of course director. Conclusions : It should be concluded. to succeed curriculum reformation, which the purpose of curriculum reformation announces obviously and management group should effort continuously so that professors may understand the new curriculum. The course directors have to responsibility and authorities operating the subjects and the university should develop the students' evaluation system and faculty performance appraisal system.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• 제23권6호
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• pp.239-254
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• 2006

The 3rd Japan-Korea Workshop on Acupuncture and EBM was held at Kanazawa on June $16^{th}$. From Korea team, 4 papers were presented. Dr. Hahn introduced a new approach of data analysis on series of n-of-1 trials using the Bayesian statistics. It offered important information for the future n-of-1 trials. Dr. Park clearly demonstrated the significance of various sham devices proposed and stressed the importance of research questions when we choose the control intervention in RCT. Dr. Lee reported the results of survey in Korean Medical Doctors (KMD) for their point selection and techniques to the distal and local points. Dr. Kim presented the results of face to face survey on the KMD with 28 items for acupuncture treatment on the knee OA. Finally, a draft of protocol was introduced by Dr. Kim. The title was "multi-center, a randomized, single blinded, two arms, parallel-group study to compare the effectiveness and safety of 'individualized acupuncture' and 'standardized minimal acupuncture' in Korean and Japanese patients with knee osteoarthritis (Phase IV)". From Japan team, 7 speakers presented their comments and proposals on the protocol. Dr. Takahashi introduced several issues regarding n-of-1 trials and pointed out the importance of obtaining generalizability from n-of-1 trials. Dr. Shichidou pointed the importance of research design, selection of outcome measures and reduction of biases. Dr. Itoh presented the results of point selection for the knee OA based on the literature survey. Dr. Sumiya introduced several differences between KMD and Japanese acupuncturists based on the questionnaire used in KMD survey. Dr. Furuya demonstrated a result of press tack needle and its sham device on shoulder stiffness. Dr. Yamashita introduced the results of literature survey regarding adverse events occurred by acupuncture on knee OA. Dr.Tsukayama stressed the importance of responsibility of Institutional Review Board (IRB) for the conduction of clinical trials. After several issues were discussed, the need of continued meeting for final protocol development was agreed, then the workshop was closed.

• 대한한의정보학회지
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• 제17권2호
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• pp.130-287
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• 2011

"zhenjiusunanyaozhi(鍼灸素難要旨)" is composed of three volumes and published in 1529 by Gao Wu(高武). Gao Wu(高武) is skillful in astronomy, the art of war and the law as well as a medical practitioner in Ming Dynasty. The books he wrote "zhenjiujuying(鍼灸聚英)", "zhizhi(直指)", "douzhenzhengzong(痘疹正宗)", "shexuezhinan(射學指南)", "zhenjiujieyao(鍼灸節要)". "zhenjiusunanyaozhi鍼灸素難要旨" is written by classifying the origin of acupuncture and moxibustion. In other words, it is edited by classifying the contents related to acupuncture and moxibustion out of the ancient Chinese medical book "yellow emperor's canon of medicine and yellow emperor eighty-one difficult" in which are composed of 3 volumes as follows, Volume 1 says the main diseases on "the nine acupuncture needles figure" (九針圖), "the reinforcing and reducing the meridian" (補瀉), "the needle depth" (針刺深淺), "the five shu points - metal, wood, water, fire, earth" (正,滎,輸,經,合) based on 18 chapters in terms of acupuncture in "yellow emperor eighty-one Difficult "難經"", in which it quotes the annotation of "the difficulty by the original meaning "難經本義"" written by Hua Shou(滑壽) in Yuan Dynasty. Volume 2 is composed of 2 parts. Part 1 says the method of treatment on 36 Chapters, the method of acupuncture use in the Linshu "靈樞" and the Suwen "素問" such as "the rule of acupuncture use" (用針方宜), "the nine-pin method" (九針式) and "the nine-pin to only use the time appropriate to consider nature of Heaven, Earth and person" (九針應天地人時以起用) etc., Part 2 says "the five difficult acupuncture(五亂刺)", "the rise and fall of energy and blood(氣血盛衰)". "the pain tolerance(耐痛)" and ect., in which are in terms of method of treatment collected the original texts of 59 chapters on acupuncture to each disease and of 8 chapters on moxibustion in the Linshu "靈樞" and the Suwen "素問". Volume 3 includes 10 chapters in which consist of "the stabbing to disease in 12 meridians (十二經病刺)", "the eight extra meridian disease (寄經八脈病)", "the twelve meridians(十二經脈)", "the fifteen collaterals (十五絡脈), the twelve meridian muscles (十二經筋)", "the acupoint (孔穴)" and etc. This is the book edited comprehensively by classifying the contents on the theory of acupuncture and moxibustion and the circulations of meridians in "yellow emperor's canon of medicine and yellow emperor eighty-one difficult" and there is no case story in particular except his comments in person. This study is for the purpose of helping researching and developing acupuncture and moxibustion and applying their clinical training.

• 대한의용생체공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한의용생체공학회 1998년도 추계학술대회
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• pp.57-59
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• 1998

For medical students and doctors, knowledge of the three-dimensional (3D) structure of brain is very important in diagnosis and treatment of brain diseases. Two-dimensional (2D) tools (ex: anatomy book) or traditional 3D tools (ex: plastic model) are not sufficient to understand the complex structures of the brain. However, it is not always guaranteed to dissect the brain of cadaver when it is necessary. To overcome this problem, the virtual dissection programs of the brain have been developed. However, most programs include only 2D images that do not permit free dissection and free rotation. Many programs are made of radiographs that are not as realistic as sectioned cadaver because radiographs do not reveal true color and have limited resolution. It is also necessary to make the virtual dissection programs of each race and ethnic group. We attempted to make a virtual dissection program using a 3D image of the brain from a Korean cadaver. The purpose of this study is to present an educational tool for those interested in the anatomy of the brain. The procedures to make this program were as follows. A brain extracted from a 58-years old male Korean cadaver was embedded with gelatin solution, and serially sectioned into 1.4 mm-thickness using a meat slicer. 130 sectioned specimens were inputted to the computer using a scanner ($420\times456$ resolution, true color), and the 2D images were aligned on the alignment program composed using IDL language. Outlines of the brain components (cerebrum, cerebellum, brain stem, lentiform nucleus, caudate nucleus, thalamus, optic nerve, fornix, cerebral artery, and ventricle) were manually drawn from the 2D images on the CorelDRAW program. Multimedia data, including text and voice comments, were inputted to help the user to learn about the brain components. 3D images of the brain were reconstructed through the volume-based rendering of the 2D images. Using the 3D image of the brain as the main feature, virtual dissection program was composed using IDL language. Various dissection functions, such as dissecting 3D image of the brain at free angle to show its plane, presenting multimedia data of brain components, and rotating 3D image of the whole brain or selected brain components at free angle were established. This virtual dissection program is expected to become more advanced, and to be used widely through Internet or CD-title as an educational tool for medical students and doctors.