• 한국자동차공학회논문집
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• 제24권6호
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• pp.642-648
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• 2016

This paper deals with an analytical and experimental investigation to predict the axial thrust load that results from turbocharger operating conditions. The Axial forces acting on the turbocharger thrust bearing are caused by the unbalance between turbine wheel gas forces and compressor wheel air forces. It has a great influence on the friction losses, which reduces the efficiency and performance of high-speed turbocharger. This paper presents the calculation procedure for the axial thrust forces under operating conditions in a turbocharger. The first step is to determine the relationship between thrust forces and strains by experimental and numerical methods. The analysis results were verified by measuring the strains on a thrust bearing with the specially designed test device. And then, the operating strains and temperatures were measured to inversely calculate the thrust strains which were compensated the thermal effects. Therefore it's possible to calculate the magnitudes of the thrust forces under operating turbocharger by comparing the regenerated strains with the rig test results. It will possible to optimize the design of a thrust bearing for reducing the mechanical friction losses using the results.

• 대한의용생체공학회:의공학회지
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• 제29권1호
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• pp.66-72
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• 2008

The major risk associated with the use of automated power injectors is the well known complication of contrast material extravasation at the injection site. Automated injection of computed tomography (CT) contrast media can produce the compartment syndrome. The purpose of this study was to assess the ability of this device during clinically important episodes of extravasation. The extravasation detection accessory (EDA) system was composed of a strain gage, an amplifier and a computer based system. A strain gage pliable adhesive patch was applied to the skin aver the intravenous catheter and the catheter was connected to the power injector with a cable to monitor the resolution data. If the programmed monitoring, which was developed with MS Visual C++, at the extravasation occurred, then the injection was interrupted the auto injector. CT was used to demonstrate the clinically important extravasation. This study was a prospective, observational study in which the EDA system was used to monitor the automated mechanical injection of contrast material in 7 dogs. There were two true-positive cases (range of extravasation volumes: $18{\sim}22ml$), twenty three true-negative cases, three false-positive cases and no false-negative cases. The EDA system had a sensitivity of 100% and a specificity of 88% for the detection of clinically important extravasation. The EDA system had good sensitivity for the detection of clinically important extravasation and the EDA system has the clinical potential for the early detection of extravasation of the contrast medium that is administered with power injectors. The EDA system is easy to use safe and accurate for the monitoring extravasation of the intravenous injections, and this system may prove especially useful in CT applications.

• 대한인간공학회지
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• 제33권4호
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• pp.281-287
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• 2014

Objective: The objective of the study is to develop a portable assistance device to help elderly users reduce strain on the knee and leg muscle while the elderly are standing up. Background: The pose of standing up from a chair is a basic movement, but the elderly often have difficulty standing up due to their weak muscles. We focus on designing a solution that helps the elderly reduce physical problems and support them standing up. Method: This study consists of three parts. Part I explores the way to reduce the refrain of leg muscle while standing up from a chair. In the process of structural development, we found that the moment is minimized when user pushes down the armrests due to a decrease in the force acting on the center of mass. In part II, a user test of 20 participants was carried out to rank the order of comfort of two stimuli: the chair with fixed armrests and the chair with the four-link mechanism that we created-in three different ways; (1) to stand up without touching armrests, (2) to stand up by pushing down on fixed armrests, and (3) to stand up by pushing down on armrests and being supported by the mechanism. To examine the statistically significant differences among the rank means, a Friedman test was conducted. In part III, we analyze the results of the user test and interview feedbacks, focusing on establishing a design strategy from UPO and visualizing it in 1:1 scale. Results: In part I, we decided to develop the four-link mechanism. The bottom is lifted up as the link rises. In part II, based on the rank data, we empirically found that UPO was assessed as the most comfortable during the stimuli. The thigh angle is smaller and the bottom of UPO is separated from a seat. In part III, after assessing the results and feedbacks, we created a visualization strategy for UPO: light, friendly, and novel. Conclusion: The portable and non-mechanical UPO comprises a four-link system that lifts the user's hips while standing. It can help users avoid knee and leg muscle strain. Its universal design considers the elderly's difficulties. Application: In a future study, combining light and durable material in UPO is expected to increase its usability. And this study is an opportunity to design various types of standing assistance devices.

• 마이크로전자및패키징학회지
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• 제22권1호
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• pp.55-61
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• 2015

신축성 전극소재는 웨어러블 밴드나 전자피부와 같은 플렉서블 제품으로의 적용 때문에 주목 받고 있다. 플렉서블 소자로서 사용하기 위해선 구부리거나 비틀거나 늘리는 등 물리적 변형에도 전기저항의 증가가 최소화되어야 한다. 카본블랙은 저가의 간단한 공정, 특히 인장 시 비저항의 감소라는 장점 때문에 후보소재로 고려되고 있다. 하지만 카본블랙의 전도도는 전극으로 사용되기에 상대적으로 낮다. 이에 비해 그래핀은 뛰어난 전기전도도 및 유연성 때문에 촉망받고 있는 전자소재이다. 따라서 그래핀을 첨가한 카본블랙은 신축성 전극으로 적합한 소재로 예상된다. 본 논문을 통해 인장 시 그래핀을 첨가한 카본전극의 전기적 특성을 연구하였다. 기계적인 인장은 전극 내의 균열(crack)을 형성시켜 도전경로의 파괴를 일으켰다. 하지만 인장으로 정렬된 그래핀은 카본필러 간의 연결성을 강화하고 도전구조를 유지하였다. 무엇보다도 그래핀 첨가로 인하여 인장 시 카본전극의 전자구조가 변화하여 전자를 효과적으로 전도하게 하였다. 결론적으로 그래핀 첨가를 통해 카본블랙 복합체에 신축성 전극으로의 가능성을 부여하였다.

• 대한토목학회논문집
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• 제29권4C호
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• pp.163-174
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• 2009

온도 변화에 의하여 로드셀이나 스트레인 게이지의 결과값이 변하기 때문에 로드셀이나 전기저항식 변형율계를 이용하는 기계적 장치는 주변 온도의 변화에 의하여 영향을 받는다. 본 연구에서는 기존의 전기저항식 변형율계 타입의 콘이 가지는 문제점과 한계를 극복하고 관입과 동시에 연속적으로 온도보상이 가능한 직경 1~7mm의 초소형 광섬유 마이크로콘을 개발하였다. 광섬유는 머리카락 굵기의 작은 직경을 가지고 있어 원하는 크기의 센서를 구성할 수 있고 전기적 신호인 전압을 측정하는 것이 아니라 빛의 파장변화를 감지하여 변형율로 변환하게 되므로 주변 조건에 의한 간섭 영향이 거의 없다. 개발된 콘의 온도보상 효과를 검증하기 위해 외력이 없는 상태에서 콘 주변의 온도를 변화시키는 온도시험을 실시하였다. 주변 온도에 따라 측정전압이 변화되는 전기저항식 변형률계 콘과는 달리 광섬유 센서를 적용한 콘은 일정한 값을 유지하는 것으로 나타났으며 관입과 동시에 지중의 온도변화를 연속적으로 확인할 수 있었다. 또한, 다층지반 콘관입시험에서는 관입되는 동안 교란영역이 적고 분해능이 뛰어나 선단지지력의 변화만으로도 다층지반의 경계를 명확하게 탐지할 수 있는 것으로 분석되었다. 본 연구에서는 광섬유 센서를 이용한 초소형 마이크로콘으로 다층지반을 효과적으로 탐지할 수 있으며 지중의 온도 영향이 고려된 순수한 선단저항력을 획득할 수 있음을 보여준다.

• 대한치과보철학회지
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• 제45권2호
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• pp.263-273
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• 2007

Statement of problem: Alteration of tooth function is assumed to be changed by stress/strain on the adjacent alveolar bone, producing changes in morphology similar to those described for other load-bearing bones. When teeth are removed, opposing teeth will not be functioned. When edentulous area is restored by implant prostheses, opposing teeth will be received physiologic mechanical stimuli. Purpose: The aim of this study was to evaluate the bone changes around the teeth opposing implant restoration installed mandibular posterior area. Material and method: Eight patients who had mandibular posterior edentulous area were treated with implants. Radiographs of the opposing teeth were taken at implant prostheses delivery(baseline), 3 months, and 6 months later. Customized film holding device was fabricated to standardize the projection geometry for serial radiographs of opposing teeth. Direct digital image was obtained. Gray values of region of interest at each digital image were measured and compared according to time lapse. Repeated measured analysis of variance and post-hoc Scheffe's test were performed at the 95% significance level. Results: Alveolar bone changes around the natural teeth opposing the posterior implant in mandible showed statistically significant difference compared to control group(P<0.05). And gray values of alveolar bone around the teeth opposing implants were increased. There were no statistically significant differences of alveolar bone changes between crestal group and middle group and between mesial group and distal group according to time lapse(P>0.05). There were no statistically significant differences of alveolar bone changes among mesial-crestal group, mesial-middle group, distal-crestal group, distal-middle group, and control group(P>0.05). Conclusion: Alveolar bone around the natural teeth opposing the implant prosthesis showed gradual bony apposition.

• 한국의학물리학회지:의학물리
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• 제17권4호
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• pp.238-245
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• 2006

CT 검사에서 조영제 혈관외유출을 예방하기 위해 EDA 시스템을 개발하여 가토를 대상으로 실험적으로 혈관외유출의 검출 효율을 평가하였다. 7마리의 가토 IV 정맥 부위에 EDA 시스템의 스트레인게이지를 부착하여 조영제를 주입하면서 혈관외유출 검출 효율을 평가하였다. 조영제의 혈관외유출은 7건으로 혈관외유출 용량 $14{\sim}23ml$ (평균 18.86 ml), 혈관외유출 발생시간 평균 11.29초, 평균압력 109.71 psi, EDA 시스템에서 스트레인게이지의 분해능 평균 512.18, 진양성 7건, 진음성 19건, 위양성 2건이었고, 민감도 100%, 특이도 90%로 나타났다. 개발된 EDA 시스템을 가토에 실험적으로 적용하여 소량의 혈관외유출 조영제를 검출하는 효율이 있어 혈관외유출을 예방하는 효과가 있다.

• 한국진공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국진공학회 2009년도 제38회 동계학술대회 초록집
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• pp.59-59
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• 2010

Graphene is a 2-D sheet of $sp^2$-bonded carbon arranged in a honeycomb lattice. This material has attracted major interest, and there are many ongoing efforts in developing graphene devices because of its high charge mobility and crystal quality. Therefore clear understanding of the substrate effect and mechanism of synthesis of graphene is important for potential applications and device fabrication of graphene. In a published paper in J. Phys. Chem. C (2008), the effect of substrate on the atomic/electronic structures of graphene is negligible for graphene made by mechanical cleavage. However, nobody shows the interaction between Ni substrate and graphene. Therefore, we have studied this interaction. In order to studying these effect between graphene and Ni substrate, We have observed graphene synthesized on Ni substrate and graphene transferred on $SiO_2$/Si substrate through Raman spectroscopy. Because Raman spectroscopy has historically been used to probe structural and electronic characteristics of graphite materials, providing useful information on the defects (D-band), in-plane vibration of sp2 carbon atoms (G-band), as well as the stacking orders (2D-band), we selected this as analysis tool. In our study, we could not observe the doping effect between graphene and Ni substrate or between graphene and $SiO_2$/Si substrate because the shift of G band in Raman spectrum was not occurred by charge transfer. We could noticed that the bonding force between graphene and Ni substrate is more strong than Van de Waals force which is the interaction between graphene and $SiO_2$/Si. Furthermore, the synthesized graphene on Ni substrate was in compressive strain. This phenomenon was observed by 2D band blue-shift in Raman spectrum. And, we consider that the graphene is incommensurate growth with Ni polycrystalline substrate.

• 한국버섯학회지
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• 제2권1호
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• pp.15-20
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• 2004

국내에서 많이 재배되는 버섯 중의 하나인 느타리 P. ostreatus는 먹물버섯이나 치마버섯과는 달리 실험실 수준에서의 자실체 발생이 힘든 것으로 알려져 있다. 본 연구에서는 실험실에서 느타리버섯을 샤레를 이용하여 전 발생과정을 유도하기 위한 방법을 검토하였다. 샤레상의 배양조건은 프라스틱 샤레 ($60{\times}15mm$)의 감자배지에서 균사를 접종한 후 빛이 없는 상태에서 배양한 뒤에, 균사의 환기상태, 균사표면의 상처, 빛 그리고 저온충격 등의 여러 환경요인들이 원기 및 자실체 형성에 미치는 영향을 검토하였다. 느타리의 최초 자실체 형성은 접종 이후 3주 내에 얻을 수도 있었으며, 균사접종 이후 10주 동안에 자실체의 형성은 균주에 따라서 76%에서 97%의 높은 빈도로 유도될 수 있었다. 위와 같이 샤레상에서 자실체를 형성할 수 있었으며, 정상적인 자실체의 성장을 위해서 빛은 필수적이며, 환기도 필요하였다. 또한 균사의 상처 처리가 원기, 자실체 및 포자의 형성에 미치는 영향이 균주에 따라서 크게 차이가 났으며, 같은 균주라 하더라도 발생단계별 그 반응의 차이도 크다는 사실을 확인하였다. 이들 자실체에서 수집된 담자포자는 발아가 가능하였다. 샤레상의 완전한 자실체 형성 방법은 느타리버섯의 생육주기를 단축시킬 수 있을 뿐만 아니라, 다양한 재배조건의 시료 획득과 한개의 배양 용기 내에서 버섯 발생의 전 단계를 관찰하고 분석하는데 유용할 수 있다.