• 한국근적외분광분석학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국근적외분광분석학회 2001년도 NIR-2001
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• pp.1246-1246
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• 2001

The quality of meat is highly variable in many properties. This variability originates from both animal production and meat processing. At the pre-slaughter stage, animal factors such as breed, sex, age contribute to this variability. Environmental factors include feeding, rearing, transport and conditions just before slaughter (Hildrum et al., 1995). Meat can be presented in a variety of forms, each offering different opportunities for adulteration and contamination. This has imposed great pressure on the food manufacturing industry to guarantee the safety of meat. Tissue and muscle speciation of flesh foods, as well as speciation of animal derived by-products fed to all classes of domestic animals, are now perhaps the most important uncertainty which the food industry must resolve to allay consumer concern. Recently, there is a demand for rapid and low cost methods of direct quality measurements in both food and food ingredients (including high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), thin layer chromatography (TLC), enzymatic and inmunological tests (e.g. ELISA test) and physical tests) to establish their authenticity and hence guarantee the quality of products manufactured for consumers (Holland et al., 1998). The use of Near Infrared Reflectance Spectroscopy (NIRS) for the rapid, precise and non-destructive analysis of a wide range of organic materials has been comprehensively documented (Osborne et at., 1993). Most of the established methods have involved the development of NIRS calibrations for the quantitative prediction of composition in meat (Ben-Gera and Norris, 1968; Lanza, 1983; Clark and Short, 1994). This was a rational strategy to pursue during the initial stages of its application, given the type of equipment available, the state of development of the emerging discipline of chemometrics and the overwhelming commercial interest in solving such problems (Downey, 1994). One of the advantages of NIRS technology is not only to assess chemical structures through the analysis of the molecular bonds in the near infrared spectrum, but also to build an optical model characteristic of the sample which behaves like the “finger print” of the sample. This opens the possibility of using spectra to determine complex attributes of organic structures, which are related to molecular chromophores, organoleptic scores and sensory characteristics (Hildrum et al., 1994, 1995; Park et al., 1998). In addition, the application of statistical packages like principal component or discriminant analysis provides the possibility to understand the optical properties of the sample and make a classification without the chemical information. The objectives of this present work were: (1) to examine two methods of sample presentation to the instrument (intact and minced) and (2) to explore the use of principal component analysis (PCA) and Soft Independent Modelling of class Analogy (SIMCA) to classify muscles by quality attributes. Seventy-eight (n: 78) beef muscles (m. longissimus dorsi) from Hereford breed of cattle were used. The samples were scanned in a NIRS monochromator instrument (NIR Systems 6500, Silver Spring, MD, USA) in reflectance mode (log 1/R). Both intact and minced presentation to the instrument were explored. Qualitative analysis of optical information through PCA and SIMCA analysis showed differences in muscles resulting from two different feeding systems.

• 한국축산식품학회지
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• 제23권3호
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• pp.193-199
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• 2003

본 연구는 배, 파인애플, 키위로부터 획득한 단일 단백질 분해효소 또는 이들의 혼합 단백질분해효소의 pH 및 처리시간에 따른 계육의 actomyosin분해 능력에 미치는 영향을 조사하였다. 파인애플 단백질분해효소를 처리한 경우, pH 5.3, 7.0과 8.0 모두에서 가장 강한 분해능력을 나타내었으나, 배 및 키위 단백질분해효소의 actomyosin 분해 능력은 비슷한 경향을 보였다. pH에 따른 분해 능력의 조사 결과는 배, 파인애플 및 키위 단백질분해효소 모두pH 5.3에서 강한 분해 활성을 나타내었으나, pH 8.0에서는 파인애플을 제외한 배 및 키위 단백질분해효소는 약한 분해 반응을 보였다. 배 단백질분해효소와 파인애플 단백질분해효소를 1:1 (w/w)로 혼합하였을 때 pH조건에 크게 영향을 받지 않고 강한 분해를 나타낸 반면, 배와 키위 단백질분해효소의 혼합 또는 키위 와 파인애플 단백질분해효소의 혼합의 경우, 배와 파인애플 단백질분해효소의 혼합의 경우에 비해 분해 능력이 낮아지는 것으로 나타나, pH 7.0에서는 키위 효소의 단백질 분해 활성은 배 단백질분해효소와는 영향을 받지 않으나 파인애플로부터 추출한 단백질분해효소와는 경합적으로 작용하는 것으로 관찰되었다. 한편, 배, 파인애플 및 키위 단백질 분해효소의 혼합효소로 처리한 경우pH의 차이에 크게 영향을 받지 않으며 이상적인 분해 능력을 나타내었다. 따라서, 본 연구 결과, 파인애플 및 파파야 등 열대 과일 유래의 단백질분해효소 단일로 처리할 때의 단점인 과잉분해의 문제점이 배 단백질분해효소의 혼합이용을 통해 개선될 수 있는 가능성을 제시하였다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제19권5호
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• pp.744-750
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• 2006

An experiment was carried out to evaluate the effects of substituted conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) for fat on qualities, lipid oxidation and residual nitrite contents in emulsion-type sausage (ETS) after different periods of storage. The control sausage contained 20% fat, however, the substituted CLA for fat sausages contained 17.5% fat+2.5% CLA, 15% fat+5% CLA, 12.5% fat+7.5% CLA and 10% fat+10% CLA, respectively. CLA concentration was significantly increased (p<0.05) by substitution of CLA sources for fat, and storage did not affect the CLA concentration. TBARS were significantly increased with the increasing of storage time in all treatments (p<0.05). Significantly higher $L^*$ values were observed in the 10% CLA treatment compared to other treatments during storage. Moreover, $a^*$ values in CLA treatments significantly (p<0.05) increased compared to the control. Again, $b^*$ values were significantly (p<0.05) higher in CLA treatments than those of the control during storage. The concentration of residual nitrite in ETS was significantly (p<0.05) different between the treatments during storage and the results were in the following order: control >2.5% CLA>5% CLA and 7.5% CLA>10% CLA. Overall acceptability of CLA treatments was significantly (p<0.05) lower than the control during storage, whereas no significant differences were found in overall acceptability between the treatments after 28 days of storage.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제15권1호
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• pp.1-6
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• 2002

Eggs obtained from 46 and 42 weeks old meat (Hybro) and layer (Leghorn) breeders flocks, respectively were used to examine the effects of genetic type of birds and egg size (small, medium and large) on variables of eggshell characteristics and hatchability traits. The variables measured were egg weight (EW), egg surface area (ESA) and eggshell characteristics (shell conductance (EC), per cent shell (PS), shell thickness (ST), shell volume (SV), shell density (SD) and hatchability traits (per cent hatchability (HP), early dead embryos (ED), late dead embryos (LD), pips with live embryos (PL) and pips with dead embryos (PD)). Genetic type of bird influenced all egg characteristics and HP of eggs. Eggs produced by the small Leghorn bird had lower EW, ESA, EC, ST, SV and HP than those produced by the heavy Hybro bird. The reduction of HP was associated with an increase in the percentage of ED and PL. Egg size influenced all variables measured except ST. Small size eggs had lower EW, ESA and EC and higher PS and SD than those of large eggs. Medium size eggs produced a higher HP when compared with that of large size eggs. The reduction of HP in large eggs was associated with higher percentage of ED, LD and PL. There were significant interactions between the genetic group of birds and egg size on LD and HP. Large egg size of Hybro birds had higher LD and lower HP than those of small size eggs produced by the same flock. However, There was no difference in HP and LD among the different egg sizes produced by Leghorn birds. It was concluded that genetic make up of birds and egg size influence eggshell characteristics and HP. The type of bird (heavy or small) influences the optimum egg size for successful hatching. Attention should be given to the size and eggshell characteristics of eggs of breeders' flocks for achieving maximum HP.

• 한국축산식품학회지
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• 제37권6호
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• pp.948-954
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• 2017

The objective of this study was to investigate the relationship between muscle fiber characteristics and fatty acid composition of four major muscles in Korean native black goat (KNBG). Longissimus lumborum (LL), psoas major (PM), semimembranosus (SM), and gluteus medius (GM) were obtained from five male KNBGs of 36 mon of age and subjected to histochemical analysis and to determine fatty acid composition and meat quality traits. There were significant (p<0.05) differences in fiber number percentage (FNP) and fiber area percentage (FAP) of fiber types among these four muscles. PM had the highest FNP of type I and the lowest FNP of type IIB, while SM had the highest FNP of type IIB. The highest fat content was observed in LL while SM had the lowest fat content. The proportions of SFA and MUFA were significantly (p<0.05) different among four muscles due to differences in the majority of fatty acids such as oleic (C18:1) and palmitic (C16:0) acids. The PUFA/SFA ratio was significantly (p<0.05) different among four muscles, and the highest PUFA/SFA ratio was observed in PM. Results suggested that LL and PM might be healthful because of higher desirable fatty acid value and PUFA/SFA ratio, respectively. Also, data showed that correlations between muscle fiber types and fatty acids proportion of goat muscles were reversed with those of cattle muscles.

• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제25권5호
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• pp.481-486
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• 1993

본 연구는 유화형 소시지 제조시 전보에서 분석된 원료육의 성분과 기능성 자료를 데이타베이스로 하여, 컴퓨터를 이용한 최소가격배합을 자성하여 그 적용의 실례를 들고 제한조건의 하나로 설정된, 결착지수의 부합도를 실제 제품제조를 통해 검토한 후 적정 결착지수 제한조건을 찾기 위하여 실시하였다. 결착지수 제한조건을 달리하여 최소가격배합비로 제조한 프랑크푸르터소시지의 실측 결착성을 측정한 결과 예측치와 일치하지는 않았으나 비례하여 나타났으며, 일치하지 않은 이유는 결착지수가 모형시스템에 의해서 구해진 관계로 실제 제조공정과 조건이 다른 것으로 사려된다. 또한 조직감 분석대상들을 결착지수와 비교했을 때 소시지의 조직감을 표현하는 바람직한 지표로서 cohesiveness와 함께 hardness를 동시에 고려할 필요가 있었다. 시중 제품의 결착성과 경도를 고려하여 볼 때 본 연구의 결착지수 제한조건은 $0.16{\sim}0.17$로 설정될 수 있었다.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제32권10호
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• pp.1307-1314
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• 2022

In this study, we sought to investigate the various characteristics of Salmonella spp. isolated from raw chicken meats available in Korean markets. The data collected, such as food source of isolation, sampling information, serotype, virulence, and genetic profile including sequence type, were registered in the database for further comparative analysis of the strains isolated from the traceback investigation samples. To characterize serotype, virulence and gene sequences, we examined 113 domestically distributed chicken meat samples for contamination with Salmonella spp. Phylogenetic analysis was conducted on 24 strains (21.2%) of Salmonella isolated from 113 commercially available chicken meats and by-products, using pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) and multilocus sequence typing (MLST). Serotyping of the isolated Salmonella spp. revealed S. Enteritidis in 11 strains (45.8%), S. Virchow in 6 strains (25%), S. Montevideo in 2 strains (8.3%), S. Bsilla in 2 strains (8.3%), S. Bareilly in 1 strain (4.2%), S. Dessau in 1 strain (4.2%), and S. Albany in 1 strain (4.2%). The genetic correlation indicated that 24 isolated strains were classified into 18 clusters with a genetic similarity of 64.4-100% between them. Eleven isolated S. Enteritidis strains were classified into 9 genotypes with a sequence identity of 74.4%, whereas the most distantly related S. Virchow was divided into five genotypes with 85.9% identity. Here, the MLST analysis indicated that the major Sequence Type (ST) of the Salmonella spp. isolated from domestic chicken sold in Chungcheong Province belongs to the ST 11 and 16, which differs from the genotype of Salmonella isolated from imported chicken. The differential sequence characteristics can be a genetic marker for identifying causative bacteria for epidemiological investigations of food poisoning.

• 한국축산시설환경학회지
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• 제15권1호
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• pp.37-50
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• 2009

본 연구결과는 출하돈의 도체품질 향상과 품질인증 프로그램 구축을 위한 자료로 활용하기 위하여 2년 동안 53개 농장에서 출하된 248,787두에 대한 도체평가 결과를 모돈수에 의한 경영규모, 육성비육돈 단계의 사육밀도, 수송시간, 출하시점, 비육돈 후기사료 급여비율 및 비육돈사 형태에 따라 도체등급과 PSE 발생율, 도체 근간지방 점수, 근내지방 점수, 피하지방 점수 및 육탄력성 점수에 미치는 영향을 분석한 결과이며 요약하면 다음과 같다. 1. 양돈장 경영규모는 도체등급에 영향을 미치며, 경영규모가 커질수록 좋은 등급을 나타내었으나, PSE 출현율은 경영규모에 따른 차이가 인정되지 않았다. 도체 근간지방 점수, 근내지방 점수, 피하지방 점수 및 육탄력성 점수는 양돈장 경영규모에 따라 일정한 차이를 나타내지 않았다. 2. 육성비육돈사 사육밀도는 도체등급에 영향을 미치며, 중간 밀도에서 좋은 등급을 나타내었으나, PSE 발생율은 낮은 밀도에서 오히려 높게 나타났다. 도체 근간지방 점수와 근내지방 점수 및 육탄력성 점수는 중간 밀도에서 우수하게 나타났으나 피하지방 점수는 사육밀도에 의한 차이가 없었다. 3. 출하돈의 수송시간에 의한 도체등급 차이는 인정되지 않았으며, PSE 발생율 역시 수송시간에 의한 차이는 없었다. 그러나 수송시간은 도체 육질점수에 영향을 미치며, 1시간을 초과한 수송이 근간지방 점수와 근내지방 점수, 피하지방 점수 및 육탄력성 점수 모두 우수한 것으로 나타났다. 4. 출하시점은 출하후 계류를 통한 도축전 휴식과 관련되는데, 출하시점은 도체등급과 PSE 발생율에 영향을 미치지 않는 것으로 나타났다. 도체 근간지방 점수, 근내지방 점수 및 육탄력성 점수는 오전 10시 이전 출하가 우수한 것으로 나타났으나, 피하지방 점수는 차이가 없었다. 5. 비육돈 후기사료 급여비율 차이에 의한 도체등급 차이는 인정되지 않았으나, PSE 발생율은 후기사료 21% 이상 급여가 높은 것으로 나타났다. 도체 근간지방 점수와 근내지방 점수는 후기사료를 21% 이상 급여한 경우가 우수하게 나타났으며, 피하지방 점수는 후기사료를 20% 이내 급여가 우수하였으나, 육탄력성 점수는 비육후기사료 급여비율에 의한 차이는 인정되지 않았다. 6. 비육돈사 형태에 따른 도체등급의 차이는 무창돈사가 우수하게 나타났으나, PSE 발생율 또한 무창돈사가 높았다. 도체 근간지방 점수와 근내지방 점수는 비육돈사 형태에 의한 차이는 없었으나, 피하지방 점수와 육탄력성 점수는 개방돈사가 우수한 것으로 나타났다. 이상의 결과를 종합해 보면, 양돈장 관리시스템 및 도축전 취급이 출하돈의 도체등급과 육질점수에 영향을 미치는 구체적인 내용들을 확인할 수 있었다. 따라서 양돈장 관리시스템과 관련된 각종 환경요인과 관리요인 및 도축전 취급과 관련된 인자들에 대한 세심한 관리를 통하여 스트레스 최소화와 동물복지 향상으로 도체품질 개선과 소비자를 위한 품질인증 시스템을 구축하여야 할 것으로 사료된다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제14권7호
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• pp.915-921
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• 2001

IGF-I is involved in the regulation of growth and differentiation in mammals, but its role as a modulator of growth and metabolism in poultry is poorly understood. And, no studies have so far been reported for the comparison between serum IGF-I concentration and body growth in the egg type or the dual purposes (meat and egg type) chicken including the Korean Native Ogol Chicken (KNOC). Therefore, in order to improve the body growth and meat production of the KNOC, this study was conducted for the identification of the polymorphism of IGF-I gene and for its possible association with both body weight and IGF-I concentration. The RFLP patterns for IGF-I gene were identified by the PstI restriction enzyme. The frequencies of +/+, +/-, and -/- genotype were 16.9%, 51.7%, and 31.4%, respectively. Any statistical significance was not observed in all variations except for sex variation (p<0.01) by covariate quadratic model. The significant effect of the IGF-I genotype on body weight by sex indicates that there are different physiological characteristics in gender. Although the body weights of male KNOCs in most ages were not significant, there was a tendency of KNOCs with +/+ IGF-I genotype to be heavier than those with any other genotypes. But all IGF-I genotypes in female did not influence on body weight. The ANOYA revealed no significant effects of IGF-I genotypes on serum IGF-I concentration but sex effect was highly significant on the IGF-I concentration at 20 and 40 weeks (p<0.01). Although the +/+ genotype, in gender, tended to express a higher IGF-I concentration than the other genotypes at all ages in males, a statistical difference among the genotypes was not found except for 60 weeks (p<0.05). Furthermore, since body weight and IGF-I genotypes are associated, it is possible to improve KNOC to a meat type breed if a continuous selection can be made for the body weight and/or IGF-I traits.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• 제55권5호
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• pp.443-449
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• 2013

본 연구는 한우 비육후기사료 개발을 위하여 사료의 급여형태를 달리하였을 때, 사양성적, 도체특성 및 지방합성과 관련된 혈액 중 성분들의 변화를 구명하고자 수행되었다. 평균체중 445 kg 되는 20개월령 한우 거세우 30두를 이용하여 30개월령까지 사양시험을 실시하였다. 처리구는 농후사료와 조사료를 분리급여한 구(Formula feed), TMR 급여구, 그리고 TMR에 배합사료를 추가 급여한 혼합구 (Formula-TMR)로 나누어 각 처리구당 10두씩 완전 임의배치 하였다. 전 시험기간 동안 평균 건물 및 TDN 섭취량은 혼합구에서 가장 많았으나 (p<0.05), 증체량, 도체중, 육량지수, 지방색은 처리간에 유의적인 차이를 보이지 않았다. 혈액 중 retinol, insulin 및 leptin의 함량은 처리에 따른 유의적인 차이는 없었고, leptin 함량이 상대적으로 높았던 혼합구의 근내지방도가 유의적으로 높게 나타났다 (p<0.05). 배최장근의 조직감, 육량등급 및 육질등급은 분리급여구, TMR구 및 혼합구에서 각각 가장 높았다 (p<0.05).