• Journal of Trauma and Injury
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• 제26권2호
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• pp.39-46
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• 2013

Purpose: Non-invasive blood pressure measurement is widely used as a pre-hospital triage tool for blunt trauma patients. However, scant data exits for using the mean arterial pressure (MAP), compared to the systolic blood pressure, as a guiding index. The aim of this study was to determine the association between adverse outcomes and mean arterial pressure (MAP) and to exhibit the therapeutic range of the MAP in adult blunt trauma patients. Methods: The electronic medical records for all trauma patients in a single hospital from January 2010 to September 2012 were retrospectively reviewed. Patients below 17 years of age, patients with penetrating injuries, and patients with serious head trauma (injuries containing any skull fractures or any intracranial hemorrhages) were excluded. Adverse outcomes were defined as one of the following: death in the Emergency Department (ED), admission via operating theater, admission to the intensive care unit, transfer to another hospital for emergency surgery, or discharge as hopeless. Results: There were 14,537 patients who met entry criteria. Adverse outcomes occurred for MAPs in range from 90 to 120 mmHg. Adverse outcomes were found, after adjusting for confounding variables, to occur increasingly as the MAP declined below 90 mmHg or rose above 120 mmHg. Conclusion: Not only lower but also higher mean arterial pressure is associated with increased adverse outcomes in adult blunt trauma patients. Thus, patients with a MAP above 120 mmHg should be considered as a special group requiring higher medical attention, just as those with a MAP below 90 mmHg are.

• 공학교육연구
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• 제10권4호
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• pp.58-77
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• 2007

대학의 강의평가는 수업효과성에 대한 진단적 피드백을 제공하고 교수에 대한 의사결정에 도움을 주며 학생이 수강 시 활용할 수 있는 정보를 제공하는 등 광범위하게 사용되고 있다. 그러나 활용범위가 확대될 수록 강의평가도구의 타당성과 신뢰성이 제기되고 있으며, 강의평가 제도 자체에 대한 측정학적 연구가 요구되고 있다. 본 연구의 목적은 이공계 대학의 강의평가 결과에 대한 실증적 분석을 통하여 강의평가제도의 순기능을 극대화하기 위한 개선방안을 제안하는 것이다. 평가도구의 타당도와 신뢰도, 평가결과에 대한 문항반응 유형 등을 통계적으로 분석하기 위해 국내 대학교 이공계 개설강의 중 471개 과목의 385명 교수에 대한 총 49,127 명 학생의 강의평가 결과자료를 사용하였다. 분석 결과, 첫째, 강의평가의 유형별 차이를 줄이기 위하여 전공별 또는 수업유형별로 평가문항 군에서 문항을 선택하도록 개선할 것을 제안하고, 둘째, 평가결과점수 상하위 10% 해당하는 강의의 특성을 분석하여 결과활용의 방향을 제시하였다.

• 대한임상검사과학회지
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• 제36권2호
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• pp.144-152
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• 2004

With technological advances in automatic hematology analyzers, primary and screening differential counts of white blood cells (WBC) are done with automatic hematology analyzers. They are using different measurement and analysis principles, so differences in WBC differentials and WBC morphology flag exist. This study was carried out to analyze WBC differential counts and WBC morphology flags comparing them with the manual method. Patient EDTA samples in Vacutainer requested for WBC differentials were analyzed with XE-2100. And those samples with suspect flags messages index over 100 were selected and were analyzed with ADVIA-120. Peripheral blood smear film was subsequently made. Three investigators counted 200 cells each (600 cells) in 111 Wright-Giemsa stained blood films. Between two automatic hematology analyzers, neutrophil, lymphocyte, eosinophil, and monocyte showed good correlations, but basophil had moderate correlation. Among automatic hematology analyzers and manual count, neutrophil, lymphocyte, and eosinophil had good correlations, but monocyte had moderate correlation. XE-2100 had higher monocyte, which was due to atypical lymphocyte and myeloblast. LUC in ADVIA-120 was not due to monocyte in XE-2100. Morphology flagging rates were 146.9% in XE-2100 and was 93.2% in ADVIA-120. Positive predictive values of morphology flag were 58.2% in XE-2100 and 54.4% in ADVIA-120. Flags such as atypical lymphocyte, immature granulocyte, and left shift had higher predictive values and those such as N-RBC, platelets clump, and blast had lower ones. Between automatic hematology analyzers, WBC differentials showed good correlations. Predictive values for morphology flags can be variable with changing criteria. Reviewing criteria for WBC differentials and morphology flags should be established in each laboratory with regards to size of laboratory and patients it serves.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제41권8호
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• pp.786-796
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• 2008

본 연구는 초등학생의 영양소 섭취상태, 식습관, 학업스트레스 및 이들 요인과 학업성취도와의 관계를 분석해보고자 경기도 부천 소재 초등학교 5학년 학생 224명을 대상으로 2007년 7월에 실시하였다. 본 연구대상 학생은 정상범위의 신장과 체중 및 신체충실지수를 나타내고 있었으나 남학생에 비해 여학생에서 마른 학생의 비율이, 여학생에 비해 남학생의 비만율이 더높았다. 영양소 섭취상태는 대부분 권장량 수준으로 섭취하고 있었으며, 단백질, 비타민 A, 비타민 B1는 120% 이상 섭취하고 있었다. 그러나 칼슘 (61%)과 엽산 (66%)은 부족하게 섭취하고 있었으며, 식이섬유소와 칼륨, 엽산의 섭취량은 여학생이 남학생보다 많았다 (p < 0.05). 탄수화물：단백질：지방의 섭취비율과 n-3계열과 n-6계열 지방산 모두 적정량을 섭취하고 있었다. 식습관은 전반적으로 양호하였으으나 남학생이 여학생에 비해 불량한 편이었으며 학업스트레스는 남녀 모두 총 점수의 40% 정도로 스트레스를 적게 받고 있는 것으로 나타났다. 학업성취도는 영양소 섭취상태 (에너지, 단백질, 인, 칼륨, 아연, n-6계열 지방산, 다중불포화지방산)가 좋을수록 (p < 0.05), 식습관점수가 높을수록 좋았다 (p < 0.05). 반면, 외식 빈도수가 적을수록 학업성취도가 높은 경향을 보였다. 학업스트레스는 학업성취도가 높을수록 적게 받고 있었다 (p < 0.01). 본 연구 결과, 학업성취도가 높은 사람일수록 영양소 섭취상태와 식습관이 좋았으며 학업스트레스를 적게 받고 있었다. 따라서 영양교사와 학부모 및 담임교사들은 아동에게 체계적인 영양교육을 실시함으로서 아동의 영양 상태증진 및 올바른 식습관 정립을 통하여 학업성취도 향상에도 일부 기여할 수 있을 것으로 기대된다.

• 수산해양기술연구
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• 제39권4호
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• pp.269-275
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• 2003

제주도 연안 정치망의 여름철 주 어획대상인 잿방어를 실험어로 하여, 음향을 이용한 어군행동 제어, 음향순치 등 바다목장 조성을 위한 어군의 관리, 사육, 어획기술에 이용할 기초자료를 제공할 목적으로 육상수조에서 수중 가청 저주파음과 전기충격을 이용하여 음향 학습 시킨 후, 주파수와 음압을 변화시켜가면서 잿방어의 섬전도를 도출 하여 심박간격의 변화로부터 청각문턱치, 청각임계비를 측정하였다. 자연환경소음에서 잿방어의 청각문턱치는 측정 주파수 80∼800 HZ의 수중 가청음을 모두 인식하였고, 측정 주파수 200∼500 HZ 에서 청각 감도가 양호하였으며, 측정 주파수 300 Hz에서 평균 음압 94.5 dB, 표준편차 4.5 dB로 가장 낮은 청각문턱치를 보였다. 평균 음압을 65 dB, 70 dB, 75 dB의 3단계로 변화시킨 백색잡음 방성으로 측정한 잿방어의 청각임계비는 측정 주파수 80, 100, 200, 300, 400, 500, 800 HZ에서 각각 평균 음압 45.9, 52.8, 42.5, 36.4, 38.6, 39.4, 44.4 dB이었다. 측정 주파수 300 HZ, 400 HZ 그리고 500 HZ 에서는 백색잡음 중에서 측정음을 식별하는 능력이 다른 측정 주파수에 비하여 우수했다. 잿방어가 주파수 300 HZ의 수중 가청음을 충분히 인식하기 위해서는 최저 100 dB 이상의 음압 강도가 펼요하며 환경 소음이 존재하는 환경에서는 소음 스펙트럼 음압 레벨보다 약 35 dB 이상 크게 방성할 펼요가 있다.

• 생명과학회지
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• 제20권1호
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• pp.71-76
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• 2010

본 연구는 중년 남성들을 대상으로 3년간 1년에 1회씩 3차례에 걸쳐 운동부하 검사 시 심전도 반응을 측정하여 야외 및 트레드밀 걷기 운동 참여 여부에 따라 부하 심전도의 변화에 어떠한 양상이 나타나는지를 규명하고자, 안정 시 신체조성 분석, 운동부하 검사 시 심전도 반응을 측정하였다. 안정 시 신체조성 분석은 체지방율과 BMI를 측정하였고, 안정 시 및 운동부하 검사 시 심전도 반응은 ST/HR 경사 및 QRS 벡터를 측정하였는데, 그 결과는 다음과 같다. 1. ST/HR 경사의 변화에 있어서 운동 6분부터 통제 집단은 감소하기 시작하여 운동 9분과 peak시에 $2.4\;{\mu}V/bpm$ 이하로 감소하여 허혈 증상이 나타났다. 2. QRS 벡터의 축 각도에 있어서 안정 시 전면 축은 시간이 경과함에 따라 통제 집단이 우측으로 유의하게 편향되었고, 안정 시 수평면 축은 시간이 경과함에 따라 통제 집단이 등 쪽으로 유의하게 향하였다. 안정 시 수평면 파고의 길이에 있어서 통제 집단은 시간이 경과함에 따라 유의하게 감소하였고 걷기 운동 집단은 유의하게 증가하였다. 결론적으로 비 활동의 중년 남성들은 운동 중 심근 허혈 유발, QRS 벡터의 편향 등이 현저하게 나타난 반면, 규칙적인 야외 및 트레드밀 걷기 활동에 참여한 중년 남성들은 심혈관계 질환 위험 요소의 감소로 심장기능이 향상된 결과를 알 수 있었다.

• 대한가정학회지
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• 제28권4호
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• pp.65-86
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• 1990

Living conditions of the rural elderly were assessed in terms of clothing behavior, health and nutritional status, housing and envioronmental condition, and psychological adjustment. The subjects were eighty individuals over sixty residing in the rural community of Iksan-kun, Chollabukdo. The interview method using questionnaires, direct measurement, and observation was used for this study. Data were compared with those obtained from a previous study of the elderly residing in an urban area. Clothing behavior showed that the elderly residing in the rural community were more concerned about plain and conservative design of clothes than their urban counterparts. Special protective clothes for cropdusting with agricultural chemicals had not been prepared. The following urgent needs were pointed out: development and supply of agricultural chemical protective clothing and development and education of appropriate washing and clothing care methods. The health status of the elderly was generally good, but poor eating habits were found more frequently in the rural elderly than among the urban dwellers. Several dietary nutrient intakes were insufficient. Contrasting the urban elderly with the rural group, it was found that the urban group lacked sufficient vitamin A and vitamin C and the urban women had insufficient calorie whereas the rural group was deficient in protein, vitamin A, calorie, and fat. A significant relationship was found between dietary nutrient intake and health index, food habit points, self recognized health status, meal satisfaction, and economic status. Urgent needs of the development of a nutrition education program for the elderly were pointed out. Most of elderly residing in the surveyed rural communities were living alone or with their spouse only, therefore only one room was used among the three or four available rooms. Most of the rural elderly were living either in a traditional Korean house built with differing floor levels or in a modified Korean style house. Minimal modernization had been made for kitchen facilities such as sink and gas range or for heating facilities with the briquette boiler. However, sanitary space such as lavatory and bathroom had not been remodeled. A housing welfare program for rural communities should be implemented at the national level. The comparison of psychological characteristics of the rural elderly with their city counterparts revealed that the rural elderly have a more stable psychological status and optimistic attitude than those living in a city. However, it was found that most of the elderly did not have any future plan. Community programs for the elderly including hobbies or leisure activities or education programs to generate close interpersonal relationships with their children should be developed and provided.

• 한방재활의학과학회지
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• 제25권2호
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• pp.1-13
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• 2015

Objectives Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a human pathogen and a major cause of hospital-acquired infections. New antibacterial agents that have not been compromised by bacterial resistance are needed to treat MRSA-related infections. In this study, we investigated the antimicrobial activity ofethanol extract of Haedokgeumhwa-san (HGH) which prescription is composed of korean medicine against MRSA. Methods The antibacterial activity of HGH extract was evaluated against MRSA strains by using the Disc diffusion method, broth microdilution method (minimal inhibitory concentration; MIC), checkerboard dilution test, and time-kill test; its mechanism of action was investigated by bacteriolysis, detergent or ATPase inhibitors. The checkerboard dilution test was used to examined synergistic effect of ampicillin, oxacillin, ciprofloxacin, vancomycin, gentamicin and norfloxacin in combination with HGH ethanol extract. A time-kill assay was performed a survival curve which was obtained by plotting viable colony counts depending on time on bacterial growth. Results The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of ethanol extract (HGH) ranged from 1,000 to $2,000{\mu}g/mL$ against all the tested bacterial strains, respectively. We are able to confirm that HGH extract has potentially strong antibacterial activity. In the checkerboard dilution test, fractional inhibitory concentration index of HGH in combination with antibiotics indicated synergy or partial synergism against S. aureus. A time-kill study showed that the growth of the tested bacteria was considerably inhibited after 8 hr of treatment with the combination of HGH with selected antibiotics. For measurement of cell membrane permeability, HGH $250{\sim}1,000{\mu}g/mL$ along with concentration of Triton X-100 (TX) and Tris-(hydroxymethyl) aminomethane (Tris) were used. In the other hand, N,N-dicyclohexylcarbodimide (DCCD) and Sodium azide ($NaN_3$) was used as an inhibitor of ATPase. TX, Tris, DCCD and $NaN_3$ cooperation against S. aureus showed synergistic action. Accordingly, antimicrobial activity of HGH was affected by cell membrane and inhibitor of ATPase. Conclusions These results suggest that Haedokgeumhwa-san extract has antibacterial activity, and that HGH extract offers a potential as a natural antibiotic against MRSA.

• 수면정신생리
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• 제5권2호
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• pp.119-133
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• 1998

Attentional processes facilitate cognitive and behavioral performance in several ways. Attention serves to reduce the amount of information to receive. Attention enables humans to direct themselves to appropriate aspects of external environmental events and internal operations. Attention facilitates the selection of salient information and the allocation of cognitive processing appropriate to that information. Attention is not a unitary process that can be localized to a single neuroanatomical region. Before the cortical registration of sensory information, activation of important subcortical structures occurs, which is called as an orienting response. Once sensory information reaches the sensory cortex, a large number of perceptual processes occur, which provide various levels of perceptual resolution of the critical features of the stimuli. After this preattentional processing, information is integrated within higher cortical(heteromodal) systems in inferior parietal and temporal lobes. At this stage, the processing characteristics can be modified, and the biases of the system have a direct impact on attentional selection. Information flow has been traced through sensory analysis to a processing stage that enables the new information to be focused and modified in relation to preexisting biases. The limbic and paralimbic system play significant roles in modulating attentional response. It is labeled with affective salience and is integrated according to ongoing pressures from the motivational drive system of the hypothalamus. The salience of information greatly influences the allocation of attention. The frontal lobe operate response selection system with a reciprocal interaction with both the attention system of the parietal lobe and the limbic system. In this attentional process, the search with the spatial field is organized and a sequence of attentional responses is generated. Affective, motivational and appectitive impulses from limbic system and hypothalamus trigger response intention, preparation, planning, initiation and control of frontal lobe on this process. The reticular system, which produces ascending activation, catalyzes the overall system and increases attentional capacity. Also additional energetic pressures are created by the hypothalamus. As psychophysiological measurement, skin conductance, pupil diameter, muscle tension, heart rate, alpha wave of EEG can be used. Event related potentials also provide physiological evidence of attention during information process. NI component appears to be an electrophysiological index of selective attention. P3 response is developed during the attention related to stimulus discrimination, evaluation and response.

• Physical Therapy Rehabilitation Science
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• 제6권2호
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• pp.90-95
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• 2017

Objective: The purpose of this study was to investigate the physical therapists' perception of the use of gait measures, the frequency of the gait measures used, and also to identify the barriers that limit the use of these assessment tools. Design: Cross-sectional study. Methods: Physical therapists from the Seoul, Gyeonggi area from March to July 2016 were included in the study. Over the course of 18 weeks, a cross-sectional study was conducted with a self-report questionnaire. A total of 700 questionnaires were distributed and 350 questionnaires (50%) were collected, however with the exclusion of 140 questionnaires due to non-consent, a total of 210 questionnaires (30%) were analysed. Results: Out of the 10 standardized assessment tools, the therapists showed the highest perception for the timed up and go test (TUG [n=153, 72.9%]) and they also had high perception for the 10 meters walk test (10MWT [n=149, 71.0%]), and 6-minute walk test (6MWT [n=123, 58.6%]). The respondents answered that the TUG (n=116, 55.2%), 10MWT (n=100, 47.6%), and 6MWT (n=51, 24.3%) was used the most often. On the contrary, only four (1.9%) therapists have used the Chedoke-McMaster stroke assessment and the Rivermead Mobility Index. The lack of time was considered as the most important barrier to the use of assessment tools in clinical practice. Conclusions: Through this study, it has been shown that the domestic physical therapists used the TUG and the 10MWT mainly due to high recognition and evaluation status; however, the lack of time was the greatest impediment to the clinical application of the gait assessment tools.