• The Journal of Internal Korean Medicine
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• v.31 no.4
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• pp.857-869
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• 2010

Objectives : The aim of this study was to evaluate whether rats with non-obstructive antral dilation could be a useful tool resembling functional dyspeptic patients. We also investigated the effect of Bojoongikki-tang (BJ), and Youngkaechulgam-tang (YK) in antral dilated rats. Methods : Non-obstructive antral dilation was performed by first wrapping a non-absorbable rubber ring (D:6mm, W:4mm, T:1mm) around the 1st portion of the duodenum causing pyloric obstruction (PO). After 12 weeks, except for some PO group rats used for the control, the rubber ring was removed by performing another operation. The antral dilated rats (AD) were then divided into three groups, a non-treatment group (AD-NT), and two herbal medicine groups each given an extract solution containing 125 mg/kg of Youngkaechulgam-tang (AD-YK) or Bojoongikki-tang (AD-BJ) for 4 weeks. Then gastric contractility was evaluated by bowel sound measurement, and afterwards the changes of the weight, and morphologic changes of the stomach were evaluated for each group including the normal intact group (NI). Results : Loss of weight and enlargement of the stomach surface area was seen in the PO group. Decrease of gastric motility index was observed in the AD-NT group, while the increased surface area of the stomach was not significantly different from the PO group. Youngkaechulgam-tang seemed to increase gastric contraction, whereas Bojoongikki-tang showed no effect. Weight gain of rats was observed in both the AD-YK and AD-BJ groups, but there seemed to be no change of the dilated stomach surface area. Conclusions : The non-obstructive antral dilated rat seems to be an experimental pathologic model that reflects the gastric dysmotility similar to functional dyspeptic patients with antral dilation. Therefore patients with dysmotility-like dyspepsia with antral function disorders should be treated efficiently. As Youngkaechulgam-tang is shown to increase both gastric contraction and weight in antral dilated rats, it may be used for treating functional dyspepsia. However, Bojoongikki-tang should be used with caution in patients with gastric dysmotility.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• v.27 no.6
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• pp.43-57
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• 2010

Objectives : To investigate the effects of electroacupuncture on parameters related to obesity in adults with abdominal obesity. Methods : A three arm randomized single blind pilot study was conducted from Jan 4 to March 25, 2010 in Kyung Hee Oriental Medical Hospital. The subjects were 39 adults with abdominal obesity and were randomly divided by computer generated random table into 3 groups; EA(electroacupuncture), sham EA(sham electroacupuncture) and waitlist groups. Acupuncture points located at abdomen($CV_{12}$, $CV_6$, $ST_{25}$, $SP_{15}$, $SP_{14}$) and extremities($LI_4$, $LI_{11}$, $ST_{36}$, $ST_{44}$) were inserted by disposable stainless steel needles and were stimulated 30 minutes with 24Hz, 0.27~1.3mA(tolerable strength), asymmetric biphasic continuous pulse wave form by STN-111 Stratek device in EA group. Two treatment sessions per week for 5 weeks(10 sessions in total) were done in EA and sham EA groups. The primary outcome measurement was WC(waist circumference), and the secondary outcome measurements included WHR(waist hip ratio), ASF(thickness of abdominal subcutaneous fat), and inbody measurements of BW(body weight), BMI(body mass index), BFR(body fat ratio) and VFA(visceral fat area), and also scores of BULIT-R(bulimia test revised), KoQoL(Korean obesity of QoL) and BSQ(body shape questionnaire). Results : All of 39 subjects were included in ITT(intention-to-treat) analysis. There were significant reductions in WC, WHR and ASF after 5-week electroacupuncture treatments and the percentage reductions were significantly greater than sham EA or waitlist group. There were no significant differences between groups in percentage reductions of other parameters(BW, BMI, BFR, VFA, BULIT-R, KoQoL and BSQ). But, there were continuous reductions in BW, BMI, BFR and VFA at 3 weeks after the end of treatment and there was significant reduction in BW compared with the baseline value in EA group. No seriously adverse effects were reported during the period. Conclusions : Electroacupuncture was more effective than sham electroacupuncture or no intervention on the reduction of WC, WHR and ASF in adults with abdominal obesity.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.31 no.10
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• pp.945-951
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• 1998

Background: Although profound hypothermia with total circulatory arrest(TCA) is a valuable maneuver in cardiac surgery, its applications have been limited due to serious complications, especially cerebral damage. In this study, the possible role of creatinine kinase-BB(CK-BB), an index enzyme of ischemic cerebral damage, was assayed as a parameter for the assessment of the cerebral complications after TCA. Hemoglobin(Hb), ionized calcium(Ca++), and blood glucose levels were also assessed as clinical parameters involved in cerebral damage. Materials and methods: Among patients with congenital heart disease, 18 patients who had been operated on with TCA were randomly selected and divided into two groups: 6 with acyanotic and 12 with cyanotic heart disease. Arterial blood from each patient was collected before and after TCA at scheduled times(15 min., 30 min, 1, 2, 4, 8, and 12hr). The levels of CK-BB, Hb, Ca++, and blood glucose were assessed in each sample. Results: As a whole, correlation between CK-BB level and blood sampling time after TCA was not statistically significant. Also, the difference in the level of CK-BB after TCA was not significant between the acyanotic and cyanotic groups. The levels of Hb and CK-BB correlated significantly. Conclusions: The results, which showed no correlation between the alterations in CK-BB level and the TCA duration, suggest that the single assay of the CK-BB level is not a representative measurement for the assessment of cerebral damage after TCA. Also, the cyanotic congenital heart disease group is not more vulnerable to cerebral damage induced by TCA.

• Journal of Biomedical Engineering Research
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• v.30 no.5
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• pp.401-411
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• 2009

In this paper, we correct pulse wave velocity(PWV) with heart-rate and derive regression equations to estimate intima-media thickness(IMT). Widely used methods for diagnosis of arteriosclerosis are IMT and PWV. Arterial wall stiffness determines the degree of energy absorbed by the elastic aorta and its recoil in diastole but there is not correlation between sclerosis and IMT in an existing study. In this study, we will correct PWV with heart-rate and get regression equation to estimate IMT using heart-rate correction index(HCI). We executed experiments for this study. Made up question of physical condition and measured electrocardiogram(ECG), photoplethysmogram (PPG) of finger-tip and toe-tip and ultrasound image of carotid artery. Calculated PWV and IMT using ECG, PPG and ultrasound image. We found that every p-value between PWV and IMT is not significant(<0.05). But p-value between IMT and HCI which is a corrected PWV using heart-rate is significant(>0.01). We use HCI and various measured parameter for estimating regression equation and apply backward estimation to select parameters for regression analysis. Result of backward estimation, found that only HCI is possible to derive proper regression equation of IMT. Relationship between PWV and IMT is the second order. Result of regression equation of E-H PWV is $R^2$=0.735, adj $R^2$=0.711. This is the best correlation value. We calculate error of its analysis for verification of earlobe PWV regression equation. Its result is RMSEP=0.0328, MAPE(%) = 4.7622. Like this regression analysis, we know that HCI is useful parameter and relationship between PWV, HCI and IMT. In addition, we are able to suggest possibility which is that we can get different parameter of prediction throughout just one measurement.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.291-299
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• 1997

This study was accomplished to investigate the prevalence of obesity in 371 Kumi-city middle school students. The means of this study were anthropometric measurement and questionnaires about nutrient intake and energy expenditure. Anthropometric measurements were height, weight, arm circumference and skinfold thickness(biceps, triceps, subscapular, supraliac, calf). The results obtained are as follows: Energy, calcium, iron intake for boys were lower than RDA. Iron intake was low in girls. Energy intake is lower than energy expenditure and RDA for boys. Energy intake, energy expenditure and RDA for girls were balanced. The average height, weight and arm circumference of boys were respectively 160.0cm, 49.4kg, 23.1cm and those of girls were respectively 155.9cm, 48.9kg, 22.6cm. Prevalence of obesity was respectively 5%, 4%, 7%, 4%, 59%, 15%, 14%, 24% for boys and 6%, 10%, 13%, 9%, 30%, 7%, 1%, 3496 for girls by RBW, BMI, RI, OI, %Fat I, %FatII, %FatIII, triceps. Correlation between subscapular skinfold thickness and BMI, RI, OI and %FatII showed high.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.8 no.4
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• pp.9-14
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• 1975

Growth retardation and a variable degree of body disproportion are recognized features of malnutrition, and mild and moderate protein-calorie malnutrition(PCM). Among the various body measurements suggested to assess the prevalence of all grades of PCM as judged by growth retardation and by body disproportion, the 'mid-upper-arm circumference'-abbreviated to 'arm-circumference' has been suggested as a potential useful simple field index for the assessment of PCM showing that the measurement would give composite information simultaneously on three important effects on PCM-deficit in the muscle protein reservoirs, availability of calorie stores in the form of subcutaneous fat, and growth failure. And this is selected because of its easy accessibility, and less involvement with clinical edema. This study is conducted to make a comparison between the percentage of Korean weight for age standards and the percentage of mid-upper-arm circumference for age standards of 175 preschool children aged $3{\sim}72$ months who are selected among the low-income residents in Seoul. In this study, a comparison is made between the results obtained by expressing the observed weight of the child as a percentage of Korean standard, referred to as 'weight-for-age' and the observed arm-circumference expressed as a percentage of the age-specific arm standard of Jelliffe, referred to as 'arm-for-age'. All the measurements were taken following the techniques described by Jelliffe. The left mid upper arm was measured using a glass-fibre tape and the Fairbanks Morse beam balance was used for weighing. 80% level of weight for age Korean standard and 85% level of arm for are Jelliffe standard were used as an upper borderline limit for PCM. Comparing the 80% weight-for-age and the 85% arm-for-age standard as an upper limit for PCM, for children aged $3{\sim}72$ months, results in 84.6% agreement with the sensitivity of 86.4% and its specificity of 83.5%. If arm circumference alone had been measured and judgement made on this basis, then only 5.1% of the children would have been 'wrongly' classified. And there is a moderately close correlation between arm circumference and weight for age as the data in Table 4 shows. The problem therefore lies in the standard for arm circumference in normal children and in determining what is the lower limit of normal. Once this is clearly difined, one can rely more confidently on arm circumference measurements alone for the nutritional assessment of early childhood.

• The KIPS Transactions:PartD
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• v.15D no.3
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• pp.321-326
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• 2008

The software defects that are not found in the course of a project frequently appear during the conduct of the maintenance procedure after the complete development of the software. As the frequency of surfacing of defects during the maintenance procedure increases, the cost likewise increases, and the quality and customer reliability decreases. The defect rate will go down only if cause analysis and process improvement are constantly performed. This study embodies the defect tracking system (DTS) by considering the Pareto principle: that most defects are repetitions of defects that have previously occurred. Based on the records of previously occurring defects found during the conduct of a maintenance procedure, DTS tracks the causes of the software defects and provides the developer, operator, and maintenance engineer with the basic data for the improvement of the software concerned so that the defect will no longer be manifested or repeated. The basic function of DTS is to analyze the defect type, provide the measurement index for it, and aggregate the program defect type. Doing these will pave the way for the full correction of all the defects of a software as it will enable the defect correction team to check the measured defect type. When DTS was applied in the software configuration management system of the W company, around 65% of all its software defects were corrected.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.46 no.5
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• pp.495-499
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• 2003

Purpose : Eosinophil is one of the important inflammatory cell involved in the airway inflammation in childhood asthma. It has been demonstrated that markers of eosinophil activation, including eosinophil cationic protein or eosinophil protein X(EPX), are increased in childhood asthma. Furthermore, they are related to disease activity and are assumed to be helpful in monitoring the treatment effect as urinary EPX(U-EPX) can be obtained easily and in a noninvasive way in children of all ages. Methods : Twenty-five children(22 male and three female) aged $11.87{\pm}3.82$ years with stable asthma were challenged with methacholine and urine was collected from each child during the following periods; before methacholine challenge test(MCT); 0-3 hr after the end of MCT; 4-7 hr after the end of MCT; and 8-24 hr after the end of MCT. Bronchial reactivity was determined by using Dosimeter( Jeager, Germany) with serially diluted methacholine from 0.05 to 25.0 mg. The $FEV_1$ less than 80% of baseline value were classified into positive MCT. U-EPX was measured with a sensitive and specific radioimmunoassay(Pharmacia & Upjohn AB, Uppsala, Sweden). Results were expressed as ${\mu}gEPX/mmol$ creatinine. Results : An early airway response after MCT was associated with an increase of U-EPX excretion for 0-3 hr after methacholine inhalation in comparison with beseline values. Most subjects showed a small increase in U-EPX excretion during late asthmatic response for 4-7 hr, which then decreased to normal level in 8-24 hr. Also, a tendency for a higher increase of U-EPX was associated with a lower threshold of methacholine challenge and a longer duration of asthma. Conclusion : Measurement of EPX in urine is a noninvasive and easy method to assess the severity of airway inflammation in asthmatic children. It may be a helpful index of the events underlying the airway inflammatory responses during nonspecific bronchial challenge, and in monitoring asthma management.

• Korean Journal of Remote Sensing
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• v.36 no.2_1
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• pp.167-178
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• 2020

KOMPSAT-3A images have been used in various kinds of applications, since its launch in 2015. However, there were limits to scientific analysis and application extensions of these data, such as vegetation index estimation, because no tool was developed to obtain the surface reflectance required for analysis of the actual land environment. The surface reflectance is a product of performing an absolute atmospheric correction or calibration. The objective of this study is to quantitatively verify the accuracy of top-of-atmosphere reflectance and surface reflectance of KOMPSAT-3A images produced from the OTB open-source extension program, performing the cross-validation with those provided by a site measurement data of RadCalNet, an international Calibration/Validation (Cal/Val) portal. Besides, surface reflectance was obtained from Landsat-8 OLI images in the same site and applied together to the cross-validation process. According to the experiment, it is proven that the top-of-atmosphere reflectance of KOMPSAT-3A images differs by up to ± 0.02 in the range of 0.00 to 1.00 compared to the mean value of the RadCalNet data corresponding to the same spectral band. Surface reflectance in KOMPSAT-3A images also showed a high degree of consistency with RadCalNet data representing the difference of 0.02 to 0.04. These results are expected to be applicable to generate the value-added products of KOMPSAT-3A images as analysisready data (ARD). The tools applied in thisstudy and the research scheme can be extended as the new implementation of each sensor model to new types of multispectral images of compact advanced satellites (CAS) for land, agriculture, and forestry and the verification method, respectively.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Radiology
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.89-96
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• 2014

This paper tries to examine whether the application of joint mobilization to subjects who have the forward head posture due to malalignment in the cervical joint has influence on posture changes and functions in the cervical joint. The subjects were 39 students from G University in Gyeongsangbuk-do. The cervical joint mobilization was applied to 20 subjects and not to 19. The students with a cervical lordosis angle of $21^{\circ}C$ or less, an anterior weight bearing (AWB) of 15mm or greater, and a cervical extension ROM of $70^{\circ}C$ or less in terms of radiography were selected as subjects under their voluntary agreement. The patients actively performed the joint mobilization slowly 8 times per session while therapists continuously applied sustained accessory glide to their painful joints 3 times per week for 4 weeks along with the cervical expansion and flexion in SNAGS among other Mulligan's (1995) techniques. The measurement was carried out in terms of radiographic inspection and neck disability indexes. As a result of the experiment, it turned out that the subjects with the forward head posture had changes in the cervical AWB and ARA, the ranges of expansion and flexion, and the NDI(Neck Disability Index) after the intervention for the experimental group by applying cervical joint mobilization. There were no changes observed in the control group. In conclusion, the application of joint mobilization turned out to have influence on the improvement of cervical joint postures, and craniocervical region functions.