• The Korean Journal of Pain
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.114-118
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• 1999

Backgrouds: Cervical epidural blocks were used as part of a comprehensive multimodal treatment program for patients with chronic pain in the head, neck and upper extremities. The depth of the epidural space beneth the skin surface varies at different levels of the spinal column in the same patient. It also varies from patient to patient at the same vertebral level. We studied the distance the skin to the cervical epidural space in adults patients at different intervertebral spaces. Methods: Date were gathered from 628 patients having cervical epidural block for relief of cervical and upper extrimity pain. All blocks were performed using hanging drop method after loss of resistance with saline at C5-6, C6-7, C7-T1 intervertebral space. Results: Mean distances for skin to cervical epidural space (DSES) were 5.42 cm, 5.06 cm, 4.68 cm in male, 5.00 cm, 4.61 cm, 4.10 cm in female at C7-T1, C6-7, C5-6 intervertebral space. DSES correlated with body weight, neck circumference and body mass index significantly. Conclusion: In the cervical spine, DSES varies from space to space. The longest DSES were noted at C7-T1 level in male, and the shortest DSES were at C5-6 in female. DSES has significant relationships with weight, neck circumference and body mass index.

• Journal of Korean Association for Spatial Structures
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• v.9 no.4
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• pp.89-96
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• 2009

Apartment is the most favorite residential type which already occupies more than 50 percent of total number of housing unite in Korea. The interior space design shows various changes of trends within old and legal standard in terms of basic dimension. The most important function of housing means that Provides comfortable living spaces for a family and enjoying relaxation of stress form social activities. This residential space effects direct or indirect to each family members self-satisfaction and relationship. The basic factor for space design brings dimension which is enable space efficiency together with behavioral route, size of electronics and furnitures. Apartment dwelling type was introduced from out of countries. From the very beginning that inharmonious conflicts found and adjusted for several decades. But, the changes of body conditions of new generation has not considered as a dwelling space design yet. This research may call for attention of changing human scale standards for housing in various field of study.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• v.44 no.5
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• pp.507-522
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• 2012

When decommissioning a nuclear power plant, it is difficult to make an appropriate plan to ensure sufficient space for temporary placement and conveyance operations of dismantling targets. This paper describes a system to support temporary placement and conveyance operations using augmented reality (AR). The system employs a laser range scanner to measure the three-dimensional (3D) information of the environment and a dismantling target to produce 3D surface polygon models. Then, the operator simulates temporary placement and conveyance operations using the system by manipulating the obtained 3D model of the dismantling target in the work field. Referring to the obtained 3D model of the environment, a possible collision between the dismantling target and the environment is detectable. Using AR, the collision position is presented intuitively. After field workers evaluated this system, the authors concluded that the system is feasible and acceptable to verify whether spaces for passage and temporary storage are sufficient for temporary placement and conveyance operations. For practical use in the future, some new functions must be added to improve the system. For example, it must be possible for multiple workers to use the system simultaneously by sharing the view of dismantling work.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.161-167
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• 2001

The purpose of this study is to find out the difference of Zoysia matrella's evaporation in between 100 percent soil and mixed soil with 50 percent of perlite to create green spaces on the artificial ground. It is believed that the weight against the artificial ground will be reduced, provided the vegetation is possible in the circumstance of the mixed sol with 50 percent of perlite. The study employed a modified Makkink's model by Iwasa who had developed the model for estimating Zoysia matrella's evaporation in the natural ground using the Makkink's formula in 1997 at Chiba University, Japan. The parameter of Makkink's formula is the solar radiation. For that reason, the Makkink's formula is simple and easy to measure the parameter and has a high utility. If the outcomes from mixed soil are close to modified Makkinks formula, the modified Makkink's formula will be applied to estimate in the artificial ground with mixed soil with 50 percent of perlite. Weather observation and actual amount of evaporation of Zoysia matrella have been measured, and the relation between weather condition and actual amount of evaporation had been also investigated. In line with this, we found out that there is a relevant relationship between daily average temperature, the modified Makkink's model by Iwasa, and the actual amount of evaporation. As the results of the experiment, the outcomes from mixed soil with 50 percent of perlite have very high relation to 100 percent soil. In addition, mixed soil has more adhesion with water than natural soil. However, it needs to be adequately maintained in terms of fertilization and damage from disease and harmful insects until the gras fastens its roots into the soil. By using mixed soil with 50 percent of perlite, the load from soil on the artificial ground can be reduced. The study on the growth of the grass throughout the plant vegetation and the actual amount of evaporation in the mixed soil with 50 percent of perlite should be performed in the future.

• Smart Media Journal
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.15-22
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• 2018

Pupil tracking technologies can be used as an efficient information provider means that provides convenience to the user by connecting with a smart device. In this paper, we measure the distance of user gaze point using the pupil tracking device which produced by Pupil-labs, also shows the experimental result with analyzing accuracy and precision. Based on that the pupil gaze point location which tracked by pupil tracking device is compared with object target in terms of error. Since the mobile pupil tracking device is also one kind of camera, we have to perform the calibration before using the device. Not only generally used 2-dimensional calibration, but also 3-dimensional calibration method is explained. To get the improved accuracy of 2-dimensional calibration result, the 3-dimensional calibration set an imaginary plane and executes the calibration in various 3-dimensional spaces. To show the efficiency of 3-dimensional calibration, we analyze the experimental result. It also introduces various using methods and information that can be obtained through the device.

• Korean Institute of Interior Design Journal
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.41-49
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• 2016

The purpose of this study is to analyze the change and to compare to the difference of 'selective elements' and 'space-memory' focusing on the theory, 'selective attention' through the survey results. In this study, In this study, the lighting is considered a important factor in the change of 'selective elements'. this survey is to find the selective elements of participants and to measure the spatial sensitivity of respondents through 'self- test'. The analysis in this study is conducted by descriptive statistics, t-test and one way ANOVA by SPSS program 22. The results of this study are as following; Firstly, 'attention-element' could be classified with 4 types, 'shape', 'material', 'contrast' and 'combination'. 'shape' could divide into 'structure' and' furniture and object'. In case of 'material', it could section with 'pattern' and 'color'. Secondly, through the results of study, 'attention-element' is different each space during the day in detail. But we could know that 'shape' is the important element of the 'attention-elements' during the day through comparison of this result. That means users consider this as a important factor when they evaluate the space. Therefore, it is effective way designers to consider 'shape' as the first element when they want to conduct the special sensitivity of users in the space through planning. On the other hand, what selective elements of users are different by the lighting situation should be acknowledged by designers. And they should think the kinds of selective elements are more various when lighting turns on than turns off.. Thirdly, through the results such as the meaningful difference of space-memory of users according to the change of 'attention-elements', designers should judge about which kind of feeling of users to the space do you want lead in the design process. For the effective feedback between spaces and users to induce the same emotion of users, designers need to consider the unified design and the individual design both. Also, we will regard the differences in the users' emotion to the space according to the lighting situation when we design the space.

• Journal of KIISE
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• v.43 no.1
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• pp.40-46
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• 2016

Digital road map generation is primarily based on artificial satellite photographing or in-site manual survey work. Therefore, these map generation procedures require a lot of time and a large budget to create and update road maps. Consequently, people have tried to develop automated map generation systems using GPS trajectory data sets obtained by public vehicles. A fundamental problem in this road generation procedure involves the extraction of representative trajectory such as main roads. Extracting a representative trajectory requires the base data set of piecewise line segments(GPS-trajectories), which have close starting and ending points. So, geometrically similar trajectories are selected for clustering before extracting one representative trajectory from among them. This paper proposes a new divide- and-conquer approach by partitioning the whole map region into regular grid sub-spaces. We then try to find similar trajectories by sweeping. Also, we applied the $Fr{\acute{e}}chet$ distance measure to compute the similarity between a pair of trajectories. We conducted experiments using a set of real GPS data with more than 500 vehicle trajectories obtained from Gangnam-gu, Seoul. The experiment shows that our grid partitioning approach is fast and stable and can be used in real applications for vehicle trajectory clustering.

• The KIPS Transactions:PartB
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• v.10B no.1
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• pp.47-56
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• 2003

Korean delimits words by white-space like English, but words In Korean Is a little different in structure from those in English. Words in English generally consist of one word, but those in Korean are composed of one word and/or morpheme or more. Because of this difference, a word between white-spaces is called an Eojeol in Korean. We propose a method for segmenting and classifying Korean words and/or morphemes based on syllables using an instance-based learning. In this paper, elements of feature sets for the instance-based learning are one previous syllable, one current syllable, two next syllables, a final consonant of the current syllable, and two previous categories. Our method shows more than 97% of the F-measure of word segmentation using ETRI corpus and KAIST corpus.

• Korean Journal of Remote Sensing
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• v.11 no.3
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• pp.71-81
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• 1995

The purpose of this research were to find ways to detect ecotone between the Mt. Pukhansan National Park and adjacent urban residential areas, to measure the width and size of ecotone around the park, and to investigate temporal change of ecotone around the Park. Normalized Difference Vegetation Index(NDVI) derived from TM data (May of 1985, 1987, and 1993) and the analytical capabilities of GIS were used to investigate the impacts of human activities inside of and outside of the boundary of the park. Major findings of the study can be summarized as follows: First, ecotone around the boundary of the national park could be identified from NDVI-distance curves derived by a series of buffering operations with a GIS. Second, average width of ecotone around the park was nealy doubled during 1985-1993 period. Third, NDVI vaules of the park were about 14 percent higher than those of surrounding areas. Finally, it seems that the expansion of the ecotone of the park is related to heavy trampling of visitors and various types of environmental pollution of the adjacent urban areas.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.49-57
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• 2019

The street trees increase the liveability of cities by reducing stormwater runoff, improving air quality, storing carbon, providing shade, and ameliorating the urban heat-island effect. In this study, the health status of street trees in Suwon was evaluated, and the factors affecting the growth of the trees were also derived. In order to evaluate the growth and health of street trees, field survey was carried out on a total of 125 trees in 25 sections of the Deogyeong-daero where is through the city. During the field survey, the following items were examined: Street trees health status (i.e. species, height, DBH (diameter at breast height), planting types, vigor, etc.), soil factors (i.e. soil temperature, humidity, pH, hardness, etc.), and environmental factors (i.e. landuse, road width, etc.). As the results of field survey, the main species of the street trees was Zelkova serrata, which was healthy in most of the sections. The factors such as planting types, soil temperatures, tree root cover, road extension, distance from the road were derived to affect the growth and health of street trees, and the differences were significant. The results of this study were derived the following conclusions for vigorous street trees: First, it is important to install and maintain the protection facilities like tree root cover for the growth of trees. Second, it is necessary to discuss how to plant multiple trees in narrow spaces like a street green space. Third, it is important to provide appropriate soil conditions continuously for growth of threes. Finally, it should be utilized as a mitigation measure of urban heat island effects.