• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.376-382
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• 2014

This work was conducted to investigate the variation of growth and yield among three generations ($TC_0$, $TC_1$, and $TC_2$) in the field cultivation of virus-free sweetpotato (Ipomoea batatas) plants. Virus-free generations of three cultivars ('Matnami', 'Shinhwangmi', and 'Yeonhwangmi') were cultivated with $75{\times}25cm$ planting density on May 20th, covered with black vinyl film. At 30 days after planting, vine growth in $TC_0$, $TC_1$, and $TC_2$ was significantly increased as compared to the farmer's plant, and vine length in $TC_0$ showed the highest growth among treatments. At harvesting time after 120 days, vine diameter, number of node, and number of branch in $TC_0$, $TC_1$, and $TC_2$ were more increased than farmer's plant, but were not statistically significant. Fresh weight of shoot in $TC_0$, $TC_1$, and $TC_2$ was significantly increased as compared to the farmer's plant, but was not statistically significant among generations or cultivars. Number of tuber per plant and mean weight of tuber in $TC_0$ and $TC_1$ showed significant increasement, but that in $TC_2$ did not show significant difference as compared to the farmer's plant. Weight of tuber per plant in $TC_0$, $TC_1$, and $TC_2$ was significantly increased as compared to the farmer's plant. Marketable yield, percentage of marketable tuber, and percentage of small tuber (40 to 200g) in $TC_0$, $TC_1$, and $TC_2$ was significantly increased as compared to the farmer's plant. The large tuber over 300g showed the lowest percentage in $TC_0$. Marketable yield in $TC_2$ was significantly decreased as compared to $TC_0$, and was not significantly different as compared to the farmer's plant. Marketable yield in 'Matnami' was highest among cultivars. From this results, Farmers are required to renew every three years to maintain the yield and quality of virus-free plants. However, the exchange period of virus-free plants is desirable to renew every 2 or 3 years according to the degree of virus reinfection.

• Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.1-7
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• 2004

Purpose: Alvarado scoring system was evaluated regarding its usefulness for the early diagnosis of acute appendicitis in adult and in reduction of the incidence of negative appendicectomies. To evaluate the accuracy of diagnosing appendicitis using the Alvarado score in children. Methods: Prospectively, we surveyed 122 patients (male 67, female 55) suffering from abdominal pain, who had visited to the emergency department of Chosun University Hospital from June 2002 to May 2003. The Alvarado score has been computed from the white blood cell count, neutrophil count, body temperature, resistance in the right lower quadrant, length of symptoms, nausea and vomiting. Each patient was evaluated by a pediatric resident and then by a general surgeon independently. Results: Out of 170 total children who visited to the emergency department due to abdominal pain, 122 patients were associated with appendicitis. A total of 122 patients (67 male and 55 female) were visited to the emergency room with suspected appendicitis. From 105 operated patients, 92 (87.6%) were diagnosed acute appendicitis and erronous diagnostic rate was 12.4%, pathologically. Mean alvarado score of appendicitis group was $5.40{\pm}1.24$ whereas those of non-appendicitis group was $3.73{\pm}1.82$ (p<0.05). From 6 Alvarado score high sensitivity (86.4%) and high specificity (80.0%) were observed. Sensitivity of ultrasonography or computed tomography was 92.5%. Conclusion: We found that Alvarado score system is a noninvasive, safe diagnostic method, which is simple, reliable and repeatable. Alvarado score is useful system for a first, rapid and economic evaluation for the appendicitis in children.

• The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine Technology
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.7-10
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• 2013

Purpose : This study evaluated the effects of breathing protocols on matching results of PET and CT images using two breathing protocols such as free breathing and acquisition in holding the breathing after the normal expiration in acquiring CT images. Materials and Methods: Whole body FDG PET and CT images of 200 patients (mean age: 58 (range 20~84), 103 males and 97 females) using Discovery VCT (GE Healthcare, Milwaukee, USA). When taking CT images, subjects were asked to breathe freely (free breathing, n=100) or hold the breathing after the normal expiration (Hold, n=100). In the whole body image coronal section where PET and CT were matched, the matched error of the boundary between diaphragm and liver was measured in length. The matched errors were compared according to breathing protocol by age, sex and disease. The verification of statistical significance was made by SPSS 15.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA) via one way ANOVA. Results: The matched error in all was 0.87 mm. According to breathing protocol, there was no significant difference in matched error as1.01 mm in free breathing and as 0.73 mm in hold breathing (p=.688). The matched error according to sex did not show significant difference as 1.08 mm of males, and 0.93 mm of females in free breathing (p=.517). In hold breathing, there was no significant difference as 0.79 mm of males and 0.66 mm of females (p=.738). There was no significant difference in matched error by age between free breathing and hold breathing (free breathing (p=.728), hold (p=.465). There was no significant difference in matched error by disease between free breathing and hold breathing (free breathing (p=.197), hold (p=.518) Conclusion: The difference in matched error between free breathing and hold breathing was less than 5 mm at 99%. There was no statistically significant difference in matched error by breathing protocol, age and disease. It was proved that there was no difference in matched error between PET and CT images according to breathing protocol during PET/CT scan.

• Korean Journal of Ichthyology
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.98-105
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• 1998

The effect of ammonia on survival and growth of the larval rockfish, Sebastes schlegeli was examined by a static renewal bioassay method. The tolerance of larvae to ammonia toxicity was more sensitive at the early larvae, but increased with the development of larvae. In 14 day-old-larvae after parturition, the mortality with treatment of each concentration of ammonia was 5% at control group and 0.0112 $NH_3$mg/l, whereas it was increased up to 27.5% at exposure group of 0.1230 $NH_3$mg/l with higher concentration. Regression equation between ammonium concentration(X) and mortality(Y) was followed; Y=0.516+3.482 X($r^2=0.4737$, P<0.01). The NOEC(no-observable-effect concentration) and LOEC (lowest-observable-effect concentration) to mortality compared to control group were 0.100 $NH_3mg/l$ and 0.1230 $NH_3$mg/l, respectively and chronic value(ChV) which is the geometric mean of the NOEC and LOEC was 0.1110 $NH_3$mg/l. Body length after 7-days exposure in control group, 0.0112 $NH_3$mg/l and 0.1230 $NH_3$mg/l were 7.8325mm, 7.700mm and 7.05mm, respectively. The NOEC, LOEC and chronic value(ChV) were 0.0335 $NH_3$mg/l, 0.0558 $NH_3$mg/l and 0.0432 $NH_3$mg/l, respectively.

• Journal of Hospice and Palliative Care
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.28-33
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• 2011

Purpose: Recognition of impending death is crucial not only for efficient communication with the caregiver of the patient, but also determination of the time to refer to a separate room. Current studies simply list the events 'that have already occurred' around 48 hours before the death. This study is to analyze the predictability of each event by comparing the time length from 'change' to death. Methods: Subjects included 160 patients who passed away in a palliative care unit in Incheon. The analysis was limited to 80 patients who had medical records for the last week of their lives. We determined 9 symptoms and 8 signs, and established the standard of 'significant change' of each event before death. Results: The most common symptom was increased sleeping (53.8%) and the most common sign was decreased blood pressure (BP) (87.5%). The mean time to death within 48 hours was 46.8% in the case of resting dyspnea, 13.6% in the ease of low oxygen saturation, and 36.9% in the case of decreased BP. The symptom(s) which had the highest positive predictive value (PV) for death within 48 hours was shown to be resting dyspnea (83%), whereas the combination of resting dyspnea and confusion/delirium (65%) had the highest negative PV. As for the most common signs before death within 48 hours, the positive PVs were more than 95%, and the negative PV was the highest when decreased BP and low oxygen saturation were combined. The difference in survival patterns between symptoms and signs was significant. Conclusion: The most reliable symptoms to predict the impending death are resting dyspnea and confusion/delirium, and decline of oxygen saturation and BP are the reliable signs to predict the event.

• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.30 no.3
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• pp.250-255
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• 2012

The effect of different source silicon ($CaSiO_3$, $K_2SiO_3$, and $NaSiO_3$) and their application methods (foliar application and subirrigation) on the growth of potted kalanchoe was investigated. Rooted terminal cuttings of Kalanchoe blossfeldiana 'Peperu' were transplanted into 10.5 cm plastic pots containing a commercial growing medium. Then, a nutrient solution, containing 0 or $50mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$ Si as $K_2SiO_3$, $Na_2SiO_3$, or $CaSiO_3$ and adjusted to EC 1.4-$1.6mS{\cdot}cm^{-1}$ and pH 6.0, was supplied through subirrigation along with the nutrient solution or by a foliar application. Plants were grown in a glasshouse under a mean temperature of $23^{\circ}C$ and RH of 70-80%. After 12 weeks of cultivation, plant growth characteristics and leaf tissue contents of P, K, Ca, Mg, Na, S, and Si were measured. Both subirrigational supply and foliar application of Si decreased the plant height and flower stem length. However, the plant condition in the foliar application resulted in disease-like soft rot on the leaf. Among three silicon sources tested, $CaSiO_3$ supplied through a subirrigation system increased shoot tissue contents of Si and chlorophyll as compared to the $Na_2SiO_3$ or $K_2SiO_3$ treatment. Shoot tissue contents of Ca, K, and Na increased when the plant was supplied with $CaSiO_3$, $K_2SiO_3$, and $Na_2SiO_3$, respectively. Subirrigational supply of $K_2SiO_3$ and $NaSiO_3$ decreased the shoot tissue contents of Ca and Mg, and K and Ca, respectively. Therefore, $CaSiO_3$ supplied through a subirrigation system could improve plant quality of kalanchoe 'Peperu' making compact potted plants.

• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.31 no.2
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• pp.173-178
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• 2013

Experiments were conducted to investigate the optimum concentration of nutrient solution for strawberry 'Maehyang' bred domestically for exportation in hydroponics. Nutrient solutions for strawberry, which was made by Yamazaki, were supplied electrical conductivity (EC) 0.6, 0.8, 1.2, and $1.8dS{\cdot}m^{-1}$ after planting on cocopeat medium during the experiment period. Growth of shoot of strawberries did not show any statistical differences among treatments. Fruit length showed the longest in EC 0.8 and $1.2dS{\cdot}m^{-1}$, followed by 0.6 and $1.8dS{\cdot}m^{-1}$ in the first and third cluster. It showed the shortest in EC $1.8dS{\cdot}m^{-1}$ in the second cluster but there were no significant differences among treatments in the fourth cluster. Fruit diameter did not show significant differences among treatments in the first and second cluster but was the longest in the lowest concentration EC $0.6dS{\cdot}m^{-1}$ in the third cluster. The shortest was in EC $1.8dS{\cdot}m^{-1}$ in the fourth cluster. The heaviest mean fruit weight appeared in EC 0.8 and $1.2dS{\cdot}m^{-1}$, and the lightest was in EC $1.8dS{\cdot}m^{-1}$ in the first cluster and also lightest in EC $1.8dS{\cdot}m^{-1}$ but no significant differences was found among other treatments in the second & third cluster. Also the fruit weight was significantly light in plants grown in EC $1.8dS{\cdot}m^{-1}$ than $0.6dS{\cdot}m^{-1}$ in the fourth cluster. Soluble solids content of fruit was the highest in EC $0.6dS{\cdot}m^{-1}$ in all cluster. As a result, we came to the conclusion that the optimum EC for strawberry 'Maehyang' was EC 0.8 - $1.2dS{\cdot}m^{-1}$ during low temperature season. This result will be utilized as an indicator for strawberry hydroponics.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.37 no.1
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• pp.15-20
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• 2018

BACKGROUND: The global mean surface temperature change for the period of 2016~2035 relative to 1986~2005 is similar for the four representative concentration pathway (RCP)'s and will likely be in the range of $0.3^{\circ}C$ to $0.7^{\circ}C$. Climate change inducing higher temperature could affect not only crop growth and yield, but also dynamics of carbon in paddy field. METHODS AND RESULTS: This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of elevated temperature on the carbon dynamics in paddy soil and rice growth. In order to control the elevated temperatures, the experiments were set up as the small scale rectangular open top chambers (OTCs) of $1m(width){\times}1m(depth){\times}1m(height)$ (Type 1), $1 m(W){\times}1m(D){\times}1.2m(H)$ (Type 2), and $1m(W){\times}1m(D){\times}1.4m(H)$ (Type 3). The average temperatures of Type 1, Type 2, and Type 3 from July 15 to October 30 were higher than the ambient temperatures at $0.4^{\circ}C$, $0.5^{\circ}C$, and $0.9^{\circ}C$, respectively. For the experiment, Wagner's pots (1/2,000 area) were placed inside chambers. The pots were filled with loamy soil, and chemical fertilizer and organic compost were applied as recommended after soil test. The pots were flooded with agricultural water and rice (Shindongjin-byeo) was planted. It was observed that TOC (total organic carbon) of the water increased by the elevated temperatures and the trend continued until the late growth stage of the rice. Soil TOC contents were reduced by the elevated temperatures. C/N ratios of the rice plant decreased by the elevated temperature treatments. Thus, it was assumed that the elevated temperatures induced to decompose soil organic matter. Elevated temperatures significantly increased the culm length (P<0.01) and culm weight (P<0.05) of rice, but the number and weight of rice panicle did not showed significant differences. CONCLUSION: Based on the results, it was suggested that the elevated temperatures had an effect on changes of soil and water carbons under the possible future climate change environment.

• The Sea:JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN SOCIETY OF OCEANOGRAPHY
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.180-195
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• 2011

A balanced trophic model for Sinjido marine ecosystem was constructed using ECOPATH model and data obtained 1994 in the region. The model integrates available information on biomass and food spectrum, and analyses ecosystem properties, dynamics of the main species populations and the key trophic pathways of the system, and then compares these results with those of other marine environments. The model comprises 17 groups of benthic algae, phytoplankton, zooplankton, gastropoda, polychaeta, bivalvia, echinodermata, crustacean, cephalopoda, goby, flatfish, rays and skates, croaker, blenny, conger, flatheads, and detritus. The model shows trophic levels of 1.0~4.0 from primary producers and detritus to top predator as flathead group. The model estimates total biomass(B) of 0.1 $kgWW/m^2$, total net primary production(PP) of 1.6 $kgWW/m^2/yr$, total system throughput(TST) of 3.4 $kgWW/m^2/yr$ and TST's components of consumption 7%, exports 43%, respiratory flows 4% and flows into detritus 46%. The model also calculates PP/TR of 0.012, PP/B of 0.015, omnivory index(OI) of 0.12, Fin's cycling index(FCI) of 0.7%, Fin's mean path length(MPL) of2.11, ascendancy(A) of 4.1 $kgWW/m^2/yr$ bits, development capacity(C) of 8.2 $kgWW/m^2/yr$ bits and A/C of 51%. In particular this study focuses the analysis of mixed trophic impacts and describes the indirect impact of a groupb upon another through mediating one based on 4 types. A large proportion of total export in TST means higher exchange rate in the study region than in semi enclosed basins, which seems by strong tidal currents along the channels between islands, called Sinjido, Choyakdo and Saengildo. Among ecosystem theory and cycling indices, B, TST, PP/TR, FCI, MPL and OI are shown low, indicating the system is not fully mature according to Odum's theory. Additionally, high A/C reveals the maximum capacity of the region is small. To sum up, the study region has high exports of trophic flow and low capacity to develop, and reaches a development stage in the moment. This is a pilot research applied to the Sinjido in terms of trophic flow and food web system such that it may be helpful for comparison and management of the ecosystem in the future.

• The Sea:JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN SOCIETY OF OCEANOGRAPHY
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.196-205
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• 2011

To investigate the contribution of macroalgae to biogeochemical nutrients and carbon cycles, we measured the uptake rates of nutrients and $CO_2$ and characteristics of fluorescence of Saccharina japonica (Laminaria japonica Areschoug) using an incubation method in an acrylic chamber. From January to May 2011, S.japonica was sampled at Ilkwang, one of well-known macroalgae culture sites around Korea and ranged 46~288 cm long and 4.8~22.0 cm wide of whole thallus. The production rate of dissolved oxygen by S. japonica (n=25) was about $6.9{\pm}5.8{\mu}mol\;g^{-1}$ fresh weight(FW) $h^{-1}$. The uptake rate of total dissolved inorganic carbon ($TCO_2$), calculated by total alkalinity and pH, was $8.9{\pm}7.9{\mu}mol\;g^{-1}\;FW\;h^{-1}$. Mean nutrients uptake were $175.6{\pm}161.1\;nmol\;N\;g^{-1}\;FW\;h^{-1}$ and $12.7{\pm}10.1\;nmol\;P\;g^{-1}\;FW\;h^{-1}$. There were logarithmic relationships between thallus length and uptake rates of nutrients and $CO_2$, which suggested that younger specimens (<100-150 cm) were much more efficient at nutrients and $CO_2$ uptake than old specimens > 150 cm. There was a positive linear correlation ($r^2$=9.4) existed between the dissolved oxygen production rate and the $TCO_2$ uptake rate, suggesting that these two factors may serve as good indicators of S. japonica photosynthesis. There was also positive linear relationship between maximal quantum yield ($F_v/F_m$) and production/uptake rates of dissolved oxygen, $TCO_2$ and phosphate, suggested that $F_v/F_m$ could be used as a good indicator of photosynthetic ability and $TCO_2$ consumption of macroalgae. Maximum relative electron transport rate ($rETR_{max}$) of S. japonica increased as thallus grew and was high in distal part of thallus which may be resulted from the increase of photosynthetic cell density per area. The annual $TCO_2$ uptake by S. japonica in Gijang area was estimated about $1.0\sim1.7{\times}10^3C$ ton, which was about 0.02-0.03% of carbon dioxide emission in Busan City. Thus, more research should be focused on macroalgae-based biogeochemical cycles to evaluate the roles and contributions of macroalgae to the global carbon cycle.